Earticle

장시간 저장되어 있다가 사용되는 일회성 군수장비 시스템의 경우, 저장 시간이 지남에 따라 저장신뢰도에 변화가 발생하게 된다. 이에 사용시점이 도래하였을 때 제품 사용에 있어 저장신뢰도가 중요한 품질특성으로 작용하게 되며, 기존의 연구들은 저장신뢰도 향상을 위하여 최적의 정기검사주기 산출을 위한 연구에 초점이 맞춰져 있었다. 본 연구에서는 정기검사주기 뿐 아니라 설계신뢰도를 포함한 분석을 통해 융합적인 관점에서 저장신뢰도에 두 인자가 얼마나 영향을 미치는지 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 일회성 시스템의 대표적인 제품인 유도탄에 기존의 Martinez 저장신뢰도 결정모델을 적용하여 각각 설계신뢰도와 정기검사주기가 미치는 정량적인 효과에 대하여 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과를 통해, 현 제품의 설계신뢰도 범주 내에서는 설계신뢰도보다는 정기검사주기 관리가 저장신뢰도 향상에 더 중요한 요인이라는 것을 확인해 볼 수 있었다.

In the case of a one-shot logistic equipment system that has been stored for a long time, reliability changes with the passage of time. Therefore, when the time comes to use, the storage reliability of the product is an important quality characteristic, and the existing studies have focused on the research for calculating the optimal period inspection cycle to improve the storage reliability. In this study, we analyzed the influence of the two factors on the storage reliability at the convergence point by analyzing the design reliability as well as the periodic inspection cycle. To do this, we applied the existing Martinez storage reliability model to the missile, a representative product of a one-shot system, and analyzed the quantitative effects of the design reliability and the periodic inspection cycle. From the results of the analysis, it was confirmed that the maintenance of the periodic inspection cycle is more important for the improvement of the storage reliability than the design reliability in the design reliability category of the current product.

Recently, due to the expansion of the logistics industry, demand for logistics automation equipment is increasing. The modern logistics industry is a high-tech industry that combines various technologies. In general, as various technologies are grafted, the complexity of the system increases, and the occurrence rate of defects and failures also increases. As such, it is time for a predictive maintenance model specialized for logistics automation equipment. In this paper, in order to secure the operational reliability of the ICT/Cold-Chain Unmanned Storage, a predictive maintenance system was implemented based on the LSTM model. In this paper, a server for data management, such as collection and monitoring, and an analysis server that notifies the monitoring server through data-based failure and defect analysis are separately distinguished. The predictive maintenance platform presented in this paper works by collecting data and receiving data based on RabbitMQ, loading data in an InMemory method using Redis, and managing snapshot data DB in real time. The predictive maintenance platform can contribute to securing reliability by identifying potential failures and defects that may occur in the operation of the ICT/Cold-Chain Unmanned Storage in the future.

In modern society, since the expansion of the e-commerce market and the spread of the pandemic, face-to-face business are gradually changing to non-face-to-face. In the logistics industry, the demand for unmanned courier storage is increasing due to lack of loading space from urbanization and courier theft accidents. As the demand for unmanned parcel lockers increases, improved functions such as food storage and efficient space loading are required. This study develops an integrated model-based evaluation procedure of product based on performance factors according to the IEC 61508 standard for newly unmanned parcel storage devices with active loading technology, and derive Critical Technology Element based on the product's core functions and performance goals. As proposing these research , We expect improve the safety and reliability of development targets by identifying and evaluating elements.

FAT 파일 시스템은 거의 대부분의 운영체제가 지원하고 있다. 이러한 범용성 때문에 NAND 플래시 메모리를 사용하는 이동식 저장장치의 파일 시스템으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 FAT 파일시스템은 하드디스크 특성에 맞게 만들어졌기 때문에 NAND 플래시 메모리의 특성에 맞지 않는 부분들을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 FAT 파일 시스템의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위한 로그 관리 방안을 제안하고 이를 채용한 저널링 기법을 설계하고 구현하였다. 다양한 매체에 대한 실험을 통해 구현된 파일 시스템이 로그를 이용하여 파일 시스템을 효과적으로 복구함을 확인하였다.

FAT file system is supported by almost all operating systems. Due to its popularity, it is usually adapted as file systems of mobile storage systems that use NAND flash memories. However the FAT file system had designed for hard disks and there are some problems to apply to NAND flash memory media. This paper propose a log management technique and a journaling method to enhance reliability of the FAT file system that use NAND flash memories. The implemented file system is verified to work effectively to recover the file system using stored logs when software crashes are injected on various storage media.

