년 - 년
한국당과학회 한국당과학회 학술대회 2016 한국당과학회 동계학술대회 2016.01 p.68
...ss) has small particle sizes less than 100nm and spherical shapes. Ce6 was released from nanoparticles by responsive manner with glutathione concentration and dextrase. DEX6ss nanoparticles were efficiently delivered to HCT116 colon carcinoma cells compared to Ce6 itself. ROS production and phototoxicity of DEX6ss nanoparticles were significantly higher than Ce6 itself. In animal tumor xenograft model, tumor targetability of DEX6ss nanoparticles was significantly higher than Ce6 itself. These results indicating that DEX6ss nanoparticles have redox and colonic enzyme-responsiveness as a tumor targetable photosensitizer.
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We synthesized dextran-chlorin e6 conjugates having disulfide linkage for photodynamic treatment (PDT) of colon cancer cells. Cystamine was conjugated to reductive end group of dextran and then amine end group of dextran-cystamine conjugates were conjugated with chlorin e6 (Ce6). Dextran-Ce6 conjugates having disulfide linkage (DEX6ss) has small particle sizes less than 100nm and spherical shapes. Ce6 was released from nanoparticles by responsive manner with glutathione concentration and dextrase. DEX6ss nanoparticles were efficiently delivered to HCT116 colon carcinoma cells compared to Ce6 itself. ROS production and phototoxicity of DEX6ss nanoparticles were significantly higher than Ce6 itself. In animal tumor xenograft model, tumor targetability of DEX6ss nanoparticles was significantly higher than Ce6 itself. These results indicating that DEX6ss nanoparticles have redox and colonic enzyme-responsiveness as a tumor targetable photosensitizer.
활성산소종의 조절을 통한 음료 '별의별간'의 급성간독성 보호효과
[Kisti 연계] 한국식품저장유통학회 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.23 No.2 2016 pp.275-282
...SS) 음료의 간보호 소재로서의 이용 가능성을 조사하고자 항산화능 평가, t-BHP 와 $CCl_4$로 산화적 손상 및 급성 간독성 유도한 in vitro, in vivo 모델을 활용하여 간보호능을 평가하였다. 실험결과, 별의별간 01~04는 $50{\mu}M$ vitamin C 와 유사한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. HepG2 세포에 t-BHP로 산화 스트레스를 유도한 뒤 나타나는 세포독성에 대해 별의별간 01 및 04에서 농도 의존적인 세포 보호효과를 보였으며, ROS 생성 억제에서 별의별간 01, 03, 04에서 농도의존적인 억제를 나타내었다. 미나리가 혼합된 별의별간 04에 대한 급성 간손상 in vivo 모델을 활용하여 간보호능 검증 결과, 별의별간 04는 $CCl_4$로 증가된 혈중 ALT, AST의 유의적 감소, 간 조직중 증가된 MDA 함량 감소 및 감소된 GSH의 유의적 증가를 나타내었다. 또한, 혈청 및 간 조직에서 증가된 중성지방과 콜레스테롤을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과를 종합하며, 별의별간 04는 in vitro 및 in vivo 모델에서 산화적 손상에 대해 간보호 효과를 나타내었다.
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본 연구는 4종의 별의별간(SS) 음료의 간보호 소재로서의 이용 가능성을 조사하고자 항산화능 평가, t-BHP 와 $CCl_4$로 산화적 손상 및 급성 간독성 유도한 in vitro, in vivo 모델을 활용하여 간보호능을 평가하였다. 실험결과, 별의별간 01~04는 $50{\mu}M$ vitamin C 와 유사한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. HepG2 세포에 t-BHP로 산화 스트레스를 유도한 뒤 나타나는 세포독성에 대해 별의별간 01 및 04에서 농도 의존적인 세포 보호효과를 보였으며, ROS 생성 억제에서 별의별간 01, 03, 04에서 농도의존적인 억제를 나타내었다. 미나리가 혼합된 별의별간 04에 대한 급성 간손상 in vivo 모델을 활용하여 간보호능 검증 결과, 별의별간 04는 $CCl_4$로 증가된 혈중 ALT, AST의 유의적 감소, 간 조직중 증가된 MDA 함량 감소 및 감소된 GSH의 유의적 증가를 나타내었다. 또한, 혈청 및 간 조직에서 증가된 중성지방과 콜레스테롤을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과를 종합하며, 별의별간 04는 in vitro 및 in vivo 모델에서 산화적 손상에 대해 간보호 효과를 나타내었다.
STAR of STAR (SS 01-04) is a series of drinks that consist of various extracts obtained from Coriolus versicolor, Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Hovenia dulcis, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Lycium chinense, Citrus reticulata, Saururus chinensis, Pueraria lobata, Pyrus pyrifolia, and Oenanthe javanica. A purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of SS 01-04. Antioxidant activity of the drinks was evaluated by conducting a hydroxyl radical-scavenging assay. Cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potential were determined using HepG2 cells in vitro, while protective effects against acute hepatotoxicity was evaluated in vivo. The antioxidant activity of the SS 01-04 at concentration of 100 and 250 mg/mL was similar to that of $50{\mu}M$ vitamin C. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was blocked by SS 01, 03 and 04 in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with SS 04 significantly lowered the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in an animal model of carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)-induced$ hepatotoxicity (p<0.05). In addition, SS04 increased glutathione level while decreased malondialdehyde level in the liver considerably (p<0.05). It also inhibited the $CCl_4-induced$ increase in the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol in serum and the liver. These findings indicated that SS 01-04 possessed antioxidant activity and protect against ROS. In particular, SS 04 is potentially highly beneficial in treating liver damage as it scavenges reactive free radicals and boosts the endogenous antioxidant system.
녹차로부터 분리한 epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate의 Helicobacter pylori 생육 억제 효과
[NRF 연계] 한국차학회 한국차학회지 Vol.27 No.1 2021.03 pp.34-40
...SS1 균주를 대상으로 차로부터 분리한EGCG3''Me의 항균 활성을 평가하였다. EGCG3''Me은 octadecylsilane-medium performance liquid chromatography를 이용하여 가루녹차(Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Benifuuki)의 70% ethanol 추출물로부터분리되었으며, 그 구조는 ESI-MS, 1D-, 그리고 2D-NMR 분석을 통하여 확인되었다. 가루녹차로부터 분리된EGCG3''Me는 EGCG와 거의 유사하게 농도 의존적으로 H. pylori P1WT와 SS1 균주에 대한 생육 억제 효과를나타내었다. 특히, 두 균주 모두 50 그리고 100 μM의 EGCG 및 EGCG3''Me 처리에 의해 성장이 크게 억제되었으며, 100 μM 농도의 경우 P1WT와 SS1 균주의 성장을 매우 높은 수준으로 억제하였음을 관찰할 수 있었다. EGCG3''Me의 H. pylori 생육 억제 효과는 EGCG와 거의 유사하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 EGCG3''Me는 EGCG 와 더불어 H. pylori 생육 억제 효과를 갖는 차의 유용 소재로 활용이 기대된다.
