Earticle

본 논문은 주파수도약 확산스펙트럼 통신에 적용하기 위한 이중루프 간접 주파수 합성기에 대하여 연구하였다. 간접주파수합성 방법에서 PLL을 이용한 주파수합성기의 문제점으로는 주파수 변화에 따르는 댐핑 계수의 값 변화로 인하여 불안정한 주파수 발생 요인이 되고 있다. 따라서 안정한 주파수합성 출력을 위해서는 댐핑 계수를 최적화하고 과도응답 시간이 없는 시점에서 출력되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 안정된 주파수를 얻기 위하여 이중루프 주파수합성기를 이용하여 FH/SS 통신을 위하여 적용하였다. 실험 결과를 통하여 주파수 도약을 위한 실시간 속도가 증가하였고, 안정된 주파수를 얻을 수 있었다.

For FH/SS communication, We discussed the method of indirect frequency synthesizer in several methods. The problem of sing1e frequency synthesizer using with PLL is a varied coefficient value of damping factor in frequency hopping time, which is caused unstable frequency. So. for stable frequency synthesizer, a coefficient of damping factor must be optimized and synthesized to be removed excessive response time. In this paper, we studied FH using with double loop frequency synthesizer which takes stable frequency. We made up a simulator and had a good performance(real time speed).

본 논문은 현재 IEEE 802.11연구 그룹의 기본 시스템 중에 하나인 주파수 대역 확산 LAN을 통하여 개선된 형태의 기술과 서비스를 제공하는 무선 LAN을 실현하는 것이 목적이고 직접 확산 변조에 의한 SS방식을 이용한 주파수 대역 확산 LAN의 구현을 위해 무선 LAN의 하드웨어를 설계 및 제작하고 임의의 스테이션간의 데 이타 전송을 보장하기 위한 CSMA 소프트웨어 프로그램과 대역통과 필 타를 설계하였다. 이 시스템을 사용하여 PC 무선LAN을 설치할 수 있다.

In this paper. we aim at accomplishment of wireless LAN system providing more advanced skills and services by realizing frequency band spread LAN that Is one of the systems on the basis of present IEEE 802.11 standard system. Including BPF. we realized hardware of wireless LAN and CSMA software program. Using this system, we can establish the PC wireless LAN.

This study analyzed the optimal strategy for achieving a Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) by utilizing Photovoltaic (PV) systems and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) in a medium office building. Using a building model based on the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) medium office prototype, simulations were performed based on weather data from Daejeon, South Korea. Self-Consumption (SC) Self-Sufficiency (SS) was comprehensively analyzed by applying PV system and ESS with different capacities. The results show that NZEB can be achieved when the PV system capacity is more than 180 kW, and Plus Energy Building (PEB) can be achieved when the PV system capacity is more than 200 kW. In addition, the use of ESS plays an important role in effectively storing surplus PV power generation and maximizing energy efficiency through load shifting. This study provides important implications for increasing the energy efficiency of medium office buildings, and future grid-integrated system analysis will lead to more advanced strategies.