A reliability-based optimization method for electromagnetic design is presented to take uncertainties of design parameters into account. The method can provide an optimal design satisfying a specified confidence level in the presence of uncertain parameters. To achieve the goal, the reliability index approach based on the firstorder reliability method is adopted to deal with probabilistic constraint functions and a double-loop optimization algorithm is implemented to obtain an optimum. The proposed method is applied to the TEAM Workshop Problem 22 and its accuracy and efficiency is verified with reference of Monte Carlo simulation results.

We have concentrated on the performance improvement of each part for durability, safety and cost of high pressure storage system for fuel cell vehicle so far. But for the mass production of fuel cell vehicle, it is necessary to evaluate durability and safety in system module. We built the standard to evaluate and collision safety of high pressure storage system for fuel cell vehicle, and could verify reliability of high pressure storage system.

In recent years, a substantial amount of photovoltaic (PV) generations have been installed in Japanese power systems. However, the power output from the PV is random and intermittent in nature. As is known, the PV generation poses many challenges to the power system operation. To evaluate impact of the behavior of PV, we developed power supply reliability evaluation model considering a large penetration of PV generation into the power system. As a result, power supply reliability is getting worse as the PV penetration increases. To mitigate these issues, we proposed that pumped storage power plant (PSPP) is used to improve the reliability. This paper presents a fundamental study on the impact of the operation scheduling of PSPP taking into account the excess power caused by PV generations on the power supply reliability, which is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation.

본 연구에서는 가속열화시험을 이용하여 터보엔진 구성품용 스프링의 저장 신뢰도를 예측하는 방법을 제시한다. 스프링의 신뢰성 평가 절차를 먼저 수립한 후, 스프링의 성능열화특성은 스프링 상수로 선정한다. 또한 스프링 상수를 노화시키는 가속 스트레스 인자는 온도로 결정한다. 본 연구에서는 터보엔진에 사용되는 스프링에 대해서 3가지 온도 조건에서 시험을 실시하며, 각각의 온도 조건에서 스프링의 노화 상태를 확인하기 위해 주기적으로 스프링 상수를 측정한다. 스프링의 고장시간은 열화모델을 이용하여 예측하며, 최종적으로 고장시간과 가속모델을 이용하여 사용조건에서 스프링의 저장 수명을 예측한다.

This paper presents a method to predict the storage reliability of springs for turbo engine components based on an accelerated degradation test. The reliability assessment procedure for springs is established to proceed with the accelerated degradation test. The spring constant is selected as the performance degradation characteristic, the temperature is determined to be the stress factor that deteriorates the spring constant. The storage tests are performed at three temperature test conditions. The spring constant is measured periodically to check the degradation status of the springs. Failure times of the springs are predicted by using the degradation model. Finally, the storage lifetime of the springs at normal use conditions is predicted using an accelerated model and failure times of all test conditions.

유도탄은 일반적으로 양산 후 바로 사용하는 것이 아니라 장기간 저장을 거친 후 사용되므로 운용 신뢰도가 아니라 저장 신뢰도가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 가속노화시험을 통해 유도탄의 엔진 조립체 및 부품에 대한 저장 신뢰도를 평가하는 방법을 제시한다. 엔진 조립체의 시험은 실제 저장 시간과 등가한 가속 시험조건에서 시험을 수행한 후 각 부품의 노화 상태를 확인한다. 반면, 부품에 대해서는 가속 시험조건에서 주기적으로 성능노화특성을 측정하여 고장시간을 예측한 후 여러 가속 조건의 시험데이터와 가속모델을 이용하여 사용조건의 수명을 결정하는 시험을 수행한다.

This paper presents a storage reliability evaluation method based on the accelerated degradation test for the engine assembly and parts of the guided missile. The test of the engine assembly is performed at accelerated conditions equivalent to the real storage period, and then the aging condition of parts is checked. For engine parts, performance degradation characteristics are measured periodically at the accelerated conditions and failure times are predicted at each condition. Storage lifetime at normal use conditions is predicted using an accelerated model and failure times at all accelerated conditions.