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Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)는 차의 대표적인 유용성분 중 하나로, 항산화, 항암, 그리고 항염증등 다양한 건강기능성과 더불어 Helicobacter pylori의 생육을 억제하는 효과도 우수하다고 알려져 있다. 그러나, EGCG에 methyl기가 결합된 형태인 epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3''Me)에 대한 H. pylori의생육 억제 효과는 보고된 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 H. pylori P1WT 및 SS1 균주를 대상으로 차로부터 분리한EGCG3''Me의 항균 활성을 평가하였다. EGCG3''Me은 octadecylsilane-medium performance liquid chromatography를 이용하여 가루녹차(Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Benifuuki)의 70% ethanol 추출물로부터분리되었으며, 그 구조는 ESI-MS, 1D-, 그리고 2D-NMR 분석을 통하여 확인되었다. 가루녹차로부터 분리된EGCG3''Me는 EGCG와 거의 유사하게 농도 의존적으로 H. pylori P1WT와 SS1 균주에 대한 생육 억제 효과를나타내었다. 특히, 두 균주 모두 50 그리고 100 μM의 EGCG 및 EGCG3''Me 처리에 의해 성장이 크게 억제되었으며, 100 μM 농도의 경우 P1WT와 SS1 균주의 성장을 매우 높은 수준으로 억제하였음을 관찰할 수 있었다. EGCG3''Me의 H. pylori 생육 억제 효과는 EGCG와 거의 유사하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 EGCG3''Me는 EGCG 와 더불어 H. pylori 생육 억제 효과를 갖는 차의 유용 소재로 활용이 기대된다.
Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), a major bioactive compound in green tea, has been shown to strongly inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) apart from its other multiple health benefits. However, no study on the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3''Me), a unique O-methylated form of EGCG, is currently available. The present study aimed to compare the growth inhibitory activities of EGCG and EGCG3''Me against H. pylori strains P1WT and SS1. EGCG3''Me was isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Benifuuki) by using octadecylsilane-medium performance liquid chromatography. Its structure was confirmed by ESI-MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Both EGCG and EGCG3''Me inhibited the growth of H. pylori strains P1WT and SS1 in a dose-dependent manner. The antibacterial activity of EGCG3''Me was similar to that of EGCG. EGCG is well-known to be a potential anti-H. pylori agent. These results indicate that EGCG3''Me may be a valuable therapeutic agent against H. pylori infection.
[Kisti 연계] 대한환경공학회 대한환경공학회지 Vol.34 No.6 2012 pp.421-429
...SS가 증가한 것이 특징적이었다. 상관관계 분석결과 긴 체류시간과 SS, COD, $NH_4{^+}$가 화포천에서 중요한 수질인자임을 나타내었다. 또한, 습지에서 하상 유기물 농도가 높고 부착조류가 풍부한 점도 본류 수질에 영향을 줄 것으로 판단되었다. 화포천 수질은 공간적으로 보가 있는 구간에서 농도가 상승하였고 하류의 습지에서는 일정하거나 소폭 감소하였다. 계절적으로는 겨울에 영양염 농도가 높았으나 여름에는 유기물 농도가 높았다. 식물플랑크톤은 6월에 보와 습지 등 정체구간에서 높게 나타난 점을 제외하면 전 구간에서 $40{\mu}g\;chl-{\alpha}/L$ 이하로 나타났다.
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본 연구는 화포천 수질 현황을 제시하여 특성을 분석하고 향후 관련연구에 활용할 목적으로 수행되었다. 상류에서는 step-pool 형태의 14개의 보로 인해 하천수가 저류되었고 주거단지 및 농경지를 지나면서 생활하수와 관개용수 등의 오염물 유입이 있었다. 이러한 이유로 정체구역의 하상에서 사상성 남조류인 Oscillatoria 군락이 번무하였으며 하천의 중 하류에서는 고모천(T3), 용덕천(T8)과 같이 N, P가 높은 고농도 지류가 유입되는 등 본류 수질을 악화시켰다. 화포천은 하류로 갈수록 DO가 감소하고 SS가 증가한 것이 특징적이었다. 상관관계 분석결과 긴 체류시간과 SS, COD, $NH_4{^+}$가 화포천에서 중요한 수질인자임을 나타내었다. 또한, 습지에서 하상 유기물 농도가 높고 부착조류가 풍부한 점도 본류 수질에 영향을 줄 것으로 판단되었다. 화포천 수질은 공간적으로 보가 있는 구간에서 농도가 상승하였고 하류의 습지에서는 일정하거나 소폭 감소하였다. 계절적으로는 겨울에 영양염 농도가 높았으나 여름에는 유기물 농도가 높았다. 식물플랑크톤은 6월에 보와 습지 등 정체구간에서 높게 나타난 점을 제외하면 전 구간에서 $40{\mu}g\;chl-{\alpha}/L$ 이하로 나타났다.
This study was aimed to analyze the water quality characteristics of the Hwapocheon Stream and to be utilized in the further related research. Water in the upper stream became a dammed pool due to the existence of 14 weirs, and pollutants such as both sewage and irrigation water were introduced into the mainstream passing through farming settlements and agricultural land. For these reasons, filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.) bloomed at the bottom of the dammed pool. Also in the midstream and downstream, tributaries with high pollutant concentrations [e.g., Comocheon (T3) and Yongdeokcheon (T8)] were inflowed, and had a negative impact on water quality of the mainstream, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. In the Hwapocheon Stream, dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased, and suspended solid (SS) increased toward the downstream. The result showed that hydraulic retention time, SS, COD, and concentration of $NH_4{^+}$ were important water quality factors of the Hwapocheon Stream. The high concentration of benthic organic matter and rich in attached algae in the core of Hwapo-wetland were expected to give impact on the water quality of the mainstream. In the spatial manner, water quality showed increasing trend in the weir zone, and it was constant or decreased trend in wetland. In the seasonal manner, the nutrient concentrations were high in the winter dry season, however, the organic matter concentrations were high in spring and summer. Generally, the concentrations of phytoplankton value were $40{\mu}g\;chl-{\alpha}/L$ or less in all reaches except for the high concentrations in the weir and wetland area in June.
GIS를 이용한 동해안 하천유역의 토양유실량과 오염부하량 평가 -사천천을 중심으로-
[Kisti 연계] 대한환경공학회 대한환경공학회지 Vol.22 No.7 2000 pp.1331-1343
...SS, TN, TP의 오염물질 농도가 높아지고, 유출오염부하량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 토양유실이 많은 홍수기에 인과 질소의 영양물질의 유출량이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 사천천 유역에서 년간 발생되는 오염부하량 중에서 SS는 21%, TN은 39%, TP는 약 19%가 본 연구에서 조사한 2회의 강우동안에 유출되었다. 따라서 우리 나라의 하천에서는 여름의 홍수기에 단기간에 많은 양의 오염물질이 집중적으로 유출되는 것을 알 수 있다.
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GIS와 USLE를 접목해서 토양유실량을 산정하는 방법론을 개발하여 동해안의 소규모 하천인 강릉 사천천에 적용하였다. GIS를 이용해서 유역의 수계도를 작성하고, 유로추적, 유역면적의 결정 등의 공간분석을 효과적으로 수행할 수 있었다. 토양도와 토지이용도를 이용해서 유역내 토양과 토지이용정보를 일정한 크기의 그리드별로 입력하였고, 공간분석 결과도 그리드별로 저장하였다. 이들 정보에 기초하여 USLE의 각종 인자에 대한 주제도를 생성하였고, 각각의 주제도를 중첩하여 토양유실량을 산출하였다. 이와 같이 GIS를 활용함으로서 지역별로 토지이용 형태별로 토양유실량의 정도를 효과적으로 평가할 수 있었다. 사천천 유역 전체의 평균 토양유실량은 약 1.36ton/ha/yr로 나타났으며, 임야지에서는 0.15ton/ha/yr, 밭에서는 27.04ton/ha/yr, 논에서는 0.78ton/ha/yr로 산출되었다. 밭은 전체유역면적의 약 4.4%인 $2.4km^2$를 차지하는데 밭에서의 총토양유실량은 약 6561ton/yr로 전체 유실량의 84.9%를 차지하고 있어서 면적에 비해 토양유실량이 많다. 산림지역의 토양침식량은 적은 편에 속하나, 밭에서는 경작지에 대한 토양유실 허용치 11.2ton/ha/yr와 비교하면 밭에서의 토양침식에 대한 대비가 필요함을 알 수 있다. 사천천 하류부에서 98년 7월 24일~28일, 98년 9월 29일~10월 1일 2회의 집중호우시에 유출량과 수질을 실측 조사한 결과, 유출량이 증가함에 따라 SS, TN, TP의 오염물질 농도가 높아지고, 유출오염부하량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 토양유실이 많은 홍수기에 인과 질소의 영양물질의 유출량이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 사천천 유역에서 년간 발생되는 오염부하량 중에서 SS는 21%, TN은 39%, TP는 약 19%가 본 연구에서 조사한 2회의 강우동안에 유출되었다. 따라서 우리 나라의 하천에서는 여름의 홍수기에 단기간에 많은 양의 오염물질이 집중적으로 유출되는 것을 알 수 있다.
