Earticle

Although extensive studies have been done on the protocol conformance testing based on an extended finite state machine (EFSM) model, the automatic generation of feasible test sequences is still a challenging task. A generated test sequence may be infeasible, due to the conflicts among the transition conditions and context variables of EFSMs. This paper proposed a test sequence generation approach for EFSM-based protocols conformance test by using the transition feasibility estimation. Firstly, our method generates candidate transition paths from a directed graph G which is derived from the EFSM model under testing ignoring all the predicates; Then, we designed a fitness function to guide the test generation with a trade-off among path feasibility, coverage criterion and path length. Finally, an adaptive exploration algorithm is developed to generate executable test sequences through expanding CPs. An experiment was designed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method with two classic EFSM models. The experimental results show that our approach is more effective by comparing it to the TEA method based on breadth-first search (BFS).

Video sequence matching is the most crucial step to verify whether a video sequence has been copied from another or not. The video sequence in question is represented by a set of visual descriptors. Based on such descriptors the sequence has to be matched with the sequences present in the database. Thus, sequence matching becomes a crucial task. Furthermore, to evade the verification process, one may incorporate visual distortions in the original sequence to generate the copied version. Again, the copied sequence may be generated by taking few sampled frames or a part of the original sequence. Thus, the task of sequence matching becomes more challenging. In this work, rather than concentrating on the visual descriptors, we have focused on the technique of sequence matching that can sustain the challenges posed. We have proposed a hypothesis test based scheme for sequence matching which has inherent strength to withstand the said attacks considerably. Experimental result also indicates its capability of the scheme in doing so.

Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) often causes severe allergic reactions in sensitive people. Food containing undeclared mackerel may pose a risk to such people. The major allergenic protein in fish such as mackerel, codfish, and Alaska pollack has been found to be parvalbumin. In this study, we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect mackerel DNA using primers corresponding to the parvalbumin gene. We cloned and sequenced 1.5 kb of parvalbumin gene by PCR using mackerel genomic DNA as a template. Nucleotide sequence analysis of genomic parvalbumin gene, composed of 4 exons and 3 introns, allowed the selection of two pairs of oligonucleotide primers specific for mackerel. These primers successfully enabled PCR amplification of specific regions of genomic parvalbumin DNA from mackerel, but no amplification from 8 other fish samples, surimi, and 6 boiled fish pastes. The sensitivity of this method was sufficient to detect 5 ng of purified mackerel DNA mixed with 50 ng of surimi DNA. This rapid and specific method for the detection of allergenic mackerel would be beneficial in reducing food allergy caused by the ingestion of hidden allergen in processed food.

In this paper, I design the control chip that controls inner test sequence of Logic Tester to test chip. Logic tester has the thirteen inner instructions to control test sequence in test. And these instructions are saved in memory with test pattern data. Control chip generates address and control signal such as read, write signal of memory. Before testing, necessary data such as start address, end address, etc. are written to inner register of control chip. When test started, control chip receives the instruction in start address and executes, and generates address and control signals to access tester' inner memory. So whole test sequence is controlled by making the address and control signal in tester's inner memory. Control chip designs instruction's execution blocks, respectively. So if inner instruction is added from now on, a revision is easy. The control chip will be made using FPGA of Xilinx Co. in future.

A procedure presented in this paper generates test sequences to check the conformity of an implementation with a protocol specification, which is modeled as a deterministic finite state machine (FSM). Given a FSM, a common procedure of test sequence generation, first, constructs a directed graph which edges include the state check after each transition, and produces a symmetric graph G* from and, finally, finds a Euler tour of G*. We propose a technique to determine a minimum-cost tour of the transition graph of the FSM. The proposed technique using Multiple Unique State Signature (MUSS) solves an open issue that one MUIO sequence assignment may lead to two more edges of unit cost being replicated to from G* while an optimal assignment may lead to the replication of a single edge of high cost. In this paper, randomly generated FSMs have been studied as test cases. The result shows that the proposed technique saves the cost 4∼28% and 2∼21% over the previous approach using MUIO and MUSP, respectively.

It is shown that $I_{DDQ}$ testing is very useful for shipping fault-free CMOS ICs. However, test time of $I_{DDQ}$ testing is extremely larger than one of logic testing. In this paper, a new test input sequence generation methodology is proposed to reduce the test time of $I_{DDQ}$ testing. At first, it is Shown that $I_{DDQ}$ test time Will be denominated by charge supply current for load capacitance of gates whose output logic values are changed by test input vector application and the charge current depends on input sequence of test vectors. After that, a test input sequence generation methodology is proposed. The feasibility is checked by some experiments.riments.