대용량 멀티미디어 파일의 증가와 개인의 디지털 정보의 중요성이 날로 증가하면서 저장장치는 고용량화, 고집적화 되는 방향으로 발전하고 있다. 따라서 저장장치에 발생되는 물리적인 오류는 단순히 작은 영역의 손상이 아닌 매우 넓은 영역에 대한 정보 손실로 이어진다. 이를 방지하기 위해서는 시스템을 사용하기 전에 물리적인 오류에 대한 시스템의 강인성과 대처 수준을 검증하고 사용해야 한다. SOAR(Storage Reliability Analyzer)는 검증의 핵심이 될 수 있는 물리적인 오류 발생 기능과 복구 기능을 가지고 있으며 이것은 시스템에 대한 신뢰성과 강인성을 검증 할 수 있는 유용한 도구이다. 이 기능을 보다 편리하게 사용하기 위해서 SOAR는 3가지의 특수한 오류 적용 기법과 파일시스템에 특화된 2가지 기법을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 SOAR를 이용해서 어플리케이션부터 파일시스템까지 물리적인 오류에 대한 검증을 실제 수행하고 결과 분석을 진행하였다. 그러므로 SOAR는 물리적인 오류에 대한 시스템의 많은 문제점을 발견하였고 동시에 그 기능을 증명하였다.

As the number of large size multimedia files increases and the importance of individual's digital data grows, storage devices have been advanced to store more data into smaller spaces. In such circumstances, a physical damage in a storage device can destroy large amount of important data. Therefore, it is needed to verify the robustness of various physical faults in storage device before certain systems are used. We developed SOAR(Storage Reliability Analyzer), Storage Reliability Analyzer, to detect physical faults in diverse kinds of HDD hardware components and to recover the systems from those faults. This is a useful tool to verify robustness and reliability of a disk. SOAR uses three unique methods of creating physical damages on a disk and two unique techniques to apply the same feature on file systems. In this paper, we have performed comprehensive tests to verify the robustness and reliability of storage device with SOAR, and from the verification result we could confirm SOAR is a very efficient tool.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of sampling points on accuracy of storage reliability estimation for one-shot systems by assuming a weibull distribution as a storage reliability distribution. Also propose method for determining of sampling points for increase the accuracy of reliability estimation. Methods: Weibull distribution was divided into three sections for confirming the possible to estimate the parameters of the weibull distribution only some section's sample. Generate quantal response data for failure data. And performed parameter estimation with quantal response data. Results: If reduce sample point interval of 1 section, increase the accuracy of reliability estimation although sampling only section 1. Even reduce total number of sampling point, reducing sampling time interval of the 1 zone improve the accuracy of reliability estimation. Conclusion: Method to increase the accuracy of reliability estimation is increasing number of sampling and the sampling points. But apply this method to One-shot system is difficult because test cost of one-shot system is expensive. So propose method of accuracy of storage reliability estimation of one-shot system by adjustment of the sampling point. And by dividing the section it could reduce the total sampling point.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a quality assurance model and to determine appropriate warranty period for a guided missile using its field data. Methods: 10 years of actual firing data is collected from the defense industry company and military. Parametric maximum likelihood estimation for a reliability function is determined with the data. Results: The reliability function estimates average lifetime of the missile. That function shows a user requirement, 80% reliability (lifetime) is come up when 8 years have passed, which is longer than the estimates in the missile's development phase. Conclusion: Quality assurance warranty for a guided missile must be established with actual test data. It is necessary to update and modify the reliability prediction and the warranty period with actual field test data.

전 세계적으로 수출입 화물이 급격하게 늘어나면서 기업들은 창고의 효율성 증가와 창고 인력 감소로 인해 무인 자동화창고에 대한 관심과 연구개발이 증가하고 있다. 소규모 창고에서는 재고의 흐름을 유동적으로 할 수 있는 셔틀랙 기반의 레이아웃이 빈번하게 존재한다. 그러나 셔틀랙 기반의 물류센터는 비상상황(고장, 정전 등)에서 셔틀이 작동하지 않아 물류센터 효율성과 재고관리에 심각한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이에 셔틀랙 기반의 물류센터에서 다양한 셔틀의 통로와 RTV의 통로를 레이아웃별로 분류하고 특성과 유형을 분석하여 각 레이아웃별로 신뢰성을 도출하였다. 통로의 개수에 따라 적재율도 다르게 도출되어 각 레이아웃별로 신뢰성과 적재율을 비교 분석하였다.

With the rapid increase in the quantity of goods transported worldwide, companies are now started to show great interest in unmanned automated warehouses along with related research and development due to the increase of warehouse efficiency and reduction warehouse manpower. In a number of small warehouses, shuttle rack-based layouts that can handle inventory flow flexibly. However, the shuttle rack-based logistics center does not operate in case of emergency situations (faults, power outages, etc.), which seriously affects the efficiency and inventory management of the entire logistics center. Accordingly, in shuttle rack-based logistics center, we have classified various shuttle passages and RTV passages by layout and have analyzed its characteristics and types, along with derived reliability for each layout. The loading rate was also derived differently according to the number of passages, and have compared and analyzed reliability and loading rate for each layout.

