Earticle

본 연구는 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 건강증진, 정신건강, 삶의 질을 위한 건강프로그램을 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 일개도시 종합병원에 근무하고 있는 간호사들을 대상으로 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 시도되었다. 일반적인 특성 결과 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 간호사 사이에 연령, 결혼여부, 총 근무 경력, 직위와 근무 병동에서 유의한 차이가 있다고 나왔다(p<.05). 생활습관 및 스트레스, 건강․복지 프로그램에서 수면시간, 식사습관, BMI, 건강․복지지원 프로그램 지원여부의 차이는 유의한 관계가 있다고 나타났다(p<.05). 그러나 스트레스에서는 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 간호사와의 유의한 차이는 없었고(p>.05), 가장 많은 스트레스 원인으로는 직장생활이라고 대답한 비율이 많았다. 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 간호사의 건강증진행위의 점수는 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 간호사 모두 보통수준을 의미하였고 교대 근무 간호사가 비교대 근무 간호사 보다 점수가 낮았다. 두 그룹 사이의 건강증진행위는 연령, 결혼, 직위를 통제한 공분산분석 결과, 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 간호사의 정신건강은 두 그룹 모두 비교적 양호한 것으로 분석이 되고 교대 근무 간호사가 비교대 간호사 보다 점수가 높게 측정이 되었다. 두 그룹 간 정신건강은 연령, 결혼, 직위를 통제한 공분산분석에서 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>.05). 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 간호사의 삶의 질은 1~5점의 범위에서 점수가 높을수록 삶의 질이 좋은 것을 의미하는데 총 대상자의 평균 총점은 2.85 점이었고 교대 근무 간호사의 점수는 보통보다는 약간 낮은 점수가 나왔고, 비교대 근무 간호사의 점수는 보통 점수가 나왔다. 교대 근무 간호사가 비교대 근무 간호사보다 점수가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 두 그룹 간 삶의 질은 연령, 결혼, 직위를 통제하였을 때에도 유의한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다(p<.05). 근무형태에 따른 일반적인 특성인 연령, 결혼, 직위와 건강증진행위, 정신건강, 삶의 질을 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 분석하였을 때 결혼과 삶의 질에서 유의한 차이가 있다고 나타났다. 비교대 근무에서 교대 근무보다 삶의 질 점수가 높을 확률이 많다고 나타났다(OR=3.397, 95%CI= 1.694-6.812). 삶의 질에 대한 관련요인의 설명력은 48.4%로 근무형태가 비교대일수록, 스트레스가 적을수록, 건강․복지프로그램 지원이 있을수록 건강증진행위 수행도가 높고 정신건강이 좋을수록 삶의 질 점수가 높아진다고 나타났다. 그러므로 교대 근무 간호사와 비교대 근무 간호사를 대상으로 건강증진행위의 수행을 높일 수 있는 프로그램의 개발과 스트레스 관리를 도와주는 건강지원 프로그램을 개발하는 등, 본 연구 결과를 토대로 영향을 미치는 요인들 간에 단계를 확인한 경로분석이나 모형검증 등 간호사의 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 연구가 지속적으로 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각한다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast health promoting behaviors, mental health, and quality of life between shift nurses and non-shift nurses and to evaluate factors influencing their quality of life. Method: Data were collected by questionnaires from 113 non-shift nurses and 265 shift nurses who had been working at one of five hospitals in Incheon for more than one year. Descriptive statistics, ANCOVA, logistic regression, and multiple regression were used in performance of data analysis. Results: For shift nurses’ mean total scores for health promoting behaviors and quality of life were significantly lower than those for non-shift nurses’(p<.05). Result of logistic regression analyses indicated that marital status (OR=2.092, 95%CI=1.174-3.729) and quality of life (OR=3.397, 95%CI=1.694-6.812) were significant between shift nurses and non-shift nurses. Non-shift work, low stress, provision of health-welfare programs, high score for health promoting behavior, and good mental health status showed an association with better quality of life (explained 48.3% of variance). Conclusion: Educational, policy, and regulatory approaches are required in order to improve mental health and quality of life for nurses, which may be influenced by their unhealthy behaviors such as irregular dietary patterns, while provision of counseling programs may be helpful to enhancement of nurses’ mental health.

