Earticle

대학은 2007. 05. 25 제정된 「교육관련기관의 정보공개에 관한 특례법」과 2014. 01. 28에 교육부에서 발표한 「대학 구조개혁 추진계획」과 관련하여 대학알리미 공시정보 항목 중「학교발전계획 및 특성화계획」을 공개하여야 한다. 이에 전국 전문대학 137개교에서 공개한「학교발전계획 및 특성화계획」을 전수 검토하여 동형성을 찾고 표준 화된 모델을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구결과 17개(12.4%)만 이원화(학교발전과 특성화)하여 정보 공개하였고 나머지 대학은 모호하게 제시하였으며, 학교발전계획은 세계1위 등 정량적 지표를 제시하였고, 특성화계획은 휴먼 등 정성 적 지표를 제시하였다. 이를 근거로 표준화된 연구절차와 구상도를 제시하였다.

The university must open the "School Development Plan and Specialization Plan" at the university allimi. The reason for this is the Special Act on the Disclosure of Information by Educational Institutions, enacted on May 25, 2007, and the Plan for Reform of University Reform announced by the Ministry of Education on Mar 28, 2014. Therefore, we examined the similarity and standardized model of the "School Development Plan and Specialization Plan" published by a total of 137 colleges. As a result of the study, only 17(12.4%) of the college produced information in two ways(school development and specialization), and the rest were not. The school development plan presented quantitative indicators such as world number one, The characterization plan presented qualitative indicators such as human. Based on this, standardized research procedures and conception are presented

This study is to present a standardized agricultural land use classification scheme at various spatial resolution (from 1 m to 30 m) of satellite images including Landsat TM, KOMPSAT-1 EOC, ASTER VNIR and IKONOS panchromatic (PAN) and multi-spectral (MS) images. The satellite images were interpreted especially for identifying agricultural land use, crop types, agricultural facilities and structures of 18 items. It was found that there is a threshold spatial resolution between 4 m and 6.6 m to identify the full items. Thus it is suggested that IKONOS fusion image (MS enhanced by PAN) is required to produce land use map for agricultural purpose.

The purpose of this study was to assess the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement for male White Pekin ducklings with a specific focus on growth performance for the 3 weeks following hatching. A total of 384 one-day-old male White Pekin ducklings were allocated to six different dietary treatments, each containing varying levels of digestible Lys content ranging from 0.72% to 1.12%. All amino acids in the diets remained consistent except for Lys. The ducklings were randomly distributed into 24-floor pens, with each treatment group comprising eight pens, and each pen housing eight ducklings. The diets were offered ad-libitum throughout the study. Weekly measurements of body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate the feed conversion ratio. The SID Lys requirement was determined by analyzing the data using both linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models and calculating the mean value. The results demonstrated a significant linear (p < 0.001) and quadratic (p < 0.001) improvement in body weight gain and feed efficiency with increasing SID Lys content in the diet. According to the linear-plateau regression analysis, the estimated SID Lys requirements for final body weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency were 1.00%, 1.00%, and 0.98%, respectively. Conversely, the quadratic-plateau regression analysis yielded estimated SID Lys requirements of 1.11%, 1.11%, and 1.10%, respectively, for the same parameters. In summary, this study established that the recommended SID Lys levels for White Pekin ducklings for the 3 wk period after hatching were found to be 1.05%, 1.05%, and 1.04% for achieving the finest final body weight, daily gain, and feed efficiency, respectively.

The aim of the present experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine (Met) requirement during the grower phase (22 to 29 days). A total of 192 Ross 308 male broilers (745 ± 50.5 g) were assigned to six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design, with eight replicate cages per treatment. The experimental diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and synthetic amino acids (AA), with different levels of dietary SID Met ranging from 0.40% to 0.65%, in increments of 0.05%. Individual body weight and feed intake per cage were measured at the beginning and end of the experimental period. Weight gain (g/bird), feed intake (g/bird), gain-to-feed ratio (g/kg), feather weight (g), and relative feather percentage (% of body weight) were analyzed for linear or quadratic responses using orthogonal polynomial contrasts. Final body weight, weight gain, and feed intake increased quadratically as dietary SID Met concentration increased (p < 0.05). However, the composition of AA in the feathers showed no quadratic or linear effect based on dietary SID Met concentrations, except for Ile (p = 0.05; quadratic). The SID Met requirements for optimum and maximum weight gain of 22 to 29-days-old male broilers were estimated using the broken-line and quadratic-line models to 0.45% and 0.55%, respectively.