Due to environmental regulations (RoHS, WEEE and ELV) of the European Union, electronics and automotive electronics have to eliminate toxic substance from electronic devices and system. Specifically, reliability issue of lead-free solder joint have an increasing demand for the car electronics caused by ELV banning. The authors prepared engine control unit and cabin electronics soldered with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305). To compare with the degradation characteristics of solder joint strength, thermal cycling test (TC), power-thermal cycling test (PTC) and series tests were conducted. Series tests were conducted for TC and PTC combined stress test using the same sample in sequence and continuously. TC test was performed at $-40{\sim}125^{\circ}C$ and soak time 10 min for 1000 cycles. PTC test was applied by pulse power and full function conditions during 100 cycles. Combined stress test was tested in accordance with automotive company standard. Solder joint degradation was observed by optical microscopy and environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). In addition, to compare with deterioration of bond strength of quad flat package (QFP) and chip components, we have measured lead pull and shear strength. Based on the series test results, consequently, we have validated of series test method for lifetime and reliability of Pb-free solder joint in automotive electronics.

Due to environmental regulations (RoHS, WEEE and ELV) of the European Union, electronics and automotiveelectronics have to eliminate toxic substance from electronic devices and system. Specifically, reliabilityissue of lead-free solder joint have an increasing demand for the car electronics caused by ELVbanning. The authors prepared engine control unit and cabin electronics soldered with Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu(SAC305). To compare with the degradation characteristics of solder joint strength, thermal cycling test(TC), power-thermal cycling test (PTC) and series tests were conducted. Series tests were conducted forTC and PTC combined stress test using the same sample in sequence and continuously. TC test was performedat -40~125 ℃ and soak time 10 min for 1000 cycles. PTC test was applied by pulse power andfull function conditions during 100 cycles. Combined stress test was tested in accordance with automotivecompany standard. Solder joint degradation was observed by optical microscopy and environment scanningelectron microscopy (ESEM). In addition, to compare with deterioration of bond strength of quad flat package(QFP) and chip components, we have measured lead pull and shear strength. Based on the series testresults, consequently, we have validated of series test method for lifetime and reliability of Pb-free solderjoint in automotive electronics.

An environmental test has been performed in order to improve the lifetime and reliability of the electrical units on aircraft. However, faults occurring in the field of aircraft have been difficult to predict and prevent, and new concepts for reliability testing are desired. Therefore, a composite reliability test sequence was proposed in the conventional studies. This study introduces test sequence guidelines based on relevant principles and considerations for electronic testing according to International Standard IEC-60068-1 and the United States Military Standard MIL-STD-810G. In addition, we analyze possible causes of failure using two-step QFD based on aircraft operation scenarios. Finally, the proposed test sequence can reproduce various and realistic failure modes for electrical units on aircraft.

이 논문에서는 산업계의 표준으로 널리 사용되고 있는 객체 지향 시스템의 명세 언어인 UML의 sequence diagram을 이용하여 객체 지향 시스템을 검증하는 방법과 이 방법을 테스팅 오라클을 생성하는데 사용할 수 있는 프레임웍을 제시하였다. 우리는 sequence diagram을 테스팅 결과의 검증에 사용하기 위하여 정형적으로 재정의 하였다. 그리고 시제 논리의 강력한 검증 능력을 사용하기 위해서 Half-Order Dynamic Temporal Logic(HDTL)이라 불리는 새로운 시제 논리를 정의하였고 sequence diagram을 HDTL 논리식으로 변화시키는 의미 함수(semantic function)를 정의하였다. HDTL에서 오토마톤을 생성하기 위해서 Tableau 방법을 변형하여 적용시켰다. 이 결과 생성된 오토마톤은 이상 상태(anomaly), 즉 sequence diagram에 표현되지 않은 사건(evevt)의 발생을 검색하는 오라클로 사용할 수 있다. 테스팅의 결과를 수작업으로 검증하는 것은 매우 어렵고 오류가 발생하기 쉬운 작업이므로 제안한 방법은 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

액체 로켓 엔진의 경우 작동초기인 점화와 마지막의 소염시의 추진제 공급 순서는 안정적으로 시스템을 운영하는데 많은 영향을 끼친다. 안정적인 엔진의 작동확인을 위해 점화할 때 공급순서와 소염할 때 추진제의 공급 순서를 바꾸어 가면서 연소 실험을 수행 하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 분사기는 과산화수소와 케로신을 추진제로 사용하는 동축 스월형이며, 점화 방식은 촉매 점화를 방식을 사용하였다. 본 실험을 통해서 액체로켓엔진의 연소 시험을 안정적으로 수행하기 위해 점화와 소염할 때의 최적의 시퀀스를 찾아내었다.

The sequence of the propellant supply is very important for the reliable and safe operation of a LRE combustion test. So combustion performance tests were performed to find an optimum test sequence by changing supply time of propellants and purge gas in the moment of ignition and extinction. The liquid rocket engine consisted of a catalytic ignitor and six swirl-coaxial injectors which used hydrogen peroxide and kerosene. Conclusively, an optimum sequence was found for stable combustion in the moment of ignition and extinction.

이 논문에서는 이진확률수열의 무작위성을 검정하는 방법을 제안한다. 연의 길이는 절사된 기하분포를 따르는데 제안하고자 하는 검정통계량은 연의 평균길이를 기초로 하고 있으며 표본크기가 커지면 점근적으로 ${\chi}^2_2$-분포를 따른다. 검정크기와 검정력을 비교하기 위해 몬테칼로모의실험을 실시했다. 로또 6/45에서의 추첨여부에 대한 수열에 적용해 보았으며 로또는 무작위성을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

A test for randomness of the binary random sequence is proposed in this paper. The proposed test statistic is based on the mean length of runs distributed with truncated geometric distribution and asymptotically ${\chi}^2_2$-distributed when the size of the sequences is large. A small Monte Carlo simulation compared the size of the test with a significant level as well as evaluated the test power. We applied the proposed method to the sequence of yes or no numbers in Lotto 6/45 and concluded that the randomness of Lotto is retained.