Purpose: This study is conducted to compare and analyse the health status and job satisfaction of nurses. Method: The subjects were a group of 90 nurses on fixed day nurse and the other group of 100nurses on night nurse. The collected data were analysed by using the SPSS WIN(10.0) program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ${\chi}^2-test$, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Result: There was a significant difference according to years in services. In nurses on day shift, there was a inverse correlation between the health status and job satisfaction. And in nurses on day shift, job satisfaction levels differed significantly depending on personality, satisfaction to pay, and current health status. In nurses on night shift, nurses' job satisfaction levels differed significantly depending satisfaction to pay. Conclusion: It was confirmed that health of nurses is greatly affected by shift work. so, it is very important to maintain and promote their health status in nurses on night shift. We must find out the factors that greatly affect health of nurses, and continuously make an effort to improve the working environment.

-Health Status, Healthy Behavior, and Health Promotion Program Needs of Industrial Male Workers according to Shift Work at an Workplace

목적: 보건복지부 야간근무 가이드라인에 따른 간호사의 교대근무와 근무표에 대한 인식을 분석하기 위함이다. 방법: 연구대상자는 2020년 9월 한 달간의 근무표, 각 근무조의 정규근무시간, 근무조 당 시간외근무시간에 대한 질문에 응답한 487명의 간호사였다. 간호사의 근무표에 대한 인식은 만족도, 일-생활 균형 적합도, 공평성에 대해 측정하였다. 결과: 응답자의 1/3이 주당 40시간 이상 근무를 하였고, 근무조 당 평균 1.14시간의 시간외근무를 하였다. 비사회적 근무시간은(주중 오후 8시 이후와 오전 6시 이전, 주말과 공휴일 0시부터 24시) 전체 근무시간의 56.4%였다. 9월 마지막 야간근무 시 간호사는 평균 9.62시간 동안 근무하였고, 휴게시간은 39분이었으며 20.5%의 응답자는 휴게시간이 없었다. 68.0%의 간호사는 연속된 야간근무 후 다음 근무까지 휴게시간이 48시간 미만이었던 경험을 적어도 한 번 이상 하였다. 57.0%는 그들의 근무표에 만족하고 있었다. 1/3의 응답자는 그들의 근무표가 일-생활 균형을 이루기에 적합하다고 하였고, 2/3은 주말 휴무일과 야간근무가 병동 내에서 공평하게 배분되었다고 인식하였다. 근무시간과 시간외 근무시간은 간호사의 근무표에 대한 인식 3문항과 모두 역의 상관관계가 있었다. 비사회적 근무시간의 비중이 높고, 야간근무 시 휴게시간이 없을수록 공평성에 대한 인식은 낮았다. 결론: 근무시간을 줄이고 야간근무 시 휴게시간을 보장하며, 비사회적 근무시간에 대한 보상을 늘이는 것이 근무표에 대한 간호사의 인식을 향상시키고 교대근무로 인한 이직을 줄이기 위해 요구된다.

