Earticle

The usage level of SMEs’ win-win payment system is still lower than originally expected. In order to find the answer, we studied SMEs’ usage performance of win-win payment system and analyzed the influencing factors of SMEs’ usage level of win-win payment system. This study found that the more SMEs utilize win-win payment system, the higher they achieve the desired performance in finance, customer, process, learning and growth perspective. And this study found that usage level of win-win payment system is high in order of large corporations’ pressure, government policy, and SMEs’ readiness. This study is expected to improve win-win growth by increasing usage level of win–win payment system between large corporations and SMEs, while establishing desirable ecosystems.

본 연구는 하도급거래의 결제시스템 개선에 따른 경제적 효과를 이론 모형과 수치 분석을 통해 증명함으로써, 대ㆍ중소기업 상생 발전을 위한 공급사슬금융(supply chain finance)의 효율성 제고 방안을 모색한다. 이를 통해 구매기업(대기업)의 신용을 2차 이하 협력기업에서도 쉽게 공여 받을 수 있도록 함으로써, 중소기업들이 처한 판매대금 회수의 어려움과 어음 부도의 위험을 완화시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 이는 선행연구들이 자본비용 최적화를 통해 공급사슬금융의 필요성을 주장한 것과 달리, 구매기업의 신용 공여가 공급기업의 품질 향상을 유도하여 공급사슬 전체의 기대이윤을 증가시킬 수 있음을 증명했다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 이를 통해 공급기업은 구매기업의 할인율을 적용한 제도권 금융 이용으로 재무건전성이 강화되고, 구매기업은 공급사슬관리의 효율성이 증대되어 원가경쟁력을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 연쇄부도의 위험이 낮아짐으로써 국민경제의 안정성이 높아지고, 사채시장에서 할인되는 어음을 제1금융권으로 흡수하여 지하경제 양성화에 따른 세수확대에도 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study analyzes potential economic effects the supply chain finance (SCF) framework may have on subcontract transactions using theoretical modeling and numerical analysis. The outcome of this study is expected to shed further light on more effective ways in which the supply chain finance (SCF) can be introduced in the market. This attempt aligns with the partnership with and shared growth between large and mid-sized companies, in the formation of a “win-win” market environment. Recently, the opportunity to optimize the financial flow in the whole supply chain processes between financial institutions and business enterprises has increased as most of the commercial transactions are being done through electronic system. This directly links the business flow externally to subcontractors and the like; the flow is no longer limited within the enterprise. This means that the number of targets to be optimized in the supply chain management (SCM) has exponentially increased. Accordingly, such extensive and complicated business ecosystem raises the impact supply chain finance (SCF) has on the businesses. Despite such rapid growth in electronic business transactions, the alternative payment method including electronic account receivables are rather limited. Although there have been some policy efforts to vitalize the electronic transactions, the channels are reserved to, for instance, buying companies and dealings with the companies’ tier 1 subcontractors whose credit ratings are relatively high. This evidently creates problems. For one thing, those subcontractors that belong to tier 2 or below in supply chain still very much at disadvantage in the current framework. When they have to liquidate their account receivables, they are but to choose between high discounted prices or an underground money market. On the other hand, more than 70% of the account receivables issued to tier 1 subcontractors are held up to maturity in the banking sector. To resolve this unfair practice, we propose a “win-win payment” system in subcontract transactions to mitigate difficulties faced by small and medium size companies. The system basically extends the reverse factoring mechanism for the sub-tier 1 enterprises. By granting credit supports to those smaller subcontractors, the system helps to decrease the cost of capital and create new incentive structures for suppliers to improve their quality. By so doing, the buyers can also expect to increase their sales and profits from the operation. This approach stands out from the previous studies that have mainly focused on the optimization of cost of capital at the level of the entire supply chain. We think that our approach better reflects the reality in view of the present domestic affairs. According to our analysis, the buying companies have an incentive to induce the suppliers to improve their quality by offering credits to the whole supply chain with the win-win spirit. With the expectation to raise the efficiency in supply chain management, they can also extend the deadlines of account payables, thereby increasing the expected profits as a result. However, we have verified that the system we had proposed operates only in the case in which the credit spread between buying and supplying companies exceeds a threshold. This may explain why the current system, a kind of reverse factoring with recourse only in two firms, is not working well between a buyer and its tier 1 subcontractors. We have also found that, in general, more credit is provided to the supplier whose quality has relatively higher impact on the market demand, which ultimately generates more expected profits. Further, we have proved that the business profits are maximized when the credit is offered to the tier 2 companies when the quality of tier 2 subcontractors has a decisive effect on the cost of the tier 1 firms. By adopting the new payment system, supplying companies are able to strengthen their financial solvency through decreasing the capital cost and holding period of the account receivables. And business continuity with the buyer can be stronger because of their quality improvement. Meanwhile, as for the financial institutions, they also have an incentive to participate the win-win payment system. They can acquire new customers without taking additional risks, often embedded in cross selling and lending. Ultimately, the benefit of the new system can be shared by all as the probability of fallouts in subcontract transactions can be reduced. Consequently, this can further strengthen the national economy as more tax revenues can be expected from commercial bills, which are to be curbed from the discounted underground market into the official banking sector. To make this system work, of course, a set of supportive policies from the government is required. For instance, various tax benefits and credit guarantees can be offered to the buying and supplying companies as rewards to adopting the new payment system in their business transactions. To induce the financial institutions to create more financial products to promote the system, the government can subsidize the expenses for the account receivable insurance. In addition, the watchdog’s thorough monitoring against buyers’ moral hazard is needed to ensure that the suppliers are free from the right of recourse.