본 연구는 국내 리츠가 지닌 포트폴리오의 한계를 극복하고, 연기금 등 기관투자자들이 투자할 수 있는 시장을 조성하고, 정책 리츠를 포함하여 상대적으로 빈약한 국내 사모 및 공모리츠의 상장 가능성을 제고하는 방안을 제시하였다. 그 해법으로 글로벌 선진국의 상장 리츠들과 결합한 GMD 리츠 포트폴리오 전략을 소개하고, 그 기대효과를 실증분석과 모의실험을 통해 제시하였다. 이를 통해 다음과 같은 연구 결과들을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 미국 상장 리츠 시장을 대상으로 분석한 결과, Office(O), Industrial(I), Retail(RT), Residential(RS), Health Care(HC). Lodging/Resorts(LR), Self Storage(SS), Mortgage(M) 등 투자 섹터별로 서로 다른 수익-위험 특성을 보유하고 있어 포트폴리오 효과를 기대할 수 있고, 이는 실제로 미국의 상장 리츠의 또 다른 섹터인 Diversified(D) 섹터를 대상으로 본 연구에서 정의한 위험조정 배당수익률(RADY)을 이용한 수익-위험 특성 분석을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 둘째, 원/달러 환(換) 액티브 운용의 중립 안에 기초한 모의실험 결과에서 국내 투자자들이 GMD 리츠를 통해 단순히 포트폴리오 효과 이외에 원/달러 환율의 변동성을 기반으로 한 환차익에 의해 추가 편익을 추구할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 서로 다른 수익-위험 특성을 지닌 리츠 섹터들의 종목들을 조합하여 만든 글로벌 Diversified(D) 포트폴리오를 구성한 후, 정책 리츠를 포함한 국내 리츠와 각각 80:20으로 GMD 리츠 포트폴리오를 구성하면 과거 국내 상장 리츠 시장을 통해 창출되었던 연평균 배당수익률(7.6%)과 유사한 배당수익률을 기대할 수 있는 매력적인 글로벌 투자상품으로 국내 상장 리츠를 설립하여 운영할 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

This study proposed a plan to overcome the limitations of the portfolio of domestic REITs, create a market in which institutional investors such as pension funds can invest, and improve the listing possibility of relatively poor domestic private and public REITs, including policy REITs. As a solution, we introduced the GMD REIT portfolio strategy combined with listed REITs from global developed countries, and presented its expected effects through empirical analysis and simulation. Through this, the following research results were derived. First, as a result of analysis of the US listed REIT market, Office (O), Industrial (I), Retail (RT), Residential (RS), Health Care (HC). Each investment sector, such as Lodging/Resorts (LR), Self Storage (SS), and Mortgage (M), has different return-risk characteristics, so a portfolio effect can be expected, which is actually another sector of listed US REITs, Diversified. (D) This can be confirmed through return-risk characteristic analysis using the risk-adjusted dividend yield (RADY) defined in this study for the sector. Second, the simulation results based on the neutral plan of won/dollar exchange rate active management show that domestic investors can pursue additional benefits through foreign exchange gains based on the volatility of the won-dollar exchange rate in addition to the simple portfolio effect through GMD REITs. Able to know. Third, after forming a global Diversified (D) portfolio made by combining stocks of REIT sectors with different return-risk characteristics, and then forming a GMD REIT portfolio with 80:20 ratio of domestic REITs including policy REITs, past domestically listed REITs It can be seen that a domestically listed REIT can be established and operated as an attractive global investment product that can expect a dividend yield similar to the average annual dividend yield (7.6%) generated through the market.

세계의 모든 국가는 정보기구를 설치하고 있지만, 그 정보기구의 조직체계나 규모, 업무와 활동의 방향은 각기 다르다. 각 국가의 국내적 정치상황과 대외적 관계, 안보 현황과 역사적 경험 등이 상이하게 때문이다. 위에서 살펴본 바와 같이 미국이나 영국 등 선진국의 경우 국내의 정보기구가 경찰기능을 수행하고 있으나 미국의 FBI, 영국의 SS(MI-5) 등 ‘경찰조직과 분리된 형태’로 존재하고 있다. 나아가 ‘자치경찰제에 기반’함으로써 경찰이 정보활동을 실시하더라도 독점의 구조가 형성될 수 없는 법제를 지니고 있다. 특히 독일의 경우에는, 과거의 역사적 경험을 바탕으로 정보기관의 권력 비대화를 방지하는 것을 무엇보다도 중요하게 여기고 ‘정보기관의 기능과 권한을 분산’시키고 있다. 이와 같은 정보와 수사의 분리, 정보기관의 기능과 권한 분산 현상은 미국의 경우에도 예외가 아니었다. 그러다가 2001년 9/11 테러 후 정보기관간의 협력 결여에 따른 보유정보의 활용 및 이용 실패가 이 사건의 원인으로 인식하는 분위기가 팽배해졌다. 즉, 다양한 정보기관이 각기 관리하던 단편적 정보들을 다른 정보기관과 공유하거나 연결시키지 못한 점이 9/11 테러를 사전에 방지하지 못한 결정적인 이유라는 것이다. 이러한 분석은 각 부문별로 산재하고 있는 다양한 정보기구들의 구조를 체계적으로 개편하게 만들었다. 이에 일부에서는 9/11 테러 직후 미국이 정보기관간의 정보공유와 협력을 강화하고자 분리형이 아닌 통합형 정보기구를 추구하고 있다고 주장하기도 하나, 이는 사실이 아니다. 선진국들은 권력분립의 원칙에 따라 정보기구의 권력기관화를 방지하고자 분리형 조직체계를 채택하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 특정기관에 정보 권력과 수사권한이 집중되거나 권한 남용을 방지하고자 하는 목적에서 ‘수사와 정보의 분리’를 기본원칙으로 정하고 있다.