Purpose: To analyze nurses’ shift work according to the government guidelines for night work and their perceptions of their work schedules. Methods: The study sample included 487 nurses who provided information on their schedules, including the normal working hours of each shift, and overtime per shift during September 2020. Nurses’ perceptions were measured in terms of satisfaction, appropriateness for work-life balance, and fairness to their work schedule. Results: One-third of the respondents worked more than 40 hours per week. The average overtime hour was 1.14 hours per shift. Unsocial hours (8 pm to 6 am on weekdays, midnight to midnight on weekends and public holidays) accounted for 56.4% of all working hours. During their last night shift, on average, nurses worked 9.62 hours and had a break of 39 minutes, although 20.5% reported no break. Sixty-eight percent of nurses had at least one between-shift break shorter than 48 hours after a consecutive night shifts. Fifty-seven percent were satisfied with their schedule. One-third perceived their schedule as appropriate for work-life balance, and two-thirds perceived that days off on weekends and nights were fairly distributed within the unit. Working and overtime hours had an inverse relationship with all three aspects of nurses’ perceptions. A higher proportion of unsocial hours and having no breaks during the night shift were associated with lower perceptions of fairness. Conclusion: Reducing working hours, ensuring breaks during night shifts, and increasing rewards for unsocial hours are required to improve nurses’ perceptions and reduce turnover due to shift work.

Analysis of existing research results of defect testing, software defects during testing should consider the relevance of the defect test software, the design of a Markov chain with the right to test the model, the design of a multi-objective algorithm weights given Markov chain with the right test strategy based on defects associated with the state transition strategy based on multi-objective test weight matrix. The experimental results show that this strategy compared with Controlled Markov Chain testing strategy that can significantly reduce test cases and improve the defect detection rate.

We is configured the honk changing-status technique that is to meld the square-built blow-shock status of the gleam-differential perception level (BIAL) on the honk perception lineament. The perception level condition by the honk perception lineament system is constituted with the blow-shock system. As to experimentation a ductile-dot of the gleam ductile-dot, we are found of the honk value with ductile-dot by the blow upper shift. The concept of perception level is constituted the reference of gleam-differential level for changing-status signal by the honk shock lineament. Further symbolizing a square-built changing-status of the BIAL, of the average in terms of the blow-shock lineament, and the honk ductile-dot shock that was the honk value of the far changing-status of the Ho-PL-FA-θAVG with 15.41±8.63 units, that was the honk value of the convenient changing-status of the Ho-PL-CO-θAVG with 8.70±3.06 units, that was the honk value of the flank changing-status of the Ho-PL-HO-θAVG with 2.65±1.19 units, that was the honk value of the edge changing-status of the Ho-PL-VI-θAVG with 0.51±0.18 units. The blow shock will be to investigate at the square-built ability of the blow-shock lineament with ductile-dot by the honk perception level on the BIAL, that is denote the gleam-differential lineament by the perception level system. We will be possible to curb of a lineament by the differential signal and to employ the honk data of blow shock level by the blow perception system.

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare and estimate sleep patterns and health status of the shift and non-shift factory workers. Methods: The subjects of this study were 290 male workers in 13 companies, which manufacture automobile parts in Daegu, Korea. Survey data were collected from March 5th, 2007 to April 5th, 2007. PSQI was scored to check the quality of sleep, ESS for excessive daytime sleep disorder, ISI for insomnia, and SF-36 for health status. The data were analyzed by χ² and t-test using SPSS 12.0 for windows. Results: There was a difference in quality of sleep patterns between shift and non-shift workers (p=.033). A difference in the pattern of excessive daytime sleep (P=.005) and in the degree of insomnia (p=.030) were observed between the two groups. However, there were no significant difference in health status between the two groups. Conclusion: Based on these results, shift workers are in need of careful and continuous monitoring regarding sleep disorders and we need to develop health promotion programs including sleep hygiene for shift workers.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the latent growth curve model of the longitudinal relationship between employment status shift, mental health and life satisfaction among baby boomers and the to derive the social welfare implications. The subjects were 610 paid employees of them who had steadily participated in the Korea Welfare Panel Survey, specifically in the 1st to 9th surveys (2006-2014), and their biennial specific data were analyzed. The mayor findings were as follows: First, the pathway of ‘shift of ‘status→depression_ICEPT’ and the pathway of ‘numbers of shift→depression_ICEPT’ were significant, but the pathway of ‘terms of shift→depression_ICEPT’ was not significant. and the pathway of ‘terms of shift→self-esteem_ICEPT’ was significant, but the pathway of ‘shift of status→self-esteem_ ICEPT’ and the pathway of ‘numbers of status shift→self-esteem_ ICEPT’ were not significant. Second, the pathway of ‘depression_ICEPT→life satisfaction_ICEPT’ was negative(-) related, but the pathway of ‘depression_ ICEPT→life satisfaction_SLOPE’ was positive(+) related. Suggestion and limitation of this study, and points to consider in future research were discussed.