The usage level of SMEs' win-win payment system is still lower than originally expected. In order to find the answer, we studied SMEs' usage performance of win-win payment system and analyzed the influencing factors of SMEs' usage level of win-win payment system. This study found that the more SMEs utilize win-win payment system, the higher they achieve the desired performance in finance, customer, process, learning and growth perspective. And this study found that usage level of win-win payment system is high in order of large corporations' pressure, government policy, and SMEs' readiness. This study is expected to improve win-win growth by increasing usage level of win-win payment system between large corporations and SMEs, while establishing desirable ecosystems.

본 연구에서는 상생결제로 거래대금을 수령한 기업이 하위기업에게도 상생결제로 지급해야 한다는 의무조항을 모두 준수한다고 가정할 때, 최초 상생결제금액의 신용 창출효과와 상생결제제도 활용 기업들의 성장 효과를 승수개념과 기업성장모형을 적용하여 이론적으로 보였다. 주요 분석내용을 요약하면, 첫째 최초의 상생결제금액이 연속적으로 하위 거래기업까지 계속 이어지는 것을 예금은행의 신용창조과정을 응용하여 수식화한 결과, 최초의 상생결제금액이 작지 않은 규모의 신용을 창출할 수 있고, 신용창출액이 거래기업의 원가율과 상생결제비중에 따라 달라질 수 있으며, 둘째 기본모형과 확장모형, 일반모형 등 세 유형의 기업성장모형으로써 수식을 이용하여 이론적으로 논증한 결과, 상생결제제도가 기업 성장에 기여하고, 그 크기는 상호의존성이 커질수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 분석결과에서 상생결제제도가 기업 간 거래 전반에 확산, 적용되면 기업들의 연쇄도산을 줄여 기업경영의 안정성 제고로 경제성장에 긍정적인 효과를 줄 것이라는 시사점을 도출할 수 있다.

In this study, both the credit creation effect of the first win-win payment amount and whether it would help companies to grow more will be theoretically shown by applying the multiplier concept and a corporate growth model to two cases when all companies obey a win-win payment scheme due to a mandatory provision that a company received the transaction money through the win-win payment must pay the win-win payment to downstream companies. Two findings are as follows: first, the first win-win payment amount can create a considerable amount of credit, since the fact that the initial win-win payment amount continues to lower-tier trading companies continuously is the same as the credit creation process of a deposit bank. Also, the amount created varies depending on either the cost ratio or a proportion of win-win payments of the trading company. Second, theoretical arguments using formulas for three types of corporate growth models, i.e., a basic model, an extended model, and a general model, shows that the win-win payment system has a positive impact on the corporate growth, and its size increases as interdependence increases. It can be concluded from these two results that the spread of the win-win payment system to all transactions between companies will have a positive effect on economic growth by means of reducing bankruptcies of firms or serial bankruptcies, thereby improving the stability of corporate management.