Every country in the world has its own information ageny, but they are all different in terms of organizational structure, size, tasks and activities. This is because each country has different national political situation, external relations, security situation and historical experience. As noted above, in developed countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, domestic intelligence agencies are functioning as police officers. But the FBI in the United States and the SS(MI-5) in the UK are independent from police organizations. Furthermore, even if police conduct information activities based on 'autonomous police system', it has a legal system in which monopoly structure can not be formed. In particular case of Germany, prevention of oversizing intelligence agencies is considered importantt due to past historical experience. Thus, dispersion of functions and powers of intelligence agencies is in practice. The separation of information and investigation, and the dispersion of functions and powers of intelligence agencies were no exception to the United States. Then, after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the lack of cooperation between intelligence agencies led to the perception that the failure to use and applicate the holding information were the cause of the incident. In other words, the fact that various intelligence agencies did not share or connect the pieces of information that they had is a decisive reason for not preventing 9/11 in advance. This analysis systematically reorganized the structure of various information organizations scattered around each sector. Some have argued that the United States is pursuing an integrated, non-separate intelligence agency to bolster information sharing and cooperation between intelligence agencies, but this is not true. In accordance with the principle of separation of power, advanced countries are adopting a separated organizational system in order to prevent the formation of a power organization. In addition, they set ‘separation between information and investigation’ as the basic principle in order to prevent specific institution from having too much information power and investigation authority. On the other hand, the currently discussed police reform measures as the reform of power authority can not be simply compared to the FBI information and investigation activities in the United States. First, the reorganization of information agencies in the United States and the change of information utilization do not mean 'reinforcement of police unilateral information activity' and 'police investigation and information monopoly'. In accordance with the Information Reform Act of 2005, the Office of National Intelligence (ODNI) has been newly established, making it impossible for a head of a specific institution to have unified control of information and investigation. It is true that the FBI has been performing a powerful intelligence function since September 11, but the information activities of various intelligence agencies, including the FBI, are attached to a separate control system that is centered on the DNI, an independent cabinet-level organization. In short, there is a fundamental difference from our system, in which the information police are attached to a single hierarchy of order with the police chief as a peak. Next, after the September 11 terrorist attacks, the transformation of the US information community and the reform of intelligence agencies did not merely reinforce the information rights of investigative agencies such as the FBI. Rather it changed the structure of the 'functional center'. In other words, in the case of major advanced countries such as the United States, institutional devices are provided to prevent the concentration of power of intelligence agencies. These devices include the maintenance of detached information agencies and the control and supervision systems of the administrative units and the councils Information...

본 논문은 DS/SS의 동기 복조를 위한 동기발진기의 특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 동기발진기는 외부신호가 인가되지 않을 때에는 고유 주파수를 발진하고. 고조파 및 저조파의 외부 신호가 인가되면 동기발진기는 인가 신호를 추적하여 동조한다 따라서 출력은 광대역의 외부 주파수에 동기 하므로서 주파수 분주와 주파수 증배에 이용 할 수 있으며, 디지탈 통신에 있어서 동기 문제점을 해결 할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였으며, 이와 같은 특성을 이용하여 DS/SS 동기 적용을 위한 실험에서 양호한 동기 특성을 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구논문은 1998년 부산정보대학의 학술 연구조성비로 이루어졌으며, 지원해주신 부산정보대학에 감사드립니다.