중국은 비약적인 발전을 이루고 있다. 본고에서는 이러한 발전이 2차적으로 어떤 변화를 가져올 것인가에 대한 연구를 시도했다. 그 가운데에서도 인문학적인 방면에서 과거 중국 문화의 정수에 있었던 공자를 중심으로 알아보았다. 공자는 국내적으로는 정치적 안정과 경제 성장에 따른 후유증을 해소하는 데 기여하고 있다. 공자는 정치적으로 청렴결백의 이상이다. 중국은 중국이 발전을 통해 이루고자 하는 중국의 꿈, 中國夢도 공자를 빗대어 이루려 한다. 국외적으로는 유가문화권의 결속과 미국과의 경쟁에서의 우위를 차지하기 위해 공자가 재조명되고 있다. 핫피스(Hot Peace)시대인 지금, 국제적인 영향력을 높이기 위해 공자를 부각시켜 연성권력[soft power]을 키우려 한다. 시간적 고찰에서는 북경 올림픽 이전과 이후로 구분하여 알아보았다. 공자의 위상은 시대에 따라 다양하게 변화하였다. 하지만 북경 올림픽 이후 공자의 위상은 문화대혁명시기의 위상과는 다른 새로운 차원으로 변화하고 있다. 대표적인 것이 대중매체와 홍보물에서 공자를 이용하는 것이나 중국이 세계 123개국에 470여개가 세워진 공자학원을 앞세워 자신들의 문화를 홍보하는 것이다. 공자를 이용하는 이유는 자명하다. 공자를 통해 일반 백성에게 친근하게 다가설 수 있고, 중국인에게는 조상과 전통문화에 대한 자긍심을 불러일으키면서 동시에 중국 전통의 것으로 세계와 경쟁할 수 있다는 자신감을 주는 장점이 있다. 하지만 공자가 오랫동안 영향력을 미친 것은 그 정신이 숭고하기 때문이다. 중국의 발전에 있어 공자의 부활은 반길 일이다. 하지만 그 내면의 정신을 잃고 공자를 이용한다면 이는 또 하나의 과오를 범하는 일이 될 것이다. 또한 한국은 중국의 이러한 변화에 맞춰 공자를 이용한 한중관계의 발전을 도모할 방법을 세워야 할 것이다.

