Earticle

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 환자의 손기능에 대한 근전도 바이오피드백 훈련의 효과를 조사하는 것이다. 연구 방법 : 발병 6개월 이상인 뇌졸중 환자 10명을 무작위로 실험군과 대조군으로 각각 5명씩 배정하였다. 실험군은 근전도 바이오피드백 훈련을 1일 1회, 주 5일, 6주 동안 수행하도록 하였다. 훈련의 1회기는 15초의 휴식기와 5초간의 추적과제를 수행하는 활동기로 구성되며 1회 훈련동안 추적과제를 총 40번 시행하였다. 반면, 대조군의 모든 치료 상황은 바이오피드백 훈련을 제외하고는 실험군과 같았다. 손기능을 검사하기 위하여 훈련 전·후에 개정된 Ashworth 척도, Fugl-Meyer 평가, 상자와 나무토막 검사, 뇌졸중 상지기능 검사를 실험군과 대조군 모두에게 실시하였다. 결과 : 실험군은 개정된 Ashworth 척도를 제외한 모든 검사에서 훈련 후의 결과가 훈련 전의 결과와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 대조군은 모든 검사에서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>.05). 또한 집단간 비교에서 실험군의 훈련 후 손기능 향상이 모든 검사에서 대조군에 비하여 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구는 실시된 근전도 바이오피드백 훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 손기능 향상에 효과적임을 지지한다.

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EMG biofeedback training on the handfunctions of stroke patients. Methods : Ten patients who had suffered from the effects of a stroke for at least six months participated inthis study. Five of the subjects were randomly given EMG biofeedback training, while the others wereassigned as a control group. One session of EMG biofeedback tracking tasks consists of resting and activitystages. During the activity stage, the subjects performed tracking tasks forty times. The experimental groupperformed one session of tracking tasks per day and received the training five days per week for sixconsecutive weeks. Their hand functions were measured before and after training using Modified AshworthScale, Fugl-Mayer assessment scale, Box & Block test, and Manual Function Test. Results : Except for the Modified Ashworth Scale, all other post-test scores for hand functionality after sixweeks of training showed a statistically significant difference compared with the pre-test scores beforetraining (p<.05). However, the control group failed to show a significant difference between the pre- andpost-test scores in all tests. The experimental group showed a significant improvement in hand functionalitymeasured by all tests, compared with the control group (p<.05).Conclusion : This study suggests that EMG biofeedback training can be an effective therapeutic tool in theimprovement of hand functions of stroke patients.

This paper presents a real-time vehicle detection and tracking system using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to address challenges in dynamic urban environments. The system combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) for vehicle detection with a deep Q-network (DQN)-based navigation policy for continuous tracking. Input images are enhanced using contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and unsharp masking. The CNN jointly predicts vehicle center coordinates and probabilistic heatmaps, while a self-attention module captures long-range spatial dependencies to improve detection under clutter and occlusion. The DQN is trained on multi-step spatiotemporal states to learn optimal UAV movement strategies under diverse weather and structural conditions. Experiments conducted in a three-dimensional (3D) urban simulation environment using Unity’s machine learning agents (ML-Agents) show that the self-attention design reduced pixel-level localization error by about 7%, and the DQN-based tracking policy achieved stable convergence after approximately 2000?3000 episodes. These results demonstrate high tracking accuracy and system stability, highlighting the potential of the proposed approach for real-world UAV-based traffic monitoring applications.

본 연구에서는 긴장 스트레스를 평가하기 위하여 작업 중에 긴장 조건을 부가하고 행동량, 주관량, 생리량을 계측하여 통계적으로 긴장 상태 유무와 작업 난이도에 따른 변화를 분석하였다. 긴장 스트레스를 유발시키기 위하여 20대 남자 대학생 3D명에게 세 가지 레벨의 트랙킹 작업을 수행하게 하면서 긴장상태를 유발하여 행동량, 주관신고와 생리신호를 측정하였다. 행동량과 주관신고의 결과를 사용하여 본 연구에서 상정된 작업난이도와 긴장조건이 적절한 가를 살펴보고 생리신호를 사용하여 작업난이도와 긴장감을 분석하였다. 난이도가 낮을 때 HRV의 회귀도와 GSR의 평균값은 긴장 조건이 있을 때가 없을 때에 비해서 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났으며 난이도가 높을 때에는 피부온도의 값이 긴장 조건이 있을 때가 없을 때에 비해서 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 또한 긴장 조건이 있는 경우 작업의 난이도가 높을 때에 낮을 때에 비해서 호흡수의 값이 높게 나타났다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 상정한 긴장감은 양호하게 부가되었고 긴장감은 생리신호를 사용하여 측정할 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다.