The skin plays a key role in protecting the body from the environment and from water loss. Cornified envelope (CE) and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) are considered as the primary regulators of skin hydration and barrier function. The CE prevents loss of water from the body and is formed by cross-linking of several proteins. Among these proteins, filaggrin is an important protein because NMF is produced by the degradation of filaggrin. Proteases, including matriptase and prostasin, stimulate the generation of filaggrin from profilaggrin and caspase-14 plays a role in the degradation of filaggrin. This study elucidated the effects of an ethanol extract of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., known as fingerroot, and its active compound panduratin A on CE formation and filaggrin processing in HaCaT, human epidermal keratinocytes. B. pandurata extract (BPE) and panduratin A significantly stimulated not only CE formation but also the expression of CE proteins, such as loricrin, involucrin, and transglutaminase, which were associated with $PPAR{\alpha}$ expression. The mRNA and protein levels of filaggrin and filaggrin-related enzymes, such as matriptase, prostasin, and caspase-14 were also up-regulated by BPE and panduratin A treatment. These results suggest that BPE and panduratin A are potential nutraceuticals which can enhance skin hydration and barrier function based on their CE formation and filaggrin processing.

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the effects of standardized peristomal skin care (SPSC) and crusting technique (CT) on the peristomal skin of ostomates. SPSC was developed by a consensus among the expert group based on a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and hospital protocols. Methods: A randomized controlled pilot trial with 2 parallel arms was used. A total of 81 ostomates, who were recruited from a tertiary hospital, completed the baseline, 1-month, 2-month, and 3-month follow-up (SPSC group, n=45; CT group, n=36). SPSC consisted of water cleansing and direct application of ostomy appliances. CT involved crusting hydrocolloid powder and patting with water sponge or protective barrier liquid film. The outcomes of the study were assessed by skin problems, such as discoloration, erosion and tissue overgrowth; the domains of the evaluation tool used in examining the peristomal skin. A generalized estimating equation model was used to examine the effects according to time and group. Results: In both SPSC and CT groups, the likelihood of occurrence of discoloration (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.61-2.46), erosion (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.55-2.25) and tissue enlargement (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.36-2.77) increased with time. There was no significant difference in discoloration between the groups, whereas the probability of erosion (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16-0.89) and tissue overgrowth (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.02-0.55) was lower in the SPSC group than in CT group. Conclusion: SPSC was sufficient in preventing peristomal skin problems of ostomates compared to the CT.

Background: Although soybean meal (SBM) is excellent source of protein in diets for poultry, it is sometimes inaccessible, costly and fluctuates in supply. The SBM can partially be replaced by full-fat SBM, but the meals prepared from raw full-fat soybean contain antinutritional factors. To avoid the risk of antinutritional factors, heat treatment is always advisable, but either excessive or under heating the soybean could negatively affect the quality. However, the potential for further improvement of SBM by supplementing with microbial enzymes has been suggested by many researchers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of birds fed on diets containing raw soybeans and supplemented with microbial protease. Methods: A 3 × 2 factorial, involving 3 levels of raw full-fat soybean (RFFS; 0, 45 or 75 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of protease (0 or 15,000 PROT/kg) was used. The birds were raised in a climate-controlled room. A nitrogen-free diet was also offered to a reference group from day 19 to 24 to determine protein and amino acid flow at the terminal ileum and calculate the standardized ileal digestibility of nutrients. On days 10, 24 and 35, body weight and feed leftover were recorded to calculate the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 24, samples of ileal digesta were collected at least from two birds per replicate. Results: When RFFS was increased from 0 to 75 g/kg of diet, the content of trypsin inhibitors was increased from 1747 to 10,193 trypsin inhibitors unit (TIU)/g of diets, and feed consumption of birds was also reduced (P < 0.05). Increasing RFFS level reduced the BWG from hatch 0 to 10 d (P < 0.01) and hatch to 24 d (P < 0.05). The BWG of birds from hatch to 35 was not significantly (P = 0.07) affected. Feed intake was also reduced (P < 0.05) during 0 to 35 d. However, protease supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the BWG and FCR during 0 to 24 d. Rising levels of RFFS increased the weight of pancreas (P < 0.001) and small intestine (P < 0.001) at day 24. Except for methionine, apparent and the corresponding standardized ileal digestibility of CP and AA were reduced (P < 0.01) by increasing levels of RFFS in diets. Conclusion: This study showed that some commercial SBM could be replaced by RFFS in broiler diets, without markedly compromising productivity. The AID and SID of CP and lysine were slightly improved by dietary supplementation of microbial protease.