This study proposes a system reliability analysis of rack storage facilities subjected to forklift colliding events. The proposed system reliability analysis consists of two steps: the first step is to identify dominant failure modes that most contribute to the failure of the whole rack facilities, and the second step is to evaluate the system failure probability. In the first step, dominant failure modes are identified by using a simulation-based selective searching technique where the contribution of a failure mode to the system failure is roughly estimated based on the distance from the origin in the space of the random variables. In the second step, the multi-scale system reliability method is used to compute the system reliability where the first-order reliability method (FORM) is initially used to evaluate the component failure probability (failure probability of one member), and then the probabilities of the identified failure modes and their statistical dependence are evaluated, which is called as the lower-scale reliability analysis. Since the system failure probability is comprised of the probabilities of the failure modes, a higher-scale reliability analysis is performed again based on the results of the lower-scale analyses, and the system failure probability is finally evaluated. The illustrative example demonstrates the results of the system reliability analysis of the rack storage facilities subjected to forklift impact loadings. The numerical efficiency and accuracy of the approach are compared with the Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the proposed two-step approach is able to provide accurate reliability assessment as well as significant saving of computational time. The results of the identified failure modes additionally let us know the most-critical members and their failure sequence under the complicated configuration of the member connections.

태양 에너지 기반 센서 네트워크는 배터리 기반과는 다른 에너지 최적화 기법이 필요하다. 태양 에너지는 주기적으로 계속해서 공급되므로, 기본적으로는 센서 시스템을 영원히 동작하게 할 수 있지만, 공급되는 에너지양의 불확실성과 이를 저장하는 배터리의 용량 제한 등 고려해야 할 사항이 많다. 이 논문에서 우리는 태양 에너지 기반 센서 네트워크를 위한 안정적인 스토리지 시스템인 SolarSS를 제안한다. SolarSS는 계층적인 구조로 되어 있는데 각 계층마다 센싱 데이터의 수집, 노드 고장으로 인한 데이터 손실을 줄이기 위한 데이터 복제, 그리고 리소스 고갈로 인한 데이터 손실을 줄이기 위한 데이터 균등화 기능이 포함되어 있다 특히, 우리 시스템은 사용 가능한 에너지의 양에 따라 활성화/비활성화 되는 계층을 동적으로 결정하고, 데이터의 손실을 최소화하기 위한 효율적인 리소스(에너지 및 저장 공간) 할당 기법과 데이터 분배 기법을 제공한다.

Using solar power in wireless sensor networks requires a different approach to energy optimization from networks with battery-based nodes. Solar energy is an inexhaustible supply which can potentially allow a system to run forever, but there are several issues to be considered such as the uncertainty of energy supply and the constraint of rechargeable battery capacity. In this paper, we present SolarSS: a reliable storage system for solar-powered sensor networks, which provides a set of functions, in separate layers, such as sensory data collection, replication to prevent failure-induced data loss, and storage balancing to prevent depletion-induced data loss. SolarSS adapts the level of layers activated dynamically depending on solar energy availability, and provides an efficient resource allocation and data distribution scheme to minimize data loss.

This paper proposes probabilistic reliability evaluation model of power system considering Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) integrated with Energy Storage System(ESS). Monte carlo sample state duration simulation method is used for the evaluation. Because the power output from WTG units usually fluctuates randomly, the power cannot be counted on to continuously satisfy the system load. Although the power output at any time is not controllable, the power output can be utilized by ESS. The ESS may make to smooth the fluctuation of the WTG power output. The detail process of power system reliability evaluation considering ESS cooperated WTG is presented using case study of Jeju island power system in the paper.

본 연구는 액체수소 저장 환경에서 사용되는 온도 센서 및 트랜스미터를 대상으로 신뢰성 평가를 수행하고자 FMEA(Failure Modes and Effects Analysis)와 QFD(Quality Function Deployment)를 적용하였다. 고장 심각도, 발생 가능도를 기준으로 주요 고장모드를 도출하였으며, 사용자 요구사항과 인증기관 기준을 바탕으로 도출된 기술 요구 항목에 따라 QFD 분석을 수행하였다. FMEA 결과, Thermowell의 풀림이 위험도 7점으로 주요 고장으로 식별되었다. QFD 분석 결과로는 내환경시험 항목으로 습도시험이 중요도 점수 5000점으로 가장 높은 중요도를 나타냈다. 이어서 수명 및 극저온 항목의 중요도도 높게 평가되어, 극저온 수소 환경에서의 센서 구성품 및 보호 구조체의 견고성과 환경 내구성 시험 전략의 중요성이 강조되었다.