China has achieved a breakthrough like a Quantum leap. In this paper I have tried to research on changes these kind of advances will bring about in the secondary. Among them, this article focused on Confucius, who was the essence of Chinese culture in the past humanistic approach. Domestically Confucius has contributed to political stability and relieve the side effects due to the economic growth. Confucius was the ideals of political incorruptibility and innocence. Nowadays Confucius became the man at whom China even describes ‘China Dream’ achieved by China's developmentInternationally Confucius has been re-evaluated in order to gain an advantage in competition with the United States and obtain the unity of the unity of the nations in the Confucian culture area. As of these Hot Peace era , China try to groom soft power through floating Confucius in order to enhance the international influence. A longitudinal observation of the varying trends in the status shift of Confucius was examined separately before and after the Beijing Olympics. The status shift of Confucius varied diverse depending on the era. However, the status of Confucius after Beijing Olympics changed to a new dimension that is different from the change at the Cultural Revolution period. Typical examples are making use of Confucius in the media and promotional materials, and promoting Chinese culture preceded by the establishment of the Confucius Institute more than 470 in 123 different countries in the world . The reason for using Confucius is obvious. For Government Confucius made Government familiar with Chinese people and for the Chinese people Confucius has the advantage of provoking pride for the ancestors and the traditional culture in Chinese and of giving confidence to compete with the world of through Chinese tradition. The noble spirit is the main reason Confucius could have a long influence. Revival of Confucius tradition along with China's development is greeting. However using Confucius without the intrinsic Confucius will result to be committing another mistake. All the more South Korea must make a way to promote the development of China-South Korea relations using these changes, according to Confucius resurrections in China.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the improvement of the working environment for health prevention and related countermeasures for shift workers. This study was conducted based on the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), which analyzed the health effects of shift work forces and compared them with preceding studies. Methods: By analyzing secondary rates using raw data from the 5th KWCS, 4,870 (9.7%) of the 50,184 total study subjects were divided into shift work and 45,314 (90.3%) non-shift work groups based on the response to shift status. Variables that could affect work health issues were identified and corrected. A cross-analysis was conducted to examine demographic characteristics (gender, age, and education level) of the workers and occupation characteristics (monthly net earnings, employment type, occupation, working period up to now, workplace scale, type of work system, and weekly working hours). In order to find the work health issue ratio between the shift and non-shift work groups, logistic regression was analyzed and the association with health problems according to shift type by gender was looked at through cross-analysis. Results: According to the surveys conducted from the 1st KWCS (2006) to the 5th KWCS (2017), the proportion of shift workers continued to increase. Also, muscular pains in the lower limbs (hips, legs, knees, feet, etc.) (OR=1.135, 95%CI 1.031-1.251), headaches, eyestrain (OR=1.580, 95% CI 1.428-1.748), anxiety (OR=1.715, 95% CI 1.402-2.099), difficulty falling asleep (OR=1.391), and other problems (OR=7.392) were reported. In addition, back pain, muscular pains in shoulders, neck and/or upper limbs, muscular pains in lower limbs (hips, legs, knees, feet, etc.), headaches, eyestrain, depression, anxiety, overall fatigue resulted in significant results for both male and female shift workers. Depression and anxiety were higher in female shift/circulation compared to males. Conclusions: The social nets for the health and safety of shift workers should be explored in a variety of ways, including management and supervision of shift sites, attempts to reorganize and improve the shift system, development of workers' health recovery programs, promotion, systematic treatment, and compensation systems.