The liver is an essential organ for the detoxification of exogenous xenobiotics, drugs and toxic substances. The incidence rate of non-alcoholic liver injury increases due to dietary habit change and drug use increase. Our previous study demonstrated that Ecklonia stolonifera (ES) formulation has hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-induced liver injury in rat and tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. This present study was designated to elucidate hepatoprotective effects of ES formulation against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury in Sprague Dawley rat. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups. The rats were treated orally with ES formulation and silymarin (served as positive control, only 100 mg/kg/day) at a dose of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day for 21 days. Seven days after treatment, liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (1.5 ml/kg, twice a week for 14 days). The administration of $CCl_4$ exhibited significant elevation of hepatic enzymes (like AST and ALT), and decrease of antioxidant related enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and glutathione. Then, it leaded to DNA damages (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde). Administration of ES formulation inhibited imbalance of above factors compared to $CCl_4$ induced rat in a dose dependent manner. Real time PCR analysis indicates that CYP2E1 was upregulated in $CCl_4$ induced rat. However, increased gene expression was compromised by ES formulation treatment. These findings suggests that ES formulation could protect hepatotoxicity caused by $CCl_4$ via two pathways: elevation of antioxidant enzymes and normalization of CYP2E1 enzyme.

The current study aimed to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) requirements of broiler chickens based on response surface methodology (RSM). Nine experimental diets were formulated with different SID Ca and P concentrations (2.80 and 5.50, 3.44 and 4.44, 3.44 and 6.56, 5.00 and 7.00, 5.00 and 5.50, 5.00 and 4.00, 6.56 and 4.44, 6.56 and 6.56, and 7.20 and 5.50 g/kg, respectively). A total of 480 10-dayold Ross 308 male broilers were weighed and randomly assigned to nine treatments based on body weight. Each treatment had five replicates, except for the central treatment (5.00 g/ kg Ca and 5.50 g/kg P), which had eight replicates with 10 birds per pen. On day 21, body weight and feed leftovers were recorded to calculate body weight gain (BWG) and the gainto- feed ratio (G:F). Left tibia bones were also collected for compositional analysis and bone mineral density (BMD) assessment. Response surface analysis revealed significant quadratic models for all criteria. The maximum BWG was estimated at 5.13 and 5.74 g/kg for SID Ca and P, respectively. The maximum G:F was observed when 6.41 and 7.00 g/kg of SID Ca and P were used, respectively. Multi-objective optimization analysis demonstrated that 6.02 g/kg of SID Ca and 6.61 g/kg of SID P were required to achieve both optimal BWG and G:F. Furthermore, the ideal SID Ca and P concentrations for optimal tibia ash, tibia Ca, tibia P, and BMD were estimated at 7.20 and 7.00 g/kg, 5.75 and 5.87 g/kg, 7.20 and 7.00 g/kg, and 7.20 and 6.96 g/kg, respectively. Multi-objective optimization indicated that 6.50 and 6.83 g/kg of SID Ca and P, respectively, are required to achieve optimal growth performance and bone mineralization. This study’s findings suggest that RSM is a feasible and effective approach to determining the optimal SID Ca and P requirements of broiler chickens, as it efficiently evaluates multiple factors while considering several response criteria.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the optimal proportion of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) to net energy (NE) proportion in growing to finishing pigs. A total of seventy-two pigs were used at phase 1 (initial body weight 37.23 ± 0.23 kilogram, for 42 d) and at phase 2 (initial body weight 54.16 ± 0.20 kilogram, for 77 d). They were arbitrarily assigned to three treatments groups consisting of four duplicates per treatment (six pigs in duplicates, respectively). Diet treatments were as follows: CON = basal diets (phase 1, crude protein (CP): 19.1%; SID Lys: 0.94%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.91 g/MJ / phase 2, CP: 17.0%; SID Lys: 0.84%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.79 g/MJ), TRT1 (phase 1, CP: 18.0%; SID Lys: 0.92%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.89 g/MJ / phase 2, CP: 15.8%; SID Lys: 0.8%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.75 g/MJ), TRT2 (phase 1, CP: 17.3%; SID Lys: 0.82%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.79 g/MJ / phase 2, CP: 14.8%; SID Lys: 0.7%; SID Lys: NE proportion: 0.65 g/MJ). In phase 1 and 2, growth performance did not meaningfully be affected when SID Lys: NE proportion decreased with reducing CP content. In phase 2, the nitrogen digestibility of CON group in 11 week was higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments. Also, marbling and firmness scores of TRT2 group diets increased (p < 0.05) compared with those of CON group, but dissimilarities of other meat qualities did not be detected among treatments. In conclusion, introduction of NE system can reduce negative problems introduced when dietary CP decreased. Also, 0.79 and 0.65 g/MJ of SID Lys: NE proportion is the optimal Lys: NE proportion to achieve improved pork quality without impairing the growth performance in growing- finishing pigs, respectively