This study has been experimented the characteristics of synchronous oscillator for clock recovery of Direct Sequence/Spread Spectrum(DS/SS) communication. When external wave is not provided, The Synchronous Oscillator(SO) oscillates at its natural frequency. As soon as external signal is applied, the SO starts tracking the external frequency which can be sinusoidal, pulsed or some other waveform. Thus, the output is synchronized with the range of wide tracking bandwidth to the external frequency Specifically, the SO also posses frequency division and multiplication capability. All of these indicate that the SO can overcome difficulties to get synchronization in coherent digital communication systems. We make a practical application of DS/SS communication with study on the synchronous properties of SO. As the result, we have a good performance.

확산대역통신은 CDMA 시스템에서의 핵심기술이지만 SS통신에서의 문제점은 동기 방법이다. 동기방법에는 DLL(Delay Lock Loop), Tau-dither Loop, SO(Synchronous Osillator) 등이 있다. 그러나 아날로그 동작시에는 회로의 크기가 커지고 조정이 어려운 문제가 있어 본논문에서는 Digital Delay Lock Loop (DDLL)을 제안하고 실험을 통해 그 성능을 평가하였다.

Spread Spectrum Communication is a core technique in CDMA system, but the problem for SS Communication schemes is synchronous method. There are DLL(Delay Lock Loop), Tau-dither Loop, SO(Synchronous Osillator) etc., in the sychronous method. But since there are analog operations, the setting is difficult and circuit size is large. In this paper we proposed Digital Delay Lock Loop (DDLL) and estimated it's performance through the experiment.

뉘른베르크의 나치 전당대회장 건설은 히틀러에 의해 진행된 가장 대표적인 도시건설 계획 중 하나였다. 1936년부터 나치 정권의 본격적인 선전장이 되었던 전당대회장은 대내외적으로 나치즘을 상징하는 공간이 되었다. 리펜슈탈의 영상기록 ‘의지의 승리’(1935)와 나치의 인종차별법령인 ‘뉘른베르크 법(Nürnberger Gesetze)’이 그 증거이다. 이 거대한 전당대회장에는 나치스의 성스러운 공간을 보호할 친위대를 위한 병영도 건설되었다. 현재 남아 있는 건축물 중 하나인 친위대 병영은 나치 과거사에 대한 기억과 반성의 공간으로 사용하고 있는 체펠린 광장이나 콩그레스 홀과 달리 독일 연방 이민과 난민 청사로 사용되고 있다. 친위대 대장 히믈러의 주도로 건설된 친위대 병영은 1938년에 공사를 시작해 1940년 완공되었다. 병영건설의 목적은 친위대가 나치 전당대회장의 경비와 행사의 진행을 주도하기 위해서였다. 그러나 1939년 2차 대전이 발발하면서, 이러한 목적은 달성될 수 없었다. 병영은 친위대 통신대의 훈련을 위한 공간이 되었다. 1941년부터는 다카우와 플로센부르크 집단 수용소의 외부 수용소로 뉘른베르크 지역의 산업시설에 노동력을 공급하는 역할을 했다. 1945년 전쟁이 끝나고, 친위대 병영은 미군이 점령하고 메럴 병영이라고 이름을 바꿨다. 1947년까지 메럴 병영은 나치 정권에 의해 강제로 끌려온 해방된 외국인 강제노동수용자들을 위한 임시 수용소로 사용되었다. 1952년부터 1992년까지 메럴 병영은 독일에 주둔하는 미제2기갑기병연대의 병영으로 사용되었다. 메럴 병영은 냉전으로 표현되는 세계질서의 상징적 공간이었으며 동시에 미군의 병든 병영문화가 공존하는 공간이었다. 독일이 통일되고 미군이 철수하면서 메럴 병영의 역사는 새롭게 쓰일 수 있었다. 병영 건물이라는 태생적 한계를 극복하고, 이 건축물은 지금까지와는 전혀 다른 목적으로 활용될 수 있게 되었다. 1998년 병영 본관 건물에 연방 외국난민인정청이 들어오면서 인도주의적 목적을 실현하는 공간이 되었다. 2005년 이민법의 시행으로 연방 이민난민청으로 이름이 바뀌어 현재에 이른다. 이와함께 장교숙소 건물이었던 Z-건물이 2015년부터 뉘른베르크의 젊은 문화예술인들을 위한 현대문화센터가 되면서 나치 과거사를 극복하는 새로운 방식이 제시되었다. 나치 이데올로기를 체화하는 친위대의 병영이 가지고 있던 ‘배제’의 공간이 인도주의적인 난민정책과 이민자들의 사회통합을 위한, 그리고 젊은 예술인들의 문화가 어우러지는 ‘통합’의 공간으로 변신했다.