본 연구는 종합병원 교대근무 간호사의 피로, 신체적 건강상태 및 부적 정동 수준을 파악하고 부적 정동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위하여 시행되었다. 연구 대상자는 종합병원에 재직 중인 여성 간호사 187명으로 모두 일반간호사로 교대근무를 하는 자를 대상으로 실시되었다. 인구사회학적 특성과 근무 특성을 포함하여 피로, 신체적 건강상태, 부적 정동을 측정하기 위한 문항이 포함된 자기기입식 설문지(Self-administered questionnaire)를 사용하여 자료수집하였다. 대상자의 특성에 따른 피로, 신체적 건강상태, 부적 정동의 차이는 t-test와 one-way ANOVA로 분석하고 Scheffé test로 사후 검정하였다. 대상자의 피로, 신체적 건강상태와 부적 정동을 부분적 상관분석을 시행하였고, 단계적 회귀분석을 통하여 부적 정동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하였다. 근무부서, 보수 만족도, 수면을 취하기 어려운 근무 유형과 과도한 피로를 느끼는 근무 유형에 따라 피로, 신체적 건강상태와 부적 정동에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났고 이 요인들을 통제한 가운데 피로(r=.561, p<.001)와 신체적 건강상태(r=.623, p<.001)는 부적 정동과 상관관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 부적 정동에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 피로(β=.409, p<.001)로 나타났다. 이는 간호사들이 교대근무로 인한 피로 경험을 반복하게 되면서 부적 정동이 강화될 수 있음을 시사하므로 간호사의 피로를 감소시킬 수 있는 중재 프로그램을 통해 부적 정동을 감소시키고, 장기적으로는 부적 정동에 의한 소진과 이로 인한 이직을 감소하기 위해서 병원, 정부 및 간호단체가 협력하여 다양한 근무제도를 도입할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to define the influencing factors of fatigue, physical health status and negative affectivity in shift-working nurses. Data were collected from 187 shift-working staff nurses who worked in one University hospital with self-reported questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA(Scheffe post hoc test) for relationship of participant’s characteristics to fatigue, physical health status and negative affectivity. Partial correlation and stepwise multiple regression was conducted to determine factors influencing negative affectivity. The results showed that working department, pay satisfaction, duty with sleep disturbance and excessive fatigue were associated with fatigue, physical health status and negative affectivity. By controlled these factors, fatigue(r=.561, p<.001) and physical health status(r=.623, p<.001) were partially correlated with negative affectivity. Fatigue(β=.409, p<.001) was significantly associated with negative affectivity and fatigue, physical health status and working department were explained 56.4% of the variance. Results suggested that programs for reduce shift-working nurse’s fatigue are required first. In addition, various working systems need to be considered for preventing negative affectivity due to shift work.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine of fatigue, sleep quality, and perceived health for shift workers and to identify variables that influ- ence job involvement in order to develop an intervention program for shift workers to enhance their job involvement. Methods: Data was collected from 124 workers who worked in 3 manufacturing companies with more than 300 manufacturing companies in G-city. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis with SPSS statistics 27.0 program. Results: Job involvement is related to perceived health was found to have a significant positive correlation and fatigue have a significant negative correlation. Factors affecting job involvement were found to be a significant influencing factor on perceived health. It showed an explanatory power of 32.1%. Conclusions: Therefore, it is necessary to develop and verify job involvement improvement programs that take into account various variables to promote the job involvement of shift workers.

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the health status, healthy behavior, and health promotion program needs of day time and shift time industrial male workers at an workplace. Method: Relevant data were collected from June 20 to August 18, 2005. Questionaries were distributed to all subjects along with their medical records of 2005 and 151 sets of responses were used for the analysis. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0. Result: 1. Health Status - day time and shift-time workers had significant differences in obesity ($x^2=8.38$, p<.01) and blood pressure ($x^2=-2.17$, p<.05). 2. Healthy Habits - Full-time and part-time workers had significant differences in regular meals (63.83, p<.01), preferred foods ($x^2=7.10$, p<.05), and sleep time (t=-3.55, p<.01). They also had significant differences in exercising ($x^2=13.11$, p<.01), exercising time (minutes) (t=-2.25, p<.01), and use of fitness centers ($x^2=7.02$, p<.05). 3. They also had significant differences in their needs of health programs ($x^2=8.66$, p<.01). Conclusion: This study revealed that day time and shift-time workers had differences in obesity and blood pressure, as well as differences in eating sleeping, and exercising patterns. Both groups needed 'fitness programs' more than any other types of health programs and picked 'weight loss' and 'stress control' programs for other options. Industrial nurses should be able to create appropriate health programs for each group based on the above results and induce the workers' active participation.

본 연구는 북한 인권 실태를 인권의 보편성의 접근에서 상대성의 정책적 피해자로의 전환을 중심으로 분석하였다. 북한 인권은 그동안 보편성의 관점에서 보호 및 지원받아야 하는 대상이라는 접근 방식을 취하면서 다양한 UN인권보고서와 학술적 연구가 활발히 진행되었다. 하지만 북한인권은 여전히 특정 국가 및 지역적 차원에서 상대성에 입각한 정책적 피해 대상으로 머물러 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 좀 더 구체적으로 분석한 결과 북한 인권의 상대성은 각 국가의 경계 안에서 하나의 정책으로 나타나고 탈북민들의 인권에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 것이다. 이는 탈북민들의 시민적 및 정치적 권리와 경제적, 사회적 및 문화적 권리 모두를 억압하는 결과를 낳고 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 정책적 결과를 본 연구에서는 비월경과 탈북감소, 강제북송에 따른 처벌강화, 국내에서의 탈북민들의 인권 현황 등으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 북한 인권은 보편성의 관점에서는 보호받지만, 상대성의 관점에서는 억압의 대상으로 머물러있으며 이를 위해 여전히 국제인권레짐에 호소할 수밖에 없음을 강조하였다.