Through the integration of USLE and GIS, the methodology to estimate the soil loss was developed, and applicated to the Sacheon river in Gangrung. Using GIS, spatial analysis such as watershed boundary determination, flow routing. slope steepness calculation was done. Spatial information from the GIS application was given for each grid. With soil and land use map, information about soil classification and land use was given for each grid too. Based upon these data, thematic maps about the factors of USLE were made. We estimated the soil loss by overlaying the thematic maps. In this manner, we can assess the degree of soil loss for each grid using GIS. Annual average soil loss of Sacheon river watershed is 1.36 ton/ha/yr. Soil loss in forest, dry field, and paddy field is 0.15 ton/ha/yr, 27.04 ton/ha/yr, 0.78 ton/ha/yr respectively. The area of dry field, which is 4% of total area, is $2.4km^2$. But total soil loss of dry field is 6561 ton/yr, and it occupies 84.9 % of total soil loss eroded in Sacheon river watershed. Comparing with the 11.2 ton/ha/yr of an average soil loss tolerance for cropland, provision for the soil loss in dry field is necessary. Run-off and water quality of Sacheon river were measured two times in flood season: from July 24, 1998 to July 28 and from September 29 to October 1. As the run-off of the river increased, SS, TN, TP concentrations and pollutant loadings increased. SS, TN, TP loads of Sacheon river discharged during the 2 heavy rains were 21%, 39%, and 19% of the total pollutant loadings generated in the Sacheon river watershed for one year. We can see that much pollutants are discharged in short period of flood season.
[Kisti 연계] 한국식품위생안전성학회 Journal of food hygiene and safety Vol.31 No.6 2016 pp.406-413
...SS, BPD, BPW로 처리하였다. 또한 균질화 시간은 30, 60, 90, 120, 300초, 시료와 전처리용액 비율은 1:2, 1:4, 1:9, 1:19로 각각 처리하였다. 그 결과 발효유와 소고기에서는 BPW로 처리하였을 때 전반적으로 식중독균의 회수율이 높았으나(p < 0.05), 햄의 경우에는 전처리 용액에 따른 유의적 차이는 없다. 전처리용액의 최적 비율은 햄, 발효유, 소고기가 각각 1:9, 1:2, 1:4였으며(p < 0.05), 균질화 시간은 모든 시료에서 120초로 처리했을 때 유의적으로 가장 높은 회수율이 나타났다(p < 0.05). 따라서 선정된 최적 전처리 조건에서 식중독균 회수율을 수행한 결과 모든 시료 및 균종에서 85%이상의 높은 회수율을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 축산식품으로부터 식중독균 검출을 위한 전처리 용액 및 시료와 전처리용액의 비율은 시료의 종류에 따라 적절한 것으로 사용하는 것이 식중독균 검출의 정확성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되어진다.
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본 연구는 축산식품으로부터 식중독균 검출을 위한 시료 전처리법을 확립하기 위해 전처리용액, 균질화 시간, 시료와 전처리용액의 비율에 따른 회수율을 비교하였다. 이를 위하여 햄, 발효유, 소고기에 E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium를 7.0 log CFU/g로 접종하고 PW, SS, BPD, BPW로 처리하였다. 또한 균질화 시간은 30, 60, 90, 120, 300초, 시료와 전처리용액 비율은 1:2, 1:4, 1:9, 1:19로 각각 처리하였다. 그 결과 발효유와 소고기에서는 BPW로 처리하였을 때 전반적으로 식중독균의 회수율이 높았으나(p < 0.05), 햄의 경우에는 전처리 용액에 따른 유의적 차이는 없다. 전처리용액의 최적 비율은 햄, 발효유, 소고기가 각각 1:9, 1:2, 1:4였으며(p < 0.05), 균질화 시간은 모든 시료에서 120초로 처리했을 때 유의적으로 가장 높은 회수율이 나타났다(p < 0.05). 따라서 선정된 최적 전처리 조건에서 식중독균 회수율을 수행한 결과 모든 시료 및 균종에서 85%이상의 높은 회수율을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 축산식품으로부터 식중독균 검출을 위한 전처리 용액 및 시료와 전처리용액의 비율은 시료의 종류에 따라 적절한 것으로 사용하는 것이 식중독균 검출의 정확성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되어진다.
This study was performed to evaluate and establish a sample preparation method for the detection of food-borne pathogens in animal origin foods. Ham, yogurt, and Korean beef inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Typhimurium, were tested for the effects of diluent composition, processing time, and proportion of diluent to sample. The diluents used were peptone water (PW), Saline solution (SS), Butterfield's phosphate buffered dilution water (BPD), and Buffered peptone water (BPW). The processing time periods considered for the samples were 30, 60, 90, 120, and 300 sec, and the proportions of diluent to samples tested were 1:2, 1:4, 1:9, and 1:19. Yogurt and beef showed the highest number of bacteria when treated with BPW (p < 0.05). However, ham showed no significant difference between the treatments with four different diluents. Optimum proportions of diluent to ham, yogurt, and beef were 1:9, 1:2, and 1:4, respectively. The processing time of 120 sec was chosen as optimum, because it showed the best recovery rate in all sample types. In this manner, detection of food-borne bacteria with the selected optimal conditions was indicated by a recovery rate of more than 85%. These data suggest that an appropriate diluent composition and diluent volume should be used depending on the type of sample, which would thereby increase the accuracy of detecting food-borne bacteria in animal origin foods.