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a job description for healthcare managers of metabolic syndrome management programs using task analysis. Methods: Exploratory research was performed by using the Developing a Curriculum method, the Intervention Wheel model, and focus group discussions. Subsequently, we conducted a survey of 215 healthcare workers from 25 community health centers to verify that the job description we created was accurate. Results: We defined the role of healthcare managers. Next, we elucidated the tasks of healthcare managers and performed needs analysis to examine the frequency, importance, and difficulty of each of their duties. Finally, we verified that our job description was accurate. Based on the 8 duties, 30 tasks, and 44 task elements assigned to healthcare managers, we found that the healthcare managers functioned both as team coordinators responsible for providing multidisciplinary health services and nurse specialists providing health promotion services. In terms of importance and difficulty of tasks performed by the healthcare managers, which were measured using a determinant coefficient, the highest-ranked task was planning social marketing (15.4), while the lowest-ranked task was managing human resources (9.9). Conclusion: A job description for healthcare managers may provide basic data essential for the development of a job training program for healthcare managers working in community health promotion programs.

This study aimed to measure the endogenous losses, the apparent (AID), and the standard ileal digestibility (SID) of phosphorus (P) using a diet containing corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran in 45-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens. Hens were fed experimental diets containing inorganic phosphate supplements and plant-based phosphorus sources. Experimental diets included: (i) inorganic phosphate supplements (monocalcium phosphate [MCP], dicalcium phosphate [DCP], monosodium phosphate [MSP]); (ii) plant-based phosphorus sources (corn [CRN], soybean meal [SBM], and wheat bran [WB]); and (iii) a phosphorus-free diet (P-free). Measurements were collected from the ileum and excreta over three days with six replicates per dietary treatment and four hens per cage, under ad libitum feeding conditions. The study demonstrated interactions (p < 0.05) between diet type and sampling locations on endogenous phosphorus losses. Higher endogenous phosphorus losses (p < 0.05) were observed in the excreta of hens fed P-free, MCP, DCP, MSP, and WB diets. Increased endogenous P losses in the ileum (p < 0.05) were noted in hens-fed CRN, SBM, and WB diets compared to inorganic phosphate supplement diets. The AID and SID of P were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the CRN diet compared to SBM, WB, MCP, DCP, and MSP diets. Among inorganic phosphate supplements, MCP exhibited the highest SID of P, while for plant-based sources, SBM and WB demonstrated higher SID values than CRN. The AID of P was higher (p < 0.05) in hens fed the MCP diet compared to SBM and WB diets, but diet type did not affect the AID of dry matter (p > 0.05). In conclusion, diet type and sampling location influence endogenous P losses in laying hens, with differences between ileal and excreta measurements. The results highlight the variability in P bioavailability among plantbased and inorganic phosphorus sources, emphasizing the need to account for ingredientspecific P digestibility when formulating diets for optimal P utilization.