This study examines North Korean human rights through the lens of a shift from universalist human rights principles to their treatment as policy victims of relativistic interpretations. Although international and academic assessments?particularly UN human rights reports?have traditionally framed North Korean human rights within a universalist paradigm, the findings show that they continue to be constrained by state- and region-specific relativistic policies. Such relativization directly affects North Korean escapees, undermining their civil and political rights as well as their economic, social, and cultural rights. These effects are observed in reduced cross-border mobility, harsher penalties following forced repatriation, and ongoing rights challenges faced by defectors in host states. The study concludes that while North Korean human rights are normatively protected under universality, they remain vulnerable to repression under relativistic policy frameworks, reaffirming the continued need to appeal to the international human rights regime.This study examines North Korean human rights through the lens of a shift from universalist human rights principles to their treatment as policy victims of relativistic interpretations. Although international and academic assessments?particularly UN human rights reports?have traditionally framed North Korean human rights within a universalist paradigm, the findings show that they continue to be constrained by state- and region-specific relativistic policies. Such relativization directly affects North Korean escapees, undermining their civil and political rights as well as their economic, social, and cultural rights. These effects are observed in reduced cross-border mobility, harsher penalties following forced repatriation, and ongoing rights challenges faced by defectors in host states. The study concludes that while North Korean human rights are normatively protected under universality, they remain vulnerable to repression under relativistic policy frameworks, reaffirming the continued need to appeal to the international human rights regime.

본 논문은 소방공무원의 교대근무체제 유형별 직무특성이 소방공무원의 신체적 피로도와 심리적 안정성에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 소방공무원은 고품질의 소방서비스를 24시간 제공하기 위하여 신체적·심리적으로 안정화된 상태에서 상시적인서비스 준비태세를 갖추어야 한다. 2016년 새롭게 도입된 24시간 근무 이후 48시간 휴식 할수 있는 당비비 교대근무체제가 다른 유형의 교대근무체제와 비교하여 교대근무 근무자의 신체적·심리적으로 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지에 대하여 실증적으로 연구하였다. 연구 결과, 신체적 피로도는 당비비 교대근무체제 하의 소방공무원들이 상대적으로 낮고 직무위험도가 증가하더라도 다른 교대근무체제보다 신체적 피로도의 증가율이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 업무부하 수준이 높아지더라도 당비비 교대근무체제가 다른 교대근무체제에 비해 심리적 안정성이 높았으며, 휴식시간의 증가에 따른 심리적 안정성의 증가 효과도 당비비교대근무체제가 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 기존의 교대근무체제와 비교하여 당비비 교대근무체제가 위험에 노출될 가능성이높은 직무특성을 지닌 소방공무원들의 신체적·심리적 안정성 제고와 효과적 소방서비스를 제공 위한 제도적 방안을 모색해야 한다는 측면에서 그 의미가 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to verify empirically the effects of the job characteristics of the type of shift work of firefighters on the physical fatigue and psychological stability of firefighters. Firefighters must have a full-fledged service readiness in a physically and psychologically stabilized manner to provide high quality fire service 24 hours a day. We have studied empirically on the effect of the shift worker system on the physical and psychological effects of shift worker compared to other types of shift work system. As a result of the study, physical fatigue showed that the rate of increase of physical fatigue was lower than that of the other shift work system even though the firefighting officers were relatively low and the job risk increased. Also, even if the work load level is increased, the psychological stability of the shift work system is higher than that of the other shift work system, and the increase of the psychological stability due to the increase of the break time is also relatively high in the shift work system. Based on the findings of this study, the implication are to improve the physical and psychological stability of firefighters with the job characteristics that are more likely to be exposed to danger than the existing shift work system and to seek institutional measures to provide effective firefighting service.