삼황사심탕의 항산화능 및 C57BL/6 마우스 모델에서의 발모 촉진효과
[NRF 연계] 한의병리학회 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.28 No.2 2014.04 pp.154-161
...SS). In case of antioxidant ability of SS, the content of phenolic compounds was 28.44mg/g. The extract showed strong electron donating ability and free radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner. SOD-like activity also rose through increasing the concentrations of SS. In order to estimate the hair growth effects, the extract was applied to the back of seven-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (150㎕ a day, five days a week, for four weeks) in four groups (C, control, saline; PC, positive control, 3% minoxidil; E1, experimental 1, 1% SS; E2, experimental 2, 2% SS). Ten mice were assigned to each group and five mice in each group were sacrificed at weeks 2 and 4, respectively. There was no a significant difference in body weight change among experimental groups. In macroscopic observation of hair growth at week 4, the scores of hair growth on the backs of mice were 80, 60, 40 and 20% in the PC, E2, E1 and C groups. In terms of histological observation, the ratio and thickness of hair follicles, the enzyme activities of ALP and γ-GT, immunohistological examination of IGF-1 and VEGF which are the hair growth factors, in each group were significantly high in this order: PC, E2, E1 and C group, at week 4. Meanwhile, hair growth inhibition factors, TGF-β1 and Caspase-3, were reduced in PC, E1 and E2 groups compared with C group. These results indicate that SS extract may be effective in promoting hair growth, and suggest that it can be used practically as a superior natural agent for hair growth promotion.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity and hair growth effects of a natural herbal ethanol extract, Samhwang-Sasimtang(SS). In case of antioxidant ability of SS, the content of phenolic compounds was 28.44mg/g. The extract showed strong electron donating ability and free radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner. SOD-like activity also rose through increasing the concentrations of SS. In order to estimate the hair growth effects, the extract was applied to the back of seven-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (150㎕ a day, five days a week, for four weeks) in four groups (C, control, saline; PC, positive control, 3% minoxidil; E1, experimental 1, 1% SS; E2, experimental 2, 2% SS). Ten mice were assigned to each group and five mice in each group were sacrificed at weeks 2 and 4, respectively. There was no a significant difference in body weight change among experimental groups. In macroscopic observation of hair growth at week 4, the scores of hair growth on the backs of mice were 80, 60, 40 and 20% in the PC, E2, E1 and C groups. In terms of histological observation, the ratio and thickness of hair follicles, the enzyme activities of ALP and γ-GT, immunohistological examination of IGF-1 and VEGF which are the hair growth factors, in each group were significantly high in this order: PC, E2, E1 and C group, at week 4. Meanwhile, hair growth inhibition factors, TGF-β1 and Caspase-3, were reduced in PC, E1 and E2 groups compared with C group. These results indicate that SS extract may be effective in promoting hair growth, and suggest that it can be used practically as a superior natural agent for hair growth promotion.
[NRF 연계] 한글학회 한글 Vol.284 2009.06 pp.5-72
...manner and position features. Thus the table of Korean phonemes ane allophones is as the following. Korean phonemes ane allophones positionglottis alveolarpalatal labialvelaraperturestrengthweak← ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ→strong1°strongʔdttʰjccʰbppʰgkkʰ2°↑(ɦ)h(z)ssʰ(ʑ)ɕ(ɕʰ)(β)(ʍ)(ɤ)(x)3°｜(˜)n(ɲ)mŋ4°｜(l)(ʎ)5°↓r6°weakø (ɦʔh)(ø)y(ɥ)w(ʍ)(ø)(ø)y(ɥ)w(ø)7°↑(ɨ)iüuɨ8°↓(ə)eöoə9°strong(a)ɛaaperturefeature ([-front, -round]) ([+front, -round])[+rd, -fro][-fro, -rd] weightlightmidhv.midlight Some important rules, restrictions, and principles that I have introduced in this paper, are ① aperture coincidence rule, ② aperture assimilation, ③ aperture widening, ④ aperture narrowing, ⑤ RB≧RA restriction(restriction of aperture right before syllable boundary ≧ aperture right after syllable boundary), ⑤ reduction rule, ⑥ preservation principle of the strong, ⑦ redundancy deletion principle, ⑧ strength assimilation, ⑨ consonant cluster simplification, ⑩ inaudible deletion, ⑪ weak feature deletion, etc. Through an /n/ insertion example of derivation from underlying representation to surface manifestation, I am going to show that the true nature of /n/-insertion is an example of aperture narrowing. (60) 갓양[간냥] 잣엿[잔녇] ㄱ. /g a sʰ # y a ŋ/ /j a sʰ # y ə sʰ/ underlying representation ㄴ. g a t ̚ y a ŋ ̚ j a t ̚ y ə t ̚ releasing cut 1° 9° 1° 6° 9° 3° 1° 9° 1° 6° 8° 1° aperture (5) (cf. table) ㄷ. g a n ̚ y a ŋ ̚ j a n ̚ y ə t ̚ aperture widening (35) 1° 9° 3° 6° 9° 3° 1° 9° 3° 6° 8° 1° aperture (5) (cf. table) ㄹ. g a n ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚ j a n ̚ ɲ ə t ̚ aperture narrowing (36) 1° 9° 3° 3° 9° 3° 1° 9° 3° 3° 8° 1° aperture (5) (cf. table) C V C ̚ C V C ̚ C V C ̚ C V C ̚ CV-structure ㅁ. [g a n ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚] [j a n ̚ ɲ ə t ̚] surface manifestation ① Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ point of art. strength (cf. table) ㅂ. g a ɲ ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚ j a ɲ ̚ ɲ ə t ̚ strength assimilation (41) Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ point of art. strength (cf. table) ㅅ. [g a ɲ ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚] [j a ɲ ̚ ɲ ə t ̚] surface manifestation ② Although native speakers analyze that /n/-insertion occurs as 《gan ̚yaŋ ̚→ gan ̚nyaŋ ̚》and《jan ̚yət ̚→jan ̚nyət ̚》in these words, the above derivation (ㄷ→ㄹ)《gan ̚yaŋ ̚→ gan ̚ɲaŋ ̚》and 《jan ̚yət ̚→jan ̚ɲət ̚》show us aperture narrowing actually, but not /n/-derivation.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate phonological nature of so called /n/ insertion and /ㄹ/ insertion in word formation such as /cʰəsʰ#yərɨm/[cʰən ̚ɲərɨm ̚](psychologically /cʰənnyərɨm/)(첫여름[천녀름]), /batʰ#øir/[ban ̚ɲil ̚](psych. /bannir/[bannil])(밭일[반닐]), /mur#yəsʰ/ [mul ̚ʎət ̚](psych. /murryəsʰ/)(물엿[물렫]), /nar#øir/[nal ̚ʎil ̚](psych. /narrir/[nal ̚lil])(날일[날릴]), through the Scalar Feature Based Phonology ‘SF-Phonology’ founded by Gim, C.G.(1998). The important characters of the SF-Phonology uses scalar features mainly, and binary features partially. Two principal scalar features are apertue scale and strength scale. The two replaced traditional manner and position features. Thus the table of Korean phonemes ane allophones is as the following. Korean phonemes ane allophones positionglottis alveolarpalatal labialvelaraperturestrengthweak← ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤ→strong1°strongʔdttʰjccʰbppʰgkkʰ2°↑(ɦ)h(z)ssʰ(ʑ)ɕ(ɕʰ)(β)(ʍ)(ɤ)(x)3°｜(˜)n(ɲ)mŋ4°｜(l)(ʎ)5°↓r6°weakø (ɦʔh)(ø)y(ɥ)w(ʍ)(ø)(ø)y(ɥ)w(ø)7°↑(ɨ)iüuɨ8°↓(ə)eöoə9°strong(a)ɛaaperturefeature ([-front, -round]) ([+front, -round])[+rd, -fro][-fro, -rd] weightlightmidhv.midlight Some important rules, restrictions, and principles that I have introduced in this paper, are ① aperture coincidence rule, ② aperture assimilation, ③ aperture widening, ④ aperture narrowing, ⑤ RB≧RA restriction(restriction of aperture right before syllable boundary ≧ aperture right after syllable boundary), ⑤ reduction rule, ⑥ preservation principle of the strong, ⑦ redundancy deletion principle, ⑧ strength assimilation, ⑨ consonant cluster simplification, ⑩ inaudible deletion, ⑪ weak feature deletion, etc. Through an /n/ insertion example of derivation from underlying representation to surface manifestation, I am going to show that the true nature of /n/-insertion is an example of aperture narrowing. (60) 갓양[간냥] 잣엿[잔녇] ㄱ. /g a sʰ # y a ŋ/ /j a sʰ # y ə sʰ/ underlying representation ㄴ. g a t ̚ y a ŋ ̚ j a t ̚ y ə t ̚ releasing cut 1° 9° 1° 6° 9° 3° 1° 9° 1° 6° 8° 1° aperture (5) (cf. table) ㄷ. g a n ̚ y a ŋ ̚ j a n ̚ y ə t ̚ aperture widening (35) 1° 9° 3° 6° 9° 3° 1° 9° 3° 6° 8° 1° aperture (5) (cf. table) ㄹ. g a n ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚ j a n ̚ ɲ ə t ̚ aperture narrowing (36) 1° 9° 3° 3° 9° 3° 1° 9° 3° 3° 8° 1° aperture (5) (cf. table) C V C ̚ C V C ̚ C V C ̚ C V C ̚ CV-structure ㅁ. [g a n ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚] [j a n ̚ ɲ ə t ̚] surface manifestation ① Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ point of art. strength (cf. table) ㅂ. g a ɲ ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚ j a ɲ ̚ ɲ ə t ̚ strength assimilation (41) Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ point of art. strength (cf. table) ㅅ. [g a ɲ ̚ ɲ a ŋ ̚] [j a ɲ ̚ ɲ ə t ̚] surface manifestation ② Although native speakers analyze that /n/-insertion occurs as 《gan ̚yaŋ ̚→ gan ̚nyaŋ ̚》and《jan ̚yət ̚→jan ̚nyət ̚》in these words, the above derivation (ㄷ→ㄹ)《gan ̚yaŋ ̚→ gan ̚ɲaŋ ̚》and 《jan ̚yət ̚→jan ̚ɲət ̚》show us aperture narrowing actually, but not /n/-derivation.