이 연구는 초등학교 과학영재학생과 일반학생의 시각탐색 과제의 수행에서 나타나는 시선추적 특성을 비교 분석하여 이들의 주의집중력을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 피험자들이 시각 탐색 과제를 수행하는 동안 나타나는 시선고정 수와 시선이동 빈도를 시선추적기로 수집하여 분석하였다. 연구의 결과에 따르면, 시각 탐색 과제 수행 시 초등과학 영재학생들이 일반학생들에 비해 시선 고정의 수(fixation number)가 많았다. 이는 초등과학 영재학생들이 일반학생들에 비해 목표물을 찾기 위해 효과적으로 주의를 집중하며, 보다 활발한 인지사고를 하고 있음을 의미한다. 또한, 초등과학 영재학생들은 이 과제의 수행에서 일반학생들에 비해 목표물간 시선 움직임이 많음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 초등과학 영재학생들이 일반학생들에게 비해 목표물 탐지 능력이 우수하며 목표물을 찾는 시선의 움직임 효율성이 높다는 것을 의미한다. 이처럼 초등과학 영재학생이 일반학생에 비해서 시선 고정 수와 시선 이동 빈도에서 효과적인 것을 볼 때, 시선추적 특성이 영재의 주의집중 특성을 나타내주는 정량적인 지표로 활용될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

This study was to analyze visual attention of eye-tracking on visual-search task in elementary science-gifted and general students. Subjects' fixation number and attention shift data in ‘finding differences’ task was collected and analyzed using eye-tracker. The results have been shown that gifted students' fixation number was higher than general students' in the visual-search tasks. These results suggest that gifted students concentrate more effectively their attention to uncover the targets and perform more actively cognitive thinking than general students. In addition, higher eye-movement frequency between targets during task-performing was shown in gifted students compared with general students. These results interpret that gifted students have an excellent searching ability and higher visual search efficiency on target search compared with general students. Based on the data of fixation number and attention shift in students, this study might be proposed that the eye-tracking patterns have been regarded as a possible quantitative index for measuring student's visual attention properties.

This study is to investigate how do elementary students' eye movements appear in cognitive process that they perceive science learning materials depending on motivation system of science learning. For this study we had a random sampling of 301, 6th grade students. And we had selected 32 students through the three tests for the final; motivation system test of science learning, a learning styles test, an Edinburgh inventory for handedness test. We were analysis the cognitive process during learning tasks for the selected student using eye-tracking equipment. The results of the research are as follows: First, when students see a science learning material, we found out that SL-BAS group that has tendency searched various areas than SL-BIS group in learning task. Second, results confirmed through the data of integrational count that students looked alternately texts, images and graphs in the learning material, SL-BIS group were more than SL-BAS group on integrated count, but they had a simple and insignificant eye movement. Especially SL-BAS students showed that integrated eye movement between texts, images and graphs in the learning material, and they explored important areas of the graph compared with SL-BIS group that there was no eye movement in graph. These results may be utilized as a useful resource for designing students' learning.

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the gifted’s task commitment with eye-tracking. Through 21 general students’ performing the preliminary tasks, 6 tasks were selected and divided to 3 eye tracking tasks and 3 paper-and-pencil tasks. After other 20 general students performing the tasks, the result was analyzed in equivalent test. Following to the equivalent test, the objectivity of classification and the reliability were analyzed with 17 gifted students. Sequentially, 24 gifted students and 24 general students participated to develop an equation of task commitment in this study. Finally, the developed instrument to measure task commitment was applied to 42 science gifted class students. As a result, the instrument to measure task commitment using classification inquiry is consisted of an eye-tracking tasks and isomorphic paper tasks. Also the equation of task commitment was developed through discriminant analysis procedure. The quotient of task commitment was derived through discriminant analysis using a quantifying method for measuring tasks. The discriminant analysis results showed a significant classification of the gifted from the general students with a 82.4% chance to hit within statistical significant level. In this study, the instrument to measure task commitment could show to analysis not only the difference between gifted group and general group but also the level of task commitment of each person.

디지털 전환과 비대면 소통 플랫폼에 대한 요구로 메타버스가 주목받고 있지만, 원활한 의사소통을 돕는 대화 시스템이 아직 메타버스에서는 널리 적용되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 메타버스에 대화 시스템을 적용하는 경우 메타버스에서의 주변 상황에 대한 정보를 이용하여 기존의 대화 상태를 수정하는 방법을 제안한다. 대화와 상황에 대한 정보를 모두 활용하는 본 모델은 대화 상태를 추적하는 모듈과 상황 상태를 추적하는 모듈, 그리고 추적한 상황 상태와 대화 상태를 비교하여 수정하는 알고리즘으로 구성된다. 사용자의 의도를 재확인하는 대화가 추가됨에 따라 잘못된 대화 상태를 수정할 수 있고, 대화 시스템의 정확도 향상이 가능하다.

