Earticle

본 연구는 여성 엘리트 골프 선수들의 스탠스 유형에 따른 골프 스윙 시 follow-through 구간에서 무릎에 발생하 는 토크를 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 최근 1년간 근골격계 상해를 경험하지 않은 여성 엘리트 골퍼 7명이 참여하 였으며, 골프 스윙 동작 중 목표 방향 하지의 무릎 토크가 가장 크게 발생하는 follow-through 동작 시 스탠스 유 형에 따른 좌·우, 전·후, 수직축 상에서 발생하는 무릎의 회전 운동과 토크 수치의 차이를 검증하기 위하여 개 인별 평균값을 산출하여 SPSS 21.0(Armonk, New York, USA)에 입력한 후 paired t-test 통계분석을 실시하였다. 스윙 구간 중 follow-through 구간에서 발생한 무릎 신전과 굴곡 토크 수치는 neutral stance(NS) 유형에 비해 externally rotated stance(ERS) 유형에서 유의하게 작은 값을 나타냈으며, 무릎 내전과 외전 토크 수치에서도 ERS 유형에서 유의하게 작은 값을 나타내었다. 또한 무릎 내측과 외측 회전 토크 수치에서도 ERS 유형에서 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과를 살펴보면 골프 스윙 시 30。 또는 적절한 ERS 유형의 포지션을 통해 follow-through 구간에서 발생되는 목표 방향의 무릎 토크 수치의 감소를 가져오며, 이는 무릎 상해 위험성을 낮 출 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to compare knee joint torque with stance types as neutral and externally rotated position at follow-through phase in female elite golfers. Seven female participants were recruited and no history of knee injury within 12 months. Three dimensional knee joint kinetics was quantified while participants performed golf swing on the force plate at follow-through phase. The average and standard deviation were collected and to investigated two types stance position, it was used paired t-test. Alpha set at .05. The results indicated that knee flexion and extension of torques were significantly lower in the ERS position. The knee adduction and abduction of externally rotated position torques were also significantly lower than neutral stance position. Finally, internal and external rotation torques significantly lower while performing with ERS position. Overall, it was known that all torques were lower while participants performed golf swing with ERS position. Therefore, the ERS position may prevent knee injury as osteoarthritis and anterior cruciate ligament.

[목적] 본 연구는 골프 드라이버 스윙 시 스탠스 유형에 따른 클럽헤드 스피드와 압력중심 및 신체 무게중심을 분 석하는데 목적이 있었다. [방법] Trackman과 8대의 Vicon 카메라(250Hz), 2대의 지면반력기(1000Hz)를 이용하여 최 근 12개월 동안 근골격계 상해를 경험하지 않은 남여 골프 선수 28명의 드라이버 스윙 동작의 자료를 수집하였 다. 피험자별 최대 클럽헤드 스피드, 압력중심, 신체 무게중심의 평균값을 산출하였으며, One-way repeated measured ANOVA를 이용하여 스탠스 유형별 차이를 검증하였다(α=.05). [결과] 클럽헤드 스피드는 스탠스 유형에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. BER 스탠스는 백스윙 시 M/L 압력중심과 무게중심의 움직임이 큰 것으로 나타났으 며, LER 스탠스는 다운스윙 시 A/P 압력중심과 무게중심의 움직임에서 큰 수치를 나타내었다. [결론] 그러므로 스 탠스 유형은 드라이버 스윙 시 신체 무게중심의 변화 및 기저면상에서의 압력중심에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of stance type on the club head speed and center of pressure and center of mass patterns during the driver swing. [Method] Twenty eight participants were recruited and no history of musculoskeletal injuries within 12 months. All data were collected by Trackman, Vicon camera(250Hz), 2 forceplate(1000Hz). The peak mean club speed and COP, COM of body were computed. These kinematic and kinetic data were compared by one-way repeated measured ANOVA. [Result] No significant differences in the club head speed were observed among the stance type. Enhancement of COP and COM movement on M/L direction of BER stance type was greater than both ST and LER during the back swing. On the down swing, COP and COM variables for LER was the greatest values compared to the other stance types. [Conclusion] Therefore, the stance type by both foot rotation can change the COP and COM patterns during the drive swing.

[목적] 본 연구는 스탠스 유형에 따른 다운스윙 시 발목 토크 및 지면반력의 차이를 분석하는데 목적이 있다. [방법] 연구대상자는 대학 골프 선수 14명이 참여하였다. 8대의 VICON 모션 캡쳐 카메라와 2대의 지면반력기를 사용하였 다. 스탠스 유형에 따른 운동학적 및 운동역학적 변인을 수집하였다. 통계 분석은 대응 t-test를 실시하였으며, 통계 적 유의 수준은 a=.05로 설정하였다. [결과] 다운스윙 시 지면반력은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 다운스윙 시 발목 관절 토크는 전·후 방향에서 통계적 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 좌·우 방향에서 발목 관절 토크는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났으나, 수직 방향에서는 통계적 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. [결론] 어드레스 시 스탠스 유형에 따라 지면반력과 발목 관절 토크의 차이가 나타났다.

[Purpose] The purpose this study was to identify the difference in ankle torque and ground reaction force according to stance types during downswing. [Method] Fourteen collegiate golfers were participated. Eight motion capture cameras and two force plates were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data. It was performed paired t-test and alpha set at .05. [Result] As a results, ground reaction force was significantly difference. There was no significantly difference ankle inversion and eversion torque. The ankle flexion and extension torque was significantly difference, but internal and external rotation ankle torque was not significantly difference. [Conclusion] Therefore, ground reaction force and ankle torque were difference according to stance types at address.

Stance markers carry the speaker's value judgment, personal feelings, commitment to the propositional truth value, and information sources, among many other things. Korean stance markers tend to be strongly associated with, though not restricted to, the finite verbal morphology that constitutes a complex constellation of a wide range of grammatical notions, such as honorification, politeness, tense, aspect, and modality, in the form of sentence-type indicators. This paper presents stance categories such as attitudinal, emotional, epistemic, and evidential stances and discusses the grammatical notions encoded in the sentence-final verbal morphology related to stance, namely insubordination, bullet-point endings, and objective or neutral style markers including audience-blind forms and feigned monologues.

This study investigated how L2 learners express epistemic stance in English academic writing focusing on the variation across learners’ levels and task types. Writing samples were essays (N=984) selected from the corpus of the English Placement Test (EPT) compiled at a Midwestern US university. The retrieved list of epistemic markers from lower- versus higher-level essays were compared in terms of the frequencies, functional, and structural distributions. Task-type differences were explored in terms of comparing the frequencies and functions of epistemic markers employed in summary versus argumentative essays. The results indicated that overall, higher-level students showed a preference for a more tentative stance than lower-level students. In terms of grammatical structures, higher-level students employed epistemic modals, adjectives, and nouns more frequently and within grammatically more complex structures compared to lower-level students. Lastly, higher-level students exhibited a tendency to take a more tentative stance in summarizing others’ arguments, and became relatively more assertive to claim their own arguments as opposed to lower-level students who showed less prominent differences across tasks. Implications for L2 academic writing pedagogy as well as for L2 writing assessment are discussed.