배양 척수감각신경세포에 대한 살리실산 나트륨의 신경독성에 관한 연구
[Kisti 연계] 대한통증학회 The Korean journal of pain Vol.14 No.2 2001 pp.136-141
...SS) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the treatment of neuralgia or pain from rheumatoid arthritis. When abused or used in excess, SS can induce cytotoxicity. The present study examined whether SS has a neurotoxic effect. Methods: Cell viability was examined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-dipheny ltetrazolium bromide] assay and Sulforhodamine (SRB) assay after cultivating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons derived from neonatal mouse. These cells were treated with various concentrations of SS for 24 hours. In addition, the amount of protein synthesis against SS was measured in these cultures. Results: Cell viability (20, $40{\mu}g/ml$ SS) significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, SS inhibited protein synthesis after the exposure of cultured mouse DRG neurons to $30{\mu}g/ml$ of SS for 24 hours. Conclusions: The present study suggests that SS is toxic in cultured DRG neurons derived from neonatal mouse by decreasing cell viability and the amount of protein synthesis.
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Background: Sodium salicylate (SS) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the treatment of neuralgia or pain from rheumatoid arthritis. When abused or used in excess, SS can induce cytotoxicity. The present study examined whether SS has a neurotoxic effect. Methods: Cell viability was examined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-dipheny ltetrazolium bromide] assay and Sulforhodamine (SRB) assay after cultivating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons derived from neonatal mouse. These cells were treated with various concentrations of SS for 24 hours. In addition, the amount of protein synthesis against SS was measured in these cultures. Results: Cell viability (20, $40{\mu}g/ml$ SS) significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, SS inhibited protein synthesis after the exposure of cultured mouse DRG neurons to $30{\mu}g/ml$ of SS for 24 hours. Conclusions: The present study suggests that SS is toxic in cultured DRG neurons derived from neonatal mouse by decreasing cell viability and the amount of protein synthesis.
Regulation of L-type Calcium Channel Current by Somatostatin in Guinea-Pig Gastric Myocytes
[Kisti 연계] 대한약리학회 The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology Vol.9 No.2 2005 pp.103-108
...SS) on calcium channel current ($I_{Ba}$) in guinea-pig gastric myocytes, $I_{Ba}$ was recorded by using whole-cell patch clamp technique in single smooth muscle cells. Nicardipine ($1{\mu}M$), a L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, inhibited $I_{Ba}$ by $98{\pm}1.9$% (n=5), however $I_{Ba}$ was decreased in a reversible manner by application of SS. The peak $I_{Ba}$ at 0 mV were decreased to $95{\pm}1.5$, $92{\pm}1.9$, $82{\pm}4.0$, $66{\pm}5.8$, $10{\pm}2.9$% at $10^{-10}$, $10^{-9}$, $10^{-8}$, $10^{-7}$, $10^{-5}$ M of SS, respectively (n=3∼6; $mean{\pm}SEM$). The steady-state activation and inactivation curves of $I_{Ba}$ as a function of membrane potentials were well fitted by a Boltzmann equation. Voltage of half-activation ($V_{0.5}$) was $-12{\pm}0.5$ mV in control and $-11{\pm}1.9$ mV in SS treated groups (respectively, n=5). The same values of half-inactivation were $-35{\pm}1.4$ mV and $-35{\pm}1.9$ mV (respectively, n=5). There was no significant difference in activation and inactivation kinetics of $I_{Ba}$ by SS. Inhibitory effect of SS on $I_{Ba}$ was significantly reduced by either dialysis of intracellular solution with $GDP_{\beta}S$, a non-hydrolysable G protein inhibitor, or pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX). SS also decreased contraction of guinea-pig gastric antral smooth muscle. In conclusion, SS decreases voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel current ($VDCC_L$) via PTXsensitive signaling pathways in guinea-pig antral circular myocytes.
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To study the direct effect of somatostatin (SS) on calcium channel current ($I_{Ba}$) in guinea-pig gastric myocytes, $I_{Ba}$ was recorded by using whole-cell patch clamp technique in single smooth muscle cells. Nicardipine ($1{\mu}M$), a L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, inhibited $I_{Ba}$ by $98{\pm}1.9$% (n=5), however $I_{Ba}$ was decreased in a reversible manner by application of SS. The peak $I_{Ba}$ at 0 mV were decreased to $95{\pm}1.5$, $92{\pm}1.9$, $82{\pm}4.0$, $66{\pm}5.8$, $10{\pm}2.9$% at $10^{-10}$, $10^{-9}$, $10^{-8}$, $10^{-7}$, $10^{-5}$ M of SS, respectively (n=3∼6; $mean{\pm}SEM$). The steady-state activation and inactivation curves of $I_{Ba}$ as a function of membrane potentials were well fitted by a Boltzmann equation. Voltage of half-activation ($V_{0.5}$) was $-12{\pm}0.5$ mV in control and $-11{\pm}1.9$ mV in SS treated groups (respectively, n=5). The same values of half-inactivation were $-35{\pm}1.4$ mV and $-35{\pm}1.9$ mV (respectively, n=5). There was no significant difference in activation and inactivation kinetics of $I_{Ba}$ by SS. Inhibitory effect of SS on $I_{Ba}$ was significantly reduced by either dialysis of intracellular solution with $GDP_{\beta}S$, a non-hydrolysable G protein inhibitor, or pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX). SS also decreased contraction of guinea-pig gastric antral smooth muscle. In conclusion, SS decreases voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel current ($VDCC_L$) via PTXsensitive signaling pathways in guinea-pig antral circular myocytes.