This study applies failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and quality function deployment (QFD) to evaluate the reliability of temperature sensors and transmitters used in liquid hydrogen storage environments. Major failure modes were identified based on severity and occurrence. According to the FMEA results, loosening of the thermowell was identified as a critical failure mode with a risk level of 7. In the QFD analysis, humidity testing received the highest importance score of 5000 among the environmental test items, followed by service life and cryogenic performance. These findings highlight the necessity of robust sensor components and protective structures, along with ef ective environmental durability testing strategies under cryogenic liquid hydrogen conditions.

본 연구에서는 IES TM-21-11 LED (light-emitting diode) 가속수명 신뢰성 평가법을 기반으로 패키지리스 마이크로 LED (package-less micro-LED) 배열의 가속수명 신뢰성 평가조건 확립을 위한 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 결과 100-150 ℃ 고온 저장 조건에서 단기 가속 시험만으로 L₇₀ 수명을 효과적으로 예측할 수 있었으며, 특히 120 ℃에서 지수적합함수 모델의 결정계수 R²=0.87, 분산분석 유의확률 P<0.0001을 만족하여 실험결과가 통계적으로 유의함을 확인하였고, 아레니우스 모델(Arrhenius model)을 통해 활성화 에너지(activation energy, E_a) 0.517 eV, 가속계수 57.2를 도출하여 단시간 내 수명 예측이 가능한 온도 조건임을 확인하였다. 이는 패키지리스 구조가 봉지재 열화를 배제하여 칩 고유의 높은 활성화 에너지가 반영된 결과이며, 패키지 구조에서는 봉지재 열화가 복합적으로 작용하여 활성화 에너지가 저하됨을 확인하였다. LED를 전기적 구동 없이 순수 열적 스트레스만을 인가한 고온 저장 시험으로, 동작 시 내부에서 발생하는 접합 온도(junction temperature, T_j)를 배제하여 외부 열 에너지에 의한 열화 수명을 독립적으로 평가할 수 있었다. 향후 구동 조건을 포함한 동작수명 시험을 추가 수행함으로써 내부·외부 열에너지에 대한 마이크로 LED의 종합적 신뢰성 열화 메커니즘을 규명하고, 가속수명 신뢰성 평가 체계 확립에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study investigates the establishment of high-temperature storage accelerated lifetime reliability evaluation conditions for package-less micro-light-emitting diode array, so called micro-LED, based on the IES TM-21-11 LED accelerated lifetime evaluation methodology. The results confirmed that the L₇₀ lifetime can be effectively predicted with short-duration accelerated tests alone under high-temperature conditions of 100-150 ℃. In particular, at 120 ℃, the exponential fit function model yielded a coefficient of determination R²=0.87 and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) significance level of P<0.0001, demonstrating that the reliability test results are statistically significant. Furthermore, the Arrhenius model provided an activation energy (E_a) of 0.517 eV and an acceleration factor of 57.2, confirming the feasibility of L₇₀ lifetime prediction within a short test duration. This indicates that the package-less structure reflects the intrinsic high activation energy of the inorganic chip by eliminating encapsulant degradation, whereas the packaged structure has a lower overall activation energy due to the combined effect of encapsulant and chip degradation. The tests were conducted as high-temperature storage tests in which only purely thermal stress was applied without electrical operation, thereby excluding the junction temperature (T_j) generated internally during device operation and enabling independent evaluation of degradation lifetime due to external thermal energy. It is expected that subsequent operational lifetime tests incorporating driving conditions will elucidate the comprehensive reliability degradation mechanisms of micro-LEDs under both internal and external thermal energy and contribute to the establishment of an accelerated lifetime reliability evaluation framework.

This paper proposes probabilistic reliability evaluation model of power system considering Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) integrated with Energy Storage System(ESS). Monte carlo sample state duration simulation method is used for the evaluation. The power output from WTG units usually fluctuates randomly. Therefore, the power cannot be counted on to continuously satisfy the system load. Although the power output at any time is not controllable, the power output can be utilized when needed if ESS is available. The ESS may make to smooth the fluctuation of the WTG power output. The detail process of power system reliability evaluation considering Multi-ESS cooperated WTG is presented using case study of Jeju island power system in the paper.