Background Standardized clinical terminology is essential for semantic interoperability and for effectively utilizing clinical data in digital health, research, and artificial intelligence (AI). Although manual therapy is widely used in physical therapy practice, its techniques have not yet been systematically integrated into major standardized terminology systems such as systematized nomenclature of medicine clinical terms (SNOMED CT) and observational medical outcomes partnership common data model (OMOP CDM). Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of terminology standardization for manual therapy techniques within SNOMED CT and OMOP CDM, including the identification of alternative or broader concepts when direct representations were unavailable. Study design Terminology evaluation study Methods Twenty-nine techniques were selected through a literature review, educational resources, and expert consensus. Each technique was evaluated for direct representation in SNOMED CT and for mapping within the OMOP CDM. Techniques not directly defined were assessed for the availability of broader, more generic concepts. Results Among the 29 techniques, 15 (51.7%) were standardized in at least one system, while 14 (48.3%) were not standardized and could only be described using higher-level categories. The standardization rates were 40.0% for orthopedic techniques, 44.4% for soft tissue techniques, 60.0% for nerve techniques, and 80.0% for other integrative approaches. Conclusions Nearly half of the manual therapy techniques commonly used in physical therapy lack independent representation in SNOMED CT and OMOP CDM. Although generic categories allow for minimal documentation, the absence of detailed, granular concepts diminishes semantic accuracy, impedes cross-institutional comparability, and limits multicenter research and AI-based applications.

Background: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming has caused emergence of new pathogenic strains. The situation has warrented the development of safe and alternative growth promoters and immunity enhancers in livestock. Herbal additives in animal and bird feed is a centuries-old practice. Thus, the present study investigated the efficacy of a standardized formulation of lipophilic turmeric extract containing curcumin and turmerones, (TF-36), as a natural growth promoter poultry feed additive. Methods: The study was designed on 180 one-day old chicks, assigned into three groups. Control group (T0) kept on basal diet and supplemented groups T0.5 and T1 fed with 0.5% and 1% TF-36 fortified basal diet for 42 days. Each dietary group consisted of six replicates of ten birds. Body weight, food intake, food conversion ratio, skin colour, blood biochemical analysis and antioxidant status of serum were investigated. Results: Body weight improved significantly in T1 with a 10% decrease in FCR as compared to the control. TF-36 supplementation in T1 enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity significantly (p < 0.05) with a decrease (p < 0.05) in lipid peroxidation. It also caused a slight yellow skin pigmentation without any change in meat color, indicating the bioavailability of curcumin from TF-36. However, no significant change in the concentration of serum creatinine, total protein and liver enzyme activities were observed, indicating the safety. Conclusion: In summary, we concluded that TF-36 can be a natural feed additive to improve growth performance in poultry, probably due to the better antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects contributed by the better bioavailability of curcuminoids and turmerones. Besides, curcuminoids and turmerones were also known to be gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents.

Objective To identify factors affecting test results of the quiet standing balance evaluation conducted by posturography and to investigate the standardized method by comparing results according to feet width. Method Th e study cohort consisted of 100 healthy individuals. We assessed the quiet standing balance of subjects by using 3 diff erent methods: standing on a force plate with feet width the same as shoulder width (test 1); with feet width the same as half the shoulder width (test 2); with feet width determined by the subject’s comfort (test 3). Subjects underwent each test with their eyes open and closed for 30 seconds each time. Parameters for measuring standing balance included the mean mediolateral and anteroposterior extent, speed, and the velocity moment of center of pressure (COP) movement. Results All parameters showed better results when the subject’s eyes were open rather than closed, and the mean AP extent and speed increased as the age of the subjects increased (p<0.01). However, there was no signifi cant correlation between height and the study parameters, and no differences between men and women. Mean mediolateral extent and speed were signifi cantly longer and faster in test 1 compared with tests 2 and 3 (p<0.01). Th e results of test 2 were better than the results of test 3, but the diff erence was not statistically signifi cant. Conclusion COP movements increased with age and when subjects closed their eyes in an evaluation of quiet standing balance conducted by posturography. Gender and height did not aff ect results of the test. We suggest that an appropriate method for conducting posturography is to have the subject stand on a force plate with their feet width the same as half the shoulder width, because this posture provided relatively accurate balance capacity.