Laser powder bed fusion 공정으로 제조된 오스테나이트계 316L 스테인레스 강의 고온 산화 거동
[NRF 연계] 한국분말재료학회 한국분말재료학회지 Vol.28 No.2 2021.04 pp.110-119
...ss steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is investigated and compared with conventional 316L manufactured by hot rolling (HR). The initial microstructure of LPBF-SS316L exhibits a molten pool ~100 μm in size and grains grown along the building direction. Isotropic grains (~35 μm) are detected in the HR-SS316L. In high-temperature oxidation tests performed at 700oC and 900oC, LPBF-SS316L demonstrates slightly superior high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to HR-SS316L. After the initial oxidation at 700oC, shown as an increase in weight, almost no further oxidation is observed for both materials. At 900oC, the oxidation weight displays a parabolic trend and both materials exhibit similar behavior. However, at 1100oC, LPBF-SS316L oxidizes in a parabolic manner, but HR-SS316L shows a breakaway oxidation behavior. The oxide layers of LPBF-SS316L and HR-SS316L are mainly composed of Cr2O3, Febased oxides, and spinel phases. In LPBF-SS316L, a uniform Cr depletion region is observed, whereas a Cr depletion region appears at the grain boundary in HR-SS316L. It is evident from the results that the microstructure and the hightemperature oxidation characteristics and behavior are related.
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In this study, the high-temperature oxidation properties of austenitic 316L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is investigated and compared with conventional 316L manufactured by hot rolling (HR). The initial microstructure of LPBF-SS316L exhibits a molten pool ~100 μm in size and grains grown along the building direction. Isotropic grains (~35 μm) are detected in the HR-SS316L. In high-temperature oxidation tests performed at 700oC and 900oC, LPBF-SS316L demonstrates slightly superior high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to HR-SS316L. After the initial oxidation at 700oC, shown as an increase in weight, almost no further oxidation is observed for both materials. At 900oC, the oxidation weight displays a parabolic trend and both materials exhibit similar behavior. However, at 1100oC, LPBF-SS316L oxidizes in a parabolic manner, but HR-SS316L shows a breakaway oxidation behavior. The oxide layers of LPBF-SS316L and HR-SS316L are mainly composed of Cr2O3, Febased oxides, and spinel phases. In LPBF-SS316L, a uniform Cr depletion region is observed, whereas a Cr depletion region appears at the grain boundary in HR-SS316L. It is evident from the results that the microstructure and the hightemperature oxidation characteristics and behavior are related.
Laser powder bed fusion 공정으로 제조된 오스테나이트계 316L 스테인레스 강의 고온 산화 거동
[Kisti 연계] 한국분말야금학회 한국분말야금학회지 Vol.28 No.2 2021 pp.110-119
...ss steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is investigated and compared with conventional 316L manufactured by hot rolling (HR). The initial microstructure of LPBF-SS316L exhibits a molten pool ~100 ㎛ in size and grains grown along the building direction. Isotropic grains (~35 ㎛) are detected in the HR-SS316L. In high-temperature oxidation tests performed at 700℃ and 900℃, LPBF-SS316L demonstrates slightly superior high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to HR-SS316L. After the initial oxidation at 700℃, shown as an increase in weight, almost no further oxidation is observed for both materials. At 900℃, the oxidation weight displays a parabolic trend and both materials exhibit similar behavior. However, at 1100℃, LPBF-SS316L oxidizes in a parabolic manner, but HR-SS316L shows a breakaway oxidation behavior. The oxide layers of LPBF-SS316L and HR-SS316L are mainly composed of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe-based oxides, and spinel phases. In LPBF-SS316L, a uniform Cr depletion region is observed, whereas a Cr depletion region appears at the grain boundary in HR-SS316L. It is evident from the results that the microstructure and the high-temperature oxidation characteristics and behavior are related.
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In this study, the high-temperature oxidation properties of austenitic 316L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is investigated and compared with conventional 316L manufactured by hot rolling (HR). The initial microstructure of LPBF-SS316L exhibits a molten pool ~100 ㎛ in size and grains grown along the building direction. Isotropic grains (~35 ㎛) are detected in the HR-SS316L. In high-temperature oxidation tests performed at 700℃ and 900℃, LPBF-SS316L demonstrates slightly superior high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to HR-SS316L. After the initial oxidation at 700℃, shown as an increase in weight, almost no further oxidation is observed for both materials. At 900℃, the oxidation weight displays a parabolic trend and both materials exhibit similar behavior. However, at 1100℃, LPBF-SS316L oxidizes in a parabolic manner, but HR-SS316L shows a breakaway oxidation behavior. The oxide layers of LPBF-SS316L and HR-SS316L are mainly composed of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe-based oxides, and spinel phases. In LPBF-SS316L, a uniform Cr depletion region is observed, whereas a Cr depletion region appears at the grain boundary in HR-SS316L. It is evident from the results that the microstructure and the high-temperature oxidation characteristics and behavior are related.
[NRF 연계] 대한구강생물학회 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.39 No.2 2014.06 pp.121-128
...SS) is a member of the familyCaprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functionalmaterial because of its several bioactivities. Althoughnumerous literatures are available on the pharmacological andbiological activities, the biological activity of SS in boneregeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore,in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferationand differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. Thetreatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferationin MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated themineralization and significantly increased the expression ofalkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs,compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin(ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in atime-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblastdifferentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties fordevelopment and clinical application of bone regenerationmaterials.
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Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the familyCaprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functionalmaterial because of its several bioactivities. Althoughnumerous literatures are available on the pharmacological andbiological activities, the biological activity of SS in boneregeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore,in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferationand differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. Thetreatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferationin MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated themineralization and significantly increased the expression ofalkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs,compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin(ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in atime-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblastdifferentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties fordevelopment and clinical application of bone regenerationmaterials.
[Kisti 연계] 대한구강생물학회 International journal of oral biology Vol.39 No.2 2014 pp.121-128
...SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.
Angle씨 제 2 급 1류 부정교합환자 치료 전후의 안모 연조직 변화에 관한 두부방사선 계측학적 연구
[Kisti 연계] 대한치과교정학회 KJO : Korean journal of orthodontics Vol.13 No.2 1983 pp.193-199
...ssue covering of the face also plays an important role in facial esthetics, speech and other physiologic functions. The study of the soft-tissue profile is important for the planning of orthodontic treatment. The author studied cephalometric X-ray films on 49 patients (23boys, 26 girls) with Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion, ranged from 9 to 13 years of age. Roentgenocephalmetric X-ray films were taken pre and post orthodontic care. Tracings were made in usual manner. The obtained results were as follow. 1. There was no significant sexual difference on mean changes. 2. In the comparison of the soft-tissue thickness changes, Ls-Ls' and Si-Si' in male subjects were remarkable. 9. There were significant correlations between osseous (Ss') change and soft-tissue (Ss) chang, of maxilla in male and female subjects subsequent to orthodontic treatment. 4. The ratios between the protraction of the Ss' and that of the Ss were 1:1.5 in all sexes, the ratios between the Si' and that of the Si were 1:1.4 in male and 1:1.2 in female. 5. There were significant correlations between maxillary central incise. angulation change $({\angle}A)$ and upper lip inclination change $({\angle}B)$ in all sexes. 6. There were little correlations between change in distance difference of Is and Ii and change in distance difference of Ls and Li in all sexes in all sexes.