The construction of the Nazi Party rally grounds(Reichsparteitagsgelande) in Nurnberg was one of the most representative city construction plans carried out by Hitler.(Site of the Nazi Party Rallies; Stadt der Reichsparteitage) The Nazi Party rally grounds, which has been a full-fledged propaganda ground for the Nazi regime since 1936, has become a space that symbolizes Nazism both internally and externally. Riefenstahl’s documentary of 1935 ‘Triumph of the Will’ and the Nazi racist law ‘Nurnberger Gesetze’ are evidence of this. A SS barracks were also built in this huge Nazi Party rally grounds to protect the sacred spaces of the Nazis. Unlike Zeppelin Field and Congress Hall, which are used as spaces for memory and reflection on Nazi history, the SS barracks, one of the remaining buildings, is used as a federal office for immigration and refugees in Germany. Construction of the SS barracks, built under the order of SS leader Himmler, began in 1938 and was completed in 1940. The purpose of the barracks construction was for the SS to lead the security and events of the Nazi Party rally. However, with the outbreak of World War II in 1939, these objectives could not be achieved. The barracks became a space for the training of the SS’s communications unit. From 1941 it served as an external camp for the Dachau and Flossenburg concentration camps, supplying labor to industrial facilities in the Nurnberg region. After the war ended in 1945, the SS barracks were taken over by the U.S. military and renamed Merrell barracks. Until 1947, Merrell Barracks had been used as a temporary camp for freed foreign forced laborers brought in by the Nazi regime. From 1952 to 1992, the Merrell barracks were used as barracks for the 2nd U.S. Armored Cavalry Regiment in Germany. The Merrell barracks were a symbolic space of the world order expressed by the Cold War, and at the same time, it was a space where the barracks culture of the U.S. military, which was sickened by drug and crimes, coexisted. The history of Merrell's barracks could be rewritten as Germany was unified and U.S. troops withdrew. Overcoming the inherent limitations of a barracks building, this building can be used for a completely different purpose than before. In 1998, when the Federal Office for the Recognition of Foreign Refugees entered the main building of the barracks, it became a space to realize humanitarian purposes. With the enforcement of the Immigration Act in 2005, the name of federal office was changed to the Federal Office for Immigration and Refugees. At the same time, the Z-building, which was an SS officer’s residence building, has become a modern cultural center for young cultural artists in Nurnberg since 2015, suggesting a new way to overcome Nazi history. The space of ‘exclusion’ and ‘discrimination’ held by the SS's barracks embodying Nazi ideology has transformed into a space of ‘integration’ that combines humanitarian refugee policy, social integration of immigrants, and the culture of young artists.