Purpose: Standardized patient-based simulation is known to be a useful tool in the training of nursing students;however, few studies have examined the use of this method in oncology nursing education. This study aimed toevaluate the effects of an oncology nursing simulation program that used standardized patients on knowledge,nursing performance ability, and satisfaction among nursing students. Methods: This study used a non-equivalentcontrol group pretest-posttest design. The experimental group (n=25) participated in an 8-hour oncology nursingsimulation program that consisted of a lecture (2 hours) and a four-session simulation program(6 hours). The controlgroup (n=29) received case-based learning (6 hours) and a lecture (2 hours). Knowledge level was assessed witha 33-item knowledge assessment multiple-choice questionnaire. Nursing performance ability was assessed witha nursing performance ability checklist. Educational satisfaction was evaluated using the 12-item Course SatisfactionEvaluation tool. Data were collected from June to July of 2012 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics,independent t-test, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The experimental group showed significantlyhigher nursing performance ability and satisfaction compared with the control group. Knowledge of oncologynursing increased in both the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: An oncology nursing simulation programwas more effective than case-based learning in improving nursing student performance and was found to producehigh satisfaction.

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore and understand the experiences of nursing students related to psychiatric simulation using standardized patients and to identify the value of such simulations in relation to the psychiatric clinical practicum. Methods: This study was designed using qualitative research. Eleven undergraduate students were individually interviewed regarding their experiences with psychiatric nursing simulation. A thematic content analysis was conducted to derive themes from subthemes, which were derived from contents of the interview. Results: Four themes were derived from nine subthemes by means of thematic analysis of nursing students’ experiences regarding psychiatric nursing simulation with standardized patients compared to clinical psychiatric nursing practicum. The topics studied included gaining practice without fear, gaining confidence in clinical practicum, being embarrassed by the gap and being in need of further simulation. Conclusion: Exploration of student responses comparing simulation and clinical practicum enhances integration of dichotomous experiences that bridge the theory-practice gap, which magnifies the benefits of the simulation.

The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retzius has been used as a panacea in India and Southeast Asia but its biological activities have not been fully elucidated. Here we report anti-arthritic and analgesic effect of NDI10218, a standardized ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula, on collagen-induced arthritis and acetic acid-induced writhing model, respectively. Arthritis was induced in DBA/1J mice by immunizing bovine type II collagen and mice were treated with NDI10218 daily for 5 weeks after the onset of the disease. NDI10218 reduced the arthritis index and blocked the synovial hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. The serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-$1{\beta}$ were significantly reduced in mice treated with NDI10218. Production of the inflammatory IL-17, but not immunosuppressive IL-10, was also inhibited in splenocytes isolated from NDI10218-treated arthritis mice. Administration of NDI10218 markedly decreased the number of T cell subpopulations in the regional lymph nodes of the arthritis mice. Finally, NDI10218 reduced the number of abdominal contractions in acetic acid-induced writhing model, suggesting an analgesic effect of this extract. Taken together, these results suggest that NDI10218 can be a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

We tested whether ginsenosides $Rg_3$-standardized ginseng extract (RGE) has anti-stress effects in restraint-stressed animals. RGE increased time spent in the open arms and open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test. In addition, RGE blocked the reduction of center zone distance and stereotypes behaviors in the open-field test. RGE also increased head dips in stressed mice, indicating anxiolytic-like effects. Stress decreased movement distance and duration, burrowing, and rearing frequency but increased face washing and grooming. RGE significantly reversed burrowing and rearing activity in stressed mice. In addition, we measured sleep architecture in restraint stressed rats using EEG recorder. Stress increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but total sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were not changed. RGE did not affect sleep architecture in stressed rats. These behavioral experiments suggest that RGE has anti-stress effects in restraint-stressed animal models.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of incorporating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and its processed form as an alternative source of protein to fish meal (FM) on the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in weaned pigs. Four cannulated pigs with an initial bodyweight of 13.25 ± 0.25 kg and aged 30 days were subjected to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with three treatments, as well as a nitrogen-free treatment. The diets used for each treatment consisted of a FM diet, a diet containing BSF larvae meal (BSFM), and a diet containing extruded BSF (BSFE). The study was conducted over four stages, with a total duration of 28 days. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein was higher in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the AID of Arg, His, Leu, and Thr were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM and BSFE. A greater AID of Ile and Phe was observed in pigs in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. The average AA digestibility did not show any difference between treatments. Among non-essential AA, the AID of Ala (p = 0.054) and Glu (p = 0.064) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Arg, His, Ile, and Leu were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among non-essential AA, the SID of Cys (p = 0.074) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. In conclusion, the processing and thermal conditioning techniques utilized for BSF larvae meal showed a tendency for increased AA digestibility. Therefore, when formulating a diet, it is important to take into account the difference in AA digestibility between FM and BSFM.