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The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to produce functional occlusion and to create or maintain facial esthetic harmony. The soft-tissue covering of the face also plays an important role in facial esthetics, speech and other physiologic functions. The study of the soft-tissue profile is important for the planning of orthodontic treatment. The author studied cephalometric X-ray films on 49 patients (23boys, 26 girls) with Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion, ranged from 9 to 13 years of age. Roentgenocephalmetric X-ray films were taken pre and post orthodontic care. Tracings were made in usual manner. The obtained results were as follow. 1. There was no significant sexual difference on mean changes. 2. In the comparison of the soft-tissue thickness changes, Ls-Ls' and Si-Si' in male subjects were remarkable. 9. There were significant correlations between osseous (Ss') change and soft-tissue (Ss) chang, of maxilla in male and female subjects subsequent to orthodontic treatment. 4. The ratios between the protraction of the Ss' and that of the Ss were 1:1.5 in all sexes, the ratios between the Si' and that of the Si were 1:1.4 in male and 1:1.2 in female. 5. There were significant correlations between maxillary central incise. angulation change $({\angle}A)$ and upper lip inclination change $({\angle}B)$ in all sexes. 6. There were little correlations between change in distance difference of Is and Ii and change in distance difference of Ls and Li in all sexes in all sexes.
[Kisti 연계] 대한약학회 약학회지 Vol.17 No.2 1994 pp.124-130
...manner, while those of 1-methyluric (MU) and 1,3-dimethyluric(DMU) declined in a biexponential manner upon respective iv bolus injection of each compound at 6mg/kg dose. The total body clearances $(CL_r)$ of the metabolites were 4-6 fold larger than that of TP, while the distribution volumes of them at steady-state $(Vd_{ss})$ were 40-50% smaller than that of TP. The metabolites showed their plasma peaks in 30 min after iv injection of TP indicating than that to MU. Renal excretion of TP and its metabolites was studied in urine flow rate (UFR)-controlled rats. The renal clearance $(CL_r)$ of TP was inversely related to pasma TP concentrations, and much smaller than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) suggesting tubular secretion and profound reabsorption in the renal tubule. The $(CL_r)$ of each metabolite also showed that inverse relationship, but far exceeded GFR suggesting that tubular secretion than GFR by ip injection of probenecid (142.7 mg/kg). It supports that the metabolies are secreted in the renal tubule, and suggests that they share a common transport system in their sectrtion processes with probenecid. On the other hand, the $(CL_r)$ of TP was not affected significantly by the probenecid treatment. Considering the inverse relationship of TP between the $(CL_r)$ and its ploasma concentrations,no effect of probenecid on $(CL_r)$ of TP is most likely due to negligible contribution of the secretion to the overall $(CL_r)$ of TP.
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Plasma phamacokinetics and renal excretion of theophylline (TP) and its metabolities were ivnestigated in rats. Plasma concentrations of TP declined in a monoexponential manner, while those of 1-methyluric (MU) and 1,3-dimethyluric(DMU) declined in a biexponential manner upon respective iv bolus injection of each compound at 6mg/kg dose. The total body clearances $(CL_r)$ of the metabolites were 4-6 fold larger than that of TP, while the distribution volumes of them at steady-state $(Vd_{ss})$ were 40-50% smaller than that of TP. The metabolites showed their plasma peaks in 30 min after iv injection of TP indicating than that to MU. Renal excretion of TP and its metabolites was studied in urine flow rate (UFR)-controlled rats. The renal clearance $(CL_r)$ of TP was inversely related to pasma TP concentrations, and much smaller than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) suggesting tubular secretion and profound reabsorption in the renal tubule. The $(CL_r)$ of each metabolite also showed that inverse relationship, but far exceeded GFR suggesting that tubular secretion than GFR by ip injection of probenecid (142.7 mg/kg). It supports that the metabolies are secreted in the renal tubule, and suggests that they share a common transport system in their sectrtion processes with probenecid. On the other hand, the $(CL_r)$ of TP was not affected significantly by the probenecid treatment. Considering the inverse relationship of TP between the $(CL_r)$ and its ploasma concentrations,no effect of probenecid on $(CL_r)$ of TP is most likely due to negligible contribution of the secretion to the overall $(CL_r)$ of TP.
담화분석적 입장에서 고찰한 실생활과 온라인 소통에서 나타나는 양성의 소통 관행
[Kisti 연계] 한국독어학회 독어학 Vol.10 2004 pp.175-200
...sstrategien$ und -verhalten des jeweiligen Geschlechts zu beobachten. Herkemmlichen Ansichten nach $f\"{u}hrten$ $M\"{a}inner$ $Gespr\"{a}iche$ mit Frauen eher dominativ, $w\"{a}hrend$ Frauen eine deutliche Vorliebe $f\"{u}r$ kooperativ erlaufende $Gespr\"{a}che$ zeigen. Um die $G\"{u}ltigkeit$ dieser Perspektive zu $pr\"{u}fen$, wurden in dieser Albeit insgesamt $zw\"{o}lf$ Beratungsgesprache herangezogen. Daraus ergab sich, dass $M\"{a}nner$ im $Gespr\"{a}ich$ statistisch $h\"{a}ufiger$ die anderen $Gespr\"{a}chsteilnehmer$ unterbrechen. Da ein $Gespr\"{a}ch$ ein komplex vernetztes soziales Geschehen ist, sollte diese Statistik bei der Bestimmung der $Gespr\"{a}chsverhalten$ von zwei Geschiechtern keine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Im Anschluss daran habe ich mick mit Hilfe einiger im Internet gesammelten Daten, mit den $Gesp\"{a}chsverhalten$ bei der so genannten Online-Kommunikation befasst. Bei der Online-Kommunikation lassen sich zwei kontrastive verbale $Umg\"{a}nge$ der Geschlechtern beobachten, $n\"{a}mlich$ ein reibungslos ablaufendes IRC(Internet Relay Chatting) und eine $auff\"{a}llige$ Debatte, die mehrfache Konflikte zwischen den Beteiligten zeigt. Um diese $Ph\"{a}nomene$ auf der Basis der $Gespr\"{a}chsanalyse$ zu $erl\"{a}utern$, werden vol allem das Konzept der Kooperation beim $Gespr\"{a}ch$ und die Dynamik der $Gespr\"{a}chsstruktur$ erneut begriffen. $Schlie{\ss}lich$ werden die unterschiedlichen $Gespr\"{a}chsverhalten$ von Frauen und $M\"{a}nnern$ folgend wiedergegeben: Bei realen Face-To-Face-$Gespr\"{a}chen$ setzen Frauen den Schwerpunkt auf die emotionale und interaktive Kooperation, $w\"{a}hrend$ Manner ihn auf die kognitive Kooperation setzen. Dieser Sachverhait $\"{a}ndert$ sich aber bei der Online-Kommunikation. Auch Manner halten die emotionale und interaktive Kooperation $f\"{u}r$ wichtig und $f\"{u}hren$ mehr kooperative und reibungslose $Gespr\"{a}iche$ mit Frauen. Doch in einer Debatte um ein Thema $verh\"{a}lt$ sich jeder Beteiligte anders. Die moisten benutzen die Strategien, die den geringen Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern in Anfangsbedingungen $vergr\"{o}{\ss}ern$, und gleichzeitig die individuellen Unterschiede zwischen demselben Geschiecht verschleichen. Dadurch kann eine Debatte zwischen Geschlechten in Streit ohne Kompromisse geraten.