개량된 성능의 상단엔진 개발을 위해 다단연소 사이클 액체로켓엔진의 연구가 진행 중이다. 재점화 기술을 개발하기 위한 수류시험, 점화시험, 연소시험을 계획하여 수행하였다. 재점화 시 터보펌프에서 캐비테이션 현상을 발생시킬 수 있는 연료라인으로의 퍼지가스 유입문제를 해결하기 위해, 각 단계의 시험결과를 분석하였다. 분석결과를 바탕으로 기포제거 밸브의 작동, 퍼지밸브와 엔진 연료밸브의 열림 중첩시간 줄임을 통해 퍼지가스 유입문제를 해결하였다. 이를 바탕으로 재점화 연소시험을 성공적으로 수행하였다.

For the development of an improved upper-stage engine, research on a staged combustion cycle liquid rocket engine is in progress. A cold flow test, ignition test, and combustion test plans were established and performed to develop reignition combustion technology. In order to solve the problem of purge gas flowing into the fuel line, which may cause cavitation in the turbo pump during reignition, the test results of each stage were analyzed. Based on the analysis results, the purge gas inflow problem was solved by reducing the overlapping time between the operation of the bubble removal valve and the opening of the purge valve and the engine fuel valve. Based on this, the reignition combustion test was successfully performed.

폐암은 크게 소세포성 폐암과 비소세포성 폐암으로 구분되며 비소세포성폐암이 차지하는 비율은 약 70%∼80%이다. 비소세포성폐암 중 폐선암은 전체 폐암의 약 40%를 차지한다. 최근 유전자 프로파일링 기술이 발전하면서 종양의 발생 및 성장에 중요한 종양 유전자와 종양 억제 유전자의 변이에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 폐암을 유발하는 특정 유전자들이 발견되면서 생존율에 큰 영향을 미치게 되었으며 특히 폐선암은 차세대 염기서열 분석법(next generation sequencing, NGS)을 이용한 동반진단을 통해 표적 치료로 생존을 높이는데 도움을 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구는 한국인에서 폐선암을 유발하는 유전자 변이 검출을 위해 비소세포성폐암 환자의 파라핀 포매조직(formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded)으로 hematoxylin and eosin 염색을 시행하여 폐선암을 구분하였으며 정확한 폐선암 조직을 분류하기 위해 면역조직화학(immunohistochemistry, IHC)염색을 시행하였다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 NGS 를 이용하여 유전자 변이의 종류와 패턴을 분석하였고 폐암을 유발하는 가장 대표적인 원인인 흡연과의 관계를 확인하였다. NGS 결과 단일염기서열변이(single nucleotide variation, SNV), 복제수변이 (copy number variation, CNV), 유전자재배열을 확인하였으며 폐선암에서 SNV는 TP53 (44.6%), EGFR (35.7%), KRAS (10.7%), PIK3CA (6.2%), CDKN2A (4.4%) 순으로 발생하였고 CNV의 경우 EGFR (14%)이 가장 빈번하게 발생하였다. 또한 ALK, ROS1, RET 과 같은 유전자 재배열을 확인하였다. NGS의 신뢰도를 확인을 위하여 기존에 사용되고 있는 유전자 검사방법인 PCR-EGFR, IHC-ALK (D5F3), FISH-ROS1 검사를 추가적으로 시행하여 NGS 결과와 일치도를 확인하였다. 이 연구는 폐선암 환자에 대한 NGS가 여러 유전자의 돌연변이를 동시에 확인하여 치료 전략에 더욱 긍정적인 이익을 줄 수 있음을 보여준다.

Lung adenocarcinoma accounts for about 40% of all lung cancers. With the recent development of gene profiling technology, studies on mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which are important for the development and growth of tumors, have been actively conducted. Companion diagnosis using next-generation sequencing helps improve survival with targeted therapy. In this study, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of non-small cell lung cancer patients were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining for detecting genetic mutations that induce lung adenocarcinoma in Koreans. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed to accurately classify lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Based on the results, next-generation sequencing was applied to analyze the types and patterns of genetic mutations, and the association with smoking was established as the most representative cause of lung cancer. Results of next-generation sequencing analysis confirmed the single nucleotide variations, copy number variations, and gene rearrangements. In order to validate the reliability of next-generation sequencing, we additionally performed the existing genetic testing methods (polymerase chain reaction-epidermal growth factor receptor, immunohistochemistry-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (D5F3), and fluorescence in situ hybridiation-receptor tyrosine kinase 1 tests) to confirm the concordance rates with the next-generation sequencing test results. This study demonstrates that next-generation sequencing of lung adenocarcinoma patients simultaneously identifies mutation.