This paper will review the debate surrounding the installation of the Central Office of the State Justice Administration for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes (the Office). The case of the Office provides important clues to understanding, how the west german society faced Nazi past juridically. It's just the significance which the Office has as a subject of academic research. The Office was established in 1958 for the purpose of judical investigation of Nazi crimes. The immediate reason for establishing the Office was the Ulm trial against the members of 'Einsatzgruppen' that as a unit of SS was engaged in Holocaust directly. In addition, the role of the press and media was not so negligible; the press and their commentary on the trial leaded the public opinion to the idea that the juridical action was insufficient, that it demanded the full-scale investigation of the Nazi crimes urgently. In some respects, however, the Office had a certain limit in his activity from the beginning. First, the activity of the Central Office had been confined to gather evidence, it was not given any rights of investigation or arraignment. The Office played only a supplementary role, to serve materials for the prosecution and courts. There was thus a sharp boundary between exposing the reality of Nazi crimes and punishing them. It also was one of the greatest obstacles to the activities of the Office, that the judicature was not clean in connection with the Nazi past. Finally, the Denazification was carried out by the Allies in the immediate postwar days in Germany and Austria led the society to the anxiety and distrust about dealing with the past by the Office.

쉐그렌 증후군은 만성 자가 면역 질환으로 특히 눈물샘과 침샘에 영향을 주어 구강건조증, 건성각결막염, 이하선 확대 등을 나타낸다. 일반적으로, 특발성으로 발생하여 쉐그렌 증후군이 단독으로 나타나는 원발성 쉐그렌 증후군과 류마티스 관절염, 전신성 홍반성 낭창 등과 같은 다른 자가 면역 질환과 함께 나타나는 이차성 쉐그렌 증후군으로 분류할 수 있다. 쉐그렌 증후군의 경우, 구강 건조감으로 인한 불편감을 호소하는 대신, 불쾌한 맛, 이하선 부위의 붓는 느낌 등 구강건조증 이외의 증상을 호소하기도 한다. 따라서 구강건조증을 호소하는 환자에 있어서만 쉐그렌 증후군을 감별진단에서 고려할 것이 아니라, 쉐그렌 증후군의 관련 소견 중 구강건조증 이외의 증상이나 징후에 대해서도 충분히 주목하여, 관련 증상이나 징후를 보이는 경우 쉐그렌 증후군 관련 검사를 고려하고 시행하는 것이 필요하며, 2002년 수정된 쉐그렌 증후군 진단 기준에 부합되는 검사들을 통해 조기에 진단을 하는 것이 필수적일 것으로 사료된다. Manthorpe등은 처음 쉐그렌 증상이 발생한 때로부터 진단이 될 때까지 평균 10년이라는 긴 시간이 소요된다고 보고였는데, 이는 쉐그렌 증후군 진단이 조기에 잘 이루어지지 않는다는 것을 반영하는 것임을 알 수 있다. Kassan등에 의하면, 쉐그렌 증후군의 여러 전신적 증상 중 림프종의 발생 정도는 건강한 사람들에 비해 쉐그렌 증후군을 갖고 있는 환자의 경우 44배정도 높은 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 쉐그렌 증후군 환자의 정확하고 신속한 진단은 쉐그렌 증후군과 관련하여 발생될 수 있는 합병증등을 예방, 관리하는데 있어서 중요한 의미를 지닌다고 할 수 있다.

Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the exocrine glands with associated lymphocytic infiltrates of the affected glands. Primary SS presents alone as xerostomia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and patotid gland enlargement, secondary SS occurs in connection with other autoimmune disorder such as rheumatitoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or progressive systemic sclerosis. Among many other systemic complication, lymphoma is considered seriously. Patient with SS had a 44 times higher relative risk of lymphoma, and clinically identifiable lymphoma occurs in approximately 5% of patients with SS. So, patients with SS should be closely monitored. In dental office, diagnosis of SS is important in view of high risk of lymphoma. When a dentist diagnose and manage dry mouth, he or she should consider possibility of SS all the times and have knowledge of diagnostic criteria of SS.