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Bei verschiedenen $Gespr\"{a}chen$ zwischen Frauen und $M\"{a}nnern$ sind mehrere Unterschiede in $Gespr\"{a}chsstrategien$ und -verhalten des jeweiligen Geschlechts zu beobachten. Herkemmlichen Ansichten nach $f\"{u}hrten$ $M\"{a}inner$ $Gespr\"{a}iche$ mit Frauen eher dominativ, $w\"{a}hrend$ Frauen eine deutliche Vorliebe $f\"{u}r$ kooperativ erlaufende $Gespr\"{a}che$ zeigen. Um die $G\"{u}ltigkeit$ dieser Perspektive zu $pr\"{u}fen$, wurden in dieser Albeit insgesamt $zw\"{o}lf$ Beratungsgesprache herangezogen. Daraus ergab sich, dass $M\"{a}nner$ im $Gespr\"{a}ich$ statistisch $h\"{a}ufiger$ die anderen $Gespr\"{a}chsteilnehmer$ unterbrechen. Da ein $Gespr\"{a}ch$ ein komplex vernetztes soziales Geschehen ist, sollte diese Statistik bei der Bestimmung der $Gespr\"{a}chsverhalten$ von zwei Geschiechtern keine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Im Anschluss daran habe ich mick mit Hilfe einiger im Internet gesammelten Daten, mit den $Gesp\"{a}chsverhalten$ bei der so genannten Online-Kommunikation befasst. Bei der Online-Kommunikation lassen sich zwei kontrastive verbale $Umg\"{a}nge$ der Geschlechtern beobachten, $n\"{a}mlich$ ein reibungslos ablaufendes IRC(Internet Relay Chatting) und eine $auff\"{a}llige$ Debatte, die mehrfache Konflikte zwischen den Beteiligten zeigt. Um diese $Ph\"{a}nomene$ auf der Basis der $Gespr\"{a}chsanalyse$ zu $erl\"{a}utern$, werden vol allem das Konzept der Kooperation beim $Gespr\"{a}ch$ und die Dynamik der $Gespr\"{a}chsstruktur$ erneut begriffen. $Schlie{\ss}lich$ werden die unterschiedlichen $Gespr\"{a}chsverhalten$ von Frauen und $M\"{a}nnern$ folgend wiedergegeben: Bei realen Face-To-Face-$Gespr\"{a}chen$ setzen Frauen den Schwerpunkt auf die emotionale und interaktive Kooperation, $w\"{a}hrend$ Manner ihn auf die kognitive Kooperation setzen. Dieser Sachverhait $\"{a}ndert$ sich aber bei der Online-Kommunikation. Auch Manner halten die emotionale und interaktive Kooperation $f\"{u}r$ wichtig und $f\"{u}hren$ mehr kooperative und reibungslose $Gespr\"{a}iche$ mit Frauen. Doch in einer Debatte um ein Thema $verh\"{a}lt$ sich jeder Beteiligte anders. Die moisten benutzen die Strategien, die den geringen Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern in Anfangsbedingungen $vergr\"{o}{\ss}ern$, und gleichzeitig die individuellen Unterschiede zwischen demselben Geschiecht verschleichen. Dadurch kann eine Debatte zwischen Geschlechten in Streit ohne Kompromisse geraten.
[Kisti 연계] 한국생명과학회 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.3 2009 pp.305-310
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플라스미드 pGKV21에는 229-nt single-strand DNA initiation (ssi) signal이 존재한다. Asymmetric PCR 기법으로 합성된 229-nt ssDNA 단편을 이용하여 실제로 RNA polymerase에 의한 priming ability와 protein interaction을 확인하였다. in vitro primer RNA 합성 실험 결과, 229-nt ssDNA 단편은 filamentous M13 phage의 주형 DNA에서와 비슷한 효율로 시발체 RNA를 합성하였으며, 이 반응은 strand-specific하게 이루어졌다. DNase I footprinting과 gel retardation 실험 결과, RNA polymerase와 SSB 단백질은 229-nt ssDNA 단편에 stable interaction을 하며, 시발체 RNA를 합성하였다. 또한, in vivo 조건 하에서 RNA polymerase의 저해제인 rifampicin을 처리하여 세포내에 ssDNA 중간체가 집적되는 정도를 비교하여 본 결과, 플라스미드 pGKV21은 rifampicin-sensitive RNA polymerase가 상보가닥 합성에 관여 함을 보여 주었다.
Plasmid pGKV21 contains a 229-nucleotide (nt) single-strand DNA initiation (ssi) signal. Using asymmetric PCR, we prepared a small single-stranded (ss) DNA fragment of the ssi signal and, using the 229-nt ssDNA fragment, determined the requirements of RNA polymerase for priming and DNA-protein interaction. The ssi fragment prepared was able to generate primer RNAs with almost the same efficiency as the $M13{\Delta}lac182/229$ phage DNA. However, the cssi (complementary strand of the ssi signal) fragment could not synthesize primer RNAs. This result suggests that the 229-nt ssi signal functions in a strand specific manner. Gel retardation and DNase I footprinting demonstrated that the synthesized ssi fragment could interact with both E. coli RNA polymerase and SSB protein to synthesize primer RNA. In Escherichia coli [pWVAp], an addition of rifampicin resulted in an accumulation of ssDNA, indicating that the host-encoded RNA polymerase is involved in the conversion of ssDNA to double-stranded plasmid DNA.
[Kisti 연계] 한국어병학회 한국어병학회지 Vol.17 No.2 2004 pp.145-149
...SS rRNA) gene sequence enabled us to distinguish the 3 scuticociliate species in a simple and rapid manner, even in the sample containing the three species simultaneously. These data suggest that the multiplex PCR strategy would make it possible to avoid the cumbersome and time-consuming procedures of morphological analysis for the definitive identification of scuticociliates.
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The definitive identification of ciliate species by morphological characteristics relies on time-consuming and laborious staining techniques. Therefore, in this study, we discriminated 3 scuticociliatosis causing species - Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, Uronema marinum and Philasterides dicentrarchi - in cultured olive flounder by multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR based on the species-specific amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SS rRNA) gene sequence enabled us to distinguish the 3 scuticociliate species in a simple and rapid manner, even in the sample containing the three species simultaneously. These data suggest that the multiplex PCR strategy would make it possible to avoid the cumbersome and time-consuming procedures of morphological analysis for the definitive identification of scuticociliates.
응력 특이점을 갖는 필릿 용접구조물의 피로해석을 위한 가상절점법을 이용한 구조응력 계산 기법 고찰
[Kisti 연계] 대한용접접합학회 대한용접접합학회지 Vol.24 No.3 2006 pp.27-33
...ss approach is well known as a mesh-size insensitive fatigue assessment method by using finite element analyses. It is, however, difficult to estimate the structural stress (SS) at weld end points due to stress singularities when shell elements are used. In this study, fatigue evaluations with longitudinal load carrying box fillet weldment under out-of-plane bending load have been performed by using virtual node method (VNM) in order to avoid the problem, which is called the weld end effect. Various combinations of virtual node parameters, such as reference point and virtual node locations, are investigated for the estimation of proper structural stress values applying VNM in a systematic manner. The appropriate guidance of virtual node parameter has been offered for the fillet weldment considered in the study. The structural stress values obtained by VNM have also been validated by comparing the result with finite element model including weld bead. Moreover, the fatigue strength of the fillet weldment based on the equivalent structural stress is shown to be consistent with the master S-N curve.
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Structural stress approach is well known as a mesh-size insensitive fatigue assessment method by using finite element analyses. It is, however, difficult to estimate the structural stress (SS) at weld end points due to stress singularities when shell elements are used. In this study, fatigue evaluations with longitudinal load carrying box fillet weldment under out-of-plane bending load have been performed by using virtual node method (VNM) in order to avoid the problem, which is called the weld end effect. Various combinations of virtual node parameters, such as reference point and virtual node locations, are investigated for the estimation of proper structural stress values applying VNM in a systematic manner. The appropriate guidance of virtual node parameter has been offered for the fillet weldment considered in the study. The structural stress values obtained by VNM have also been validated by comparing the result with finite element model including weld bead. Moreover, the fatigue strength of the fillet weldment based on the equivalent structural stress is shown to be consistent with the master S-N curve.
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