4천왕은 불교이전의 인도배경문화에서 비롯되어 불교 안으로 수용되는 신격이다. 이러한 과정에서 기존의 방위신적인 측면에 호법신의 역할이 첨가된다. 4천왕의 맹주인 비사문천의 우월성은, 불교경전의 묘사에 4천왕이 고르게등장하기 어려운 측면과 연관된다. 이는 불교 안에서 비사문천이 독립신앙으로작용할 수 있는 계기를 마련한다. 이후 발흐와 호탄에서 비사문천의 독립신앙이 확인되며, 특히 호탄을 통해 호국신적인 면모가 강화되게 된다. 이는 이후 중국불교에서 비사문천신앙이 확대되는 한 계기로 작용한다. 이는 중국불교의 국가주의적인 관점과 잘 맞았기 때문이다. ‘비사문천의 독립신앙적인 부분’과 ‘중국문화의 一向性에 의한 배치’는 佛殿에 비사문천을 중심으로 하는 2천왕의 수용을 초래하게 된다. 바로 이러한 수용에는 방위적인 배치가 기준이 아니라, 좌우에 따른 위계의 관점이 작용한다. 그 결과 본존의 입장에서 좌측에 비사문천이 위치하게 된다. 즉, 비사문천이 위치한 곳이 곧 북방을 나타내는 것이 아니라, 이것은 불전의 좌우협시에서와 같은 위계차이에 의한 분별일 뿐인 것이다. 이러한 판단은 天王과 관계된 논의는,무조건 방위와 관련된 것이라는 기존의 관점을 넘어서는 것이다. 2천왕의 문화는 후일 천왕문의 독립과 같은 양상을 통해, 4천왕으로 흡수되는 과정에서 방위적인 인식으로 통합된다. 그러나 그 과정에는 관점을 달리하는 2천왕의 존재가 있었고, 이는 4천왕의 전체구조와 변화를 이해하는데 있어서 핵심이 된다고 하겠다.

Four Devas are gods that were originated from Indian indigenous culture beforeBuddhism and accepted into Buddhism. During the process, the role as hobeopsin(guardian of law) was added to them in the aspect of former 4-direction gods. Thesuperiority of Vai?rava?a, the leader of 4 Devas, explains why 4 Devas were notdescribed evenly in Buddhist scriptures. It provided the opportunity that Vai?rava?acould be developed into an object of independent faith in Buddhism. Actually,independent faiths in Vai?rava?a were found in Balkh and Khotan. Especially inKhotan, the its aspect as guardian god was strengthened. With this, the faith inVai?rava?a came to be expanded in Chinese Buddhism, for it went well with thenationalistic attitude of Chinese Buddhism. ‘Independent faith in Vai?rava?a’ and ‘positioning by one-directionalism inChinese culture’ brought into the acceptance of 2 Devas centering on Vai?rava?a inBuddhist temples. In this acceptance, the standard of positioning was not thedirection but the hierarchial viewpoint on right/left positions. As the result,Vai?rava?a came to be sited on the left when seen from the principal Buddha image.That is, the position of Vai?rava?a does not represent the northern direction but thehierarchial discrimination just as left/right attendance. This conclusion goes over theconventional view that Devas are related with directions at any rate. The culture of 2 Devas was later absorbed into 4 Devas in the processes such asthe independence of Devas Gate and came to have directional significance. But, itshould be recognized that there had been 2 Devas in a different view point, and thiswould be a key point in understanding the whole structure and the change of 4Devas.