The Metaverse is getting popular due to the demands for digital transformation and non-contact communication platforms. A conversation system which facilitates communication is not widely applied yet in Metaverse. In this work, we present a method that revises primitive dialogue state using circumstance information from Metaverse. The presented model that leverages both dialogue and circumstance information consists of a dialogue state tracking module and a circumstance state tracking module. In the model, a dialogue state is updated with an algorithm which compares a dialogue state and a circumstance state. As a conversation that reaffirms user intent is added, a wrong dialogue state can be revised and the accuracy of a conversation system can be improved.

The camera based object detection systems should satisfy the recognition performance as well as real-time constraints. Particularly, in safety-critical systems such as Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), the real-time constraints significantly affects the system performance. Recently, multi-core processors and system-on-chip technologies are widely used to accelerate the object detection algorithm by distributing computational loads. However, due to the advanced hardware, the complexity of system architecture is increased even though additional hardwares improve the real-time performance. The increased complexity also cause difficulty in migration of existing algorithms and development of new algorithms. In this paper, to improve real-time performance and design complexity, a task scheduling strategy is proposed for visual object tracking systems. The real-time performance of the vision algorithm is increased by applying pipelining to task scheduling in a multi-core processor. Finally, the proposed task scheduling algorithm is applied to crosswalk detection and tracking system to prove the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

The purpose of this study was to verity the effect of project method on the task performance ability in development of a solar-tracking-control-system of specialized high school. In order to carry out this study, 2 classes of technical high school in Jeonbuk are chosen as experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught by project method and the control group was taught by traditional instruction. Project method was designed by 4 stages-selection of goal, planning, implementation and evaluation. According to these stages, experimental group's students carried out the project that developing solar tracking control system in solar generation. The results of this study are as follows; the project method was more effective than the traditional instruction in planning ability for task performance and implementation ability, subordinates of task performance ability. However, information gathering ability and evaluation ability on task performance, others in subordinates, it is not clear that the project method is more effective.

배경 및 목적: 노화에 따른 노년층의 언어능력에 관해 단어재인 과정에 대한 연구가 다양하게 진행되어 왔으나, 실시간 언어처리 과정에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 방해자극 유형에 따른 단어재인 과제에서 청년층과 노년층 간 수행력을 시선추적기법을 통해 살펴보는 것이다. 방법: 정상 청년층 24명과 정상 노년층 22명을 대상으로, 방해자극 유형에 따른 단어재인 과제를 실시하였다. 정반응률(%)과 반응시간(ms), 시선추적기(eye-tracker)를 활용한 목표자극의 시선고정비율(proportion of fixation)과 방해자극의 시선고정비율을 유형별로 각각 산출하였다. 결과: 단어재인 과제 정확도 및 반응시간에서 노년층이 청년층에 비해 유의하게 저조한 수행력을 보였다. 구간에 따른 집단 간 목표자극의 시선고정비율에 대한 이원혼합분산분석을 실시한 결과, 구간별 주효과와 구간과 집단 간 이차 상호작용이 유의하였다. 반면, 집단 간 주효과는 유의하지 않았다. 구간에 따른 집단 간 방해자극의 시선고정비율에 대한 삼원혼합분산분석을 실시한 결과, 구간별 주효과, 방해자극 유형별 주효과, 구간과 방해유형 간 이차 상호작용이 유의하였다. 반면, 집단 간 주효과, 구간과 집단 간 이차 상호작용, 방해유형과 집단 간 이차 상호작용, 구간에 따른 방해유형과 집단 간 이차 상호작용이 모두 유의하지 않았다. 논의 및 결론: 노년층의 경우, 정반응률과 반응시간에서 청년층에 비해 수행력이 감퇴하였고, 실시간 시선고정비율에서 또한 처리 속도 저하(slowed processing)가 관찰되었다. 하지만, 신경학적 손상이 분명한 환자군에서 관찰되었던 방해자극 유형에 따른 영향은 미비한 것으로 나타났다. 이는, 노년층의 경우, 음운 및 의미 방해자극을 억제하는 실시간 능력은 손상되지 않은 것으로 보이며, 단어재인 과정에서의 주요 손상 기제는 처리 속도 저하에 기인하는 것으로 해석된다.