The Ministry of Environment (MOE) has made more effort in managing point source pollution rather than in nonpoint source pollution in order to improve water quality of the four major rivers. However, it would be difficult to meet water quality targets solely by managing the point source pollution. As a result of the comprehensive measures established in 2004 under the leadership of the Prime Minister's Office, a variety of policies such as the designation of control areas to manage nonpoint source pollution are now in place. Various action plans to manage nonpoint source pollution have been implemented in the Soyang-dam watershed as one of the control areas designed in 2007. However, there are no tools to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the action plans. Therefore, this study would assess the action plans (especially, BMPs) designed to manage Soyang-dam watershed with the WinHSPF and the CE-QUAL-W2. To this end, we simulated the rainfall-runoff and the water quality (SS) of the watershed and the reservoir after conducting model calibration and the model validation. As the results of the calibration for the WinHSPF, the determination coefficient ($R^2$) for the flow (Q, $m^3/s$) was 0.87 and the $R^2$ for the SS was 0.78. As the results of the validation, the former was 0.78 and the latter was 0.67. The results seem to be acceptable. Similarly, the calibration results of the CE-QUAL-W2 showed that the RMSE for the water level was 1.08 and the RMSE for the SS was 1.11. The validation results(RMSE) of the water level was 1.86 and the SS was 1.86. Based on the daily simulation results, the water quality target (turbidity 50 NTU) was not exceeded for 2009~2011, as results of maximum turbidity in '09, '10, and '11 were 3.1, 2.5, 5.6 NTU, respectively. The maximum turbidity in the years with the maximum, the minimum, and the average of yearly precipitation (1982~2011) were 15.5, 7.8, and 9.0, respectively, and therefore the water quality target was satisfied. It was discharged high turbidity at Inbuk, Gaa, Naerin, Gwidun, Woogak, Jeongja watershed resulting of the maximum turbidity by sub-basins in 3years(2009~2011). The results indicated that the water quality target for the nonpoint source pollution management should be changed and management area should be adjusted and reduced.

To identify the characteristics of wastewater flow generated in treatment basins of Seogwipo-city, we selected 3 stations representing the basin and performed 7 times of field survey including 5 times in dry periods and 2 times in wet periods from Feb. 25 to May 27, 2002 for the selected stations. From the analysis of flow data measured for more than 60 days in the interval of 5 minutes and concentration data obtained from laboratory analysis, we can draw several conclusions. First, in the analysis of diurnal variation of wastewater flow for land-use types, we could find the following results: in the residential area, it is observed that wastewater flow rates rise early in the morning for the office-going hour and fall gradually and rise again after the office-leaving hour, showing typical residential wastewater flow pattern, while for the residential and commercial area flow rates rise early in the morning at the office-going hour and move up and down repeatedly within wide range and last till the office-leaving hour, which can be resulted from wastewater that is generated by tourists activated after early in the afternoon, while for the touristy area flow rates rise early in the morning and fall gradually and rise again within wide range. Second, in the analysis of temporal variation of wastewater flow for monthly, it can be observed that in the residential area, in the residential and commercial areas the flow rate of May is higher than that of Feb., March, while for the touristy area flow rate is without monthly because it reflects the movement of population, Third, in wet periods concentration of water-quality item such as SS, BOD, and COD_{cr}$ is high in the beginning of rainfall by first flush, and falls down gradually to reach the steady state, which is the level of wastewater in dry periods after the cease of storm water due to diluting effect resulting from additional runoff water through storm sewers.

The characteristics of non-point source pollutant loads in middle-stream of Nakdong River Were studied through analysis of pollutant loads of 8 sub-watersheds divided based on administrative district. The pollutant concentration of each sub-watershed was collected from Nakdong-River Water Research Institute and Daegu Regional Environmental Office, respectively. Pollution items analysed in this study were BOD, SS, T-N and T-P. High degree of non-point pollution was observed from Gumi, Goryeong, Gyeongsan, Daegu and Sungju, and pollution was usually increased during rainy season. This result indicates that a given pollution condition within the watershed can be more sensitive than location factor to the level of water quality. The main sources of non-point pollution were population and livestock, as well as landuse factor, and were found to significantly contribute to the water pollution. Alternative solutions for controlling pollution sources, therefore, should be provided to meet target levels of water quality in this region.