Objectives: There is considerable controversy with respect to language processing in the elderly. The purpose of the study was to investigate age-related differences in word recognition tasks according to interference types with Eye-tracker. Methods: A total of 46 participants (24 young and 22 elderly adults) participated in the study. A word recognition task and an online eye-tracking analysis were used. The stimuli consisted of 80 Korean nouns with four types: target, phonologically related objects to the target, semantically related objects to the target, and unrelated objects. Each critical trial display included four types. Participants were asked to select one of the pictures after the target was auditorily presented. Results: The elderly group had lower accuracy and slower reaction time than the young group. There were significant interactions between the group and time-window. The young group fixated the target longer than the elderly group in the time window of 1,000-1,800 ms. According to the proportion data of the interference type, there were significant interactions between types and time-window. Both groups fixated the phonologically related picture longer than semantically related picture or unrelated picture in 1,000-1,400 ms time-window. Conclusion: Elderly adults demonstrated delayed processing when compared with younger adults, whereas age-group differences did not emerge as a function of the interference types. There was aging-related decline in online processing of the word recognition abilities, but differential effects by the interference types did not efficiently discriminate the groups, indicating that their online processing abilities to inhibit phonologically and semantically related foils may be intact, although elderly adults suffered from slowed processing.

본 연구는 ‘문제 해결’이라는 고부담 읽기 상황에서 문제를 해결해 나가는독자의 눈동자 움직임 및 뇌파 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 기존의 연구에서독해력과 문제해결력을 읽기 기능 및 전략 등의 인지적 차원으로 한정해논의한 것에서 나아가 독자의 읽기 행동을 살필 수 있는 새로운 접근 통로로정의적 속성이 강한 과제집착력을 제시하였다. 연구 문제는 독해력 수준에따라 독자의 과제집착력이 유의미한 차이를 살펴보는 것으로 설정하고, 선택적 주의집중 양상과 지속적 주의집중의 양상 차이를 확인하였다. 연구대상은 대학생을 대상으로 독해력 수준에 따른 두 집단으로 하였고, 복잡성이 높은 정보적 텍스트를 대학생 수준에 맞게 수정하여 사용하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 독해력 수준에 따라 과제(문제) 해결을 위해 주의를 기울이는 부분에 차이가 나타남을 확인하였다. 독해력 수준이 높은 집단일수록과제 해결과 밀접한 관련이 있는 텍스트 단서에 선택적으로 주의를 기울이는 경향이 나타났다. 둘째, 독해력 수준에 따라 과제 해결에 대한 주의집중의지속성에 차이가 나타났다. 독해력 수준이 낮은 집단에서는 주의집중이 지속적으로 감소하며, 스트레스지수가 높게 측정되었다. 요컨대 독해력 수준에 따라 독자의 과제집착력이 유의미한 차이를 보임을 확인한 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of eye tracking and EEG while readers conduct problem?solving in their reading tasks. Most of previous studies, researchers mainly have mentioned reading comprehension and problemsolving limited in cognitive dimension such as reading skills and strategies. In this study we analysed the reading behaviour in affective dimension in terms of task commitment which will be a new approach in reading research. Research project was set up to look at the task commitment to identify any significant differences depending on the reader?s comprehension level. The subjects were two groups according to the comprehension level of target college students. High complexity informational text was modified to use for the college student. As a results, we find out the two main characteristics. First, there is a significant difference in task commitment in problem?solving depending on the reader?s reading comprehension level. The readers group who have high level reading comprehension ability conducted selective attention to the text clues. Second, there is a difference in duration of attention in problem?solving depending on the reading comprehension level. The readers group who have low level ability, heir attention was decreased continuously, whereas the index of stress was high. In short, there is a significant difference in their task commitment between two groups, good readers and poor readers.

Task commitment is very important in scientific problem solving for keep doing the task as problem solving process. However, research of task commitment little has been done as compared with recognition of importance. Furthermore the study on attention is an important factor of task commitment has been done more restrictedly due to absence of measurement method. In recently, eye tracker could help solve these problem by quantitative measurement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was established an investigation of attention patten during scientific problem solving by using eye tracker. Researchers tracked and analyzed the eye movements of 23 secondary student and make the cluster according to attention shifting using cluster analysis. According to the results of this study, the ageing effect of eye movement between the middle school students and the high school students was not statistically significant. The result of cluster analysis to categorize groups by attention pattern split participants into three major clusters. The mean values of the eye movement rate of each cluster was identified statistically significant difference by ANOVA. Therefore, types of attention and attention shifting could be verified by eye tracking, and attention shifting had negative effects on attention to elements that high related with task. Consequently, identifying the type of attention by using eye tracker could be possible, and based on these typical feature, the eye tracking method which is able to measure task commitment ability quantitatively is expected.