Earticle

대기천 유역은 한강 상류에 위치하고 있으며, 대표적인 고랭지 채소재배단지 중의 하나로 강우기 대규모 탁수를 배출하여 한강 상류의 수질 및 수생태계에 심각한 영향을 미치고 있다. 효과적인 탁수관리 및 정책제안을 위해서는 강우기 하천유량과 탁수(SS)농도의 특성 및 원인분석이 우선시되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 대기천 유역을 대상으로 강우기 유량과 SS농도 사이의 관계를 분석하고 이를 통해 탁수발생 특성을 분석하였다. 연구 결과 보통의 홍수유량상태에서는 다양한 주변 환경요소로 인해 임의적으로 변화하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 첨두홍수량상태에서는 SS농도가 매우 높게 나타났으며, 이는 현장방문관측을 통해 농경지 발생원뿐만 아니라 첨두홍수량에 따른 가파른 계곡과 사면의 붕괴에 의한 영향이 크게 기여한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 통상적인 발생원관리대책과 함께 경지주변 사면안정과 하상유실을 제어할 수 있는 구조적 최적관리방법이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The Daegi-cheon watershed is located in the upper part of the Han River, which has the representative highland vegetable growing complexes. This watershed has a large impact on the water quality and aquatic ecosystem in the upstream of the Han River by discharging a large amount of turbid water during rainfall season. For proposing an efficient turbid water management and policy, the analysis of the characteristics of flow rate and SS and its causes needs to be carried out preferentially. In this study, the relationship between flow rate and SS concentration was analyzed in the Daegi-cheon watershed, and in turn the turbidity characteristics were analyzed. As a result of the study, in the normal flood flow condition, it was shown that SS concentration changed arbitrarily due to various environmental factors. On the other hand, the SS concentration was considerably high in the very high flow condition. Based on the field survey, this could be the reason why the effects of the steep valley and slope collapse according to the very high flow rate as well as the source in the agricultural fields were greatly contributed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a structural best management practice that can stabilize the steep slope and reduce river bed loss along with the typical source managements plans.

본 연구에서는 국내 최대 인공습지인 시화호 인공습지에서 수질정화기능 향상을 위해 수립된 3개의 방안 (물 흐름 개선방안, 혐기성환경 개선을 위한 산소공급장치 설치방안, 탁도유발 물고기 제어방안)에 대한 효율평가 및 습지의 적용성을 제시하였다. 인공습지 하류구역(가로 122m×세로 103m)에 설치한 물 흐름 유도시설에 의한 BOD, SS, TN, TP의 평균 제거효율은 12.8～37.4%로 나타났으며, BOD가 가장 높은 제거효율을 보였다. 이는 습지내 물흐름이 수질정화기능 향상에 매우 중요하며, 시화호 인공습지와 같이 규모가 큰 습지의 경우 유출부의 일부 구간에 물 흐름 개선만으로도 습지의 수질정화기능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 시사한다. 산소공급장치 가동 후 DO농도 증가율이 산기식폭기장치에서 15.5%과 표면폭기장치에서 37.2%를 보였고, 습지내 DO 농도가 낮은 구 역에 한하여 새벽시간에 운영하는 것이 효율적인 것으로 사료된다. 그리고 물고기를 포획을 한 실험군과 대조군 의 평균 탁도가 6.2 NTU와 10.6 NTU로 물고기 포획에 의해 41.5%의 탁도 제거효율을 보였다. 습지내 어류현황 과 하류부의 탁도에 대한 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 체계적인 어류관리 방안이 필요할 것으로 본다.

Three plans(induction of water flow, supply of oxygen into water, control of fish causing resuspension of solids) proposed to improve the pollutant removal efficiency of Sihwa Constructed Wetland(CW) were estimated by considering the their efficiency and application to the wetland. After construction of facility for induction of water flow in lower part(W 122m×L 103m) of the wetland, the mean removal efficiencies of BOD, SS, TN and TP were in range of 12.8～37.4% and BOD was showing the highest efficiency. This result indicates that water flows is one of very important factors in the pollutant removal of wetland, especially near the outlet of a large scale wetland such as Sihwa CW. Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentrations after operation of two oxygen supply systems such as Air Bubble Diffuser and Surface Aeration System increased 15.5% and 27.2%, respectively. For maintaining effective DO concentration in Sihwa CW, the operation of oxygen supply system may be desirable during midnight to dawn in the location in which DO concentration is not enough, for instance less than 2 mg/L in CW. In experiments of the fish removal from Sihwa CW, the mean turbidity was lower in test site(6.2 NTU) than control site(10.6). The removal efficiency of thurbidity by th fish removal from the wetland was 41.5%. Therefore, a relevant fish management through a periodical monitoring of fish and turbidity is needed.

농업용수 수질기준을 초과하는 부영양화된 농업용저수지의 수질개선을 위해 갈대를 이용한 지하흐름 인공습지를 적용하였다. 처리수량이 많고 처리대상 농도가 비교적 낮은 저수지 오염특성상 인공습지의 운영은 수리학적 부하율이 높은 체류시간 6시간 ～ 72시간으로 운영하였다. 체류시간에 따른 수질 항목별 유출농도는 농업용수 수질기준보다 낮게 감소되었으며, 정화효율은 BOD와 COD, SS와 Chl-a는 체류시간 24시간 조건에서 높은 정화효율을 보여 주었으며, 그 이상의 체류시간 연장에서는 정화효율의 뚜렷한 증가를 보이지 않았다. 반면, 질소와 인은 체류시간이 증가할수록 정화효과가 현저히 증가하여 질소는 체류시간 72시간에서, 인은 48시간에서 최고의 정화효율을 나타내었으며, 질소의 정화효과가 특히 우수하게 나타났다. 따라서 저농도의 농업용수 수질개선을 위한 지하흐름습지는 질소 등 오염물질의 정화효과가 우수하고, 용지매수비용의 절감, 모기 등 병충해방지, 친수공간의 안전성 등 이점이 많으므로 넓은 면적의 인공습지 적용시 일부구간에 지하흐름습지의 적용을 검토해 볼 수 있다. 그러나 설치비용상승 및 유지관리 문제 등 여러 가지 측면의 고려가 필요할 것이다.

Constructed wetlands are regarded as an important water treatment system for agricultural water quality improvement and management. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of subsurface flow wetland(SFW), using the Pharagmites australis as macrophytes, and to clarify the basic and essential factors to be considered in the construction and management of constructed wetlands. This study was carried out relatively short hydraulic residence time(HRT), 6hr ～ 72hr (3days), using eutrophic reservoir water with relatively low concentrations of influent and large quantity to be treated. The effluent satisfied the criteria of agricultural water quality. Removal efficiencies of Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), Chemical oxygen demand(COD), Suspended solids(SS) and Chlorophyll a(Chl-a) were high in HRT 24hr, not any more significant increasement of removal efficiencies in HRT 48hr and 72hr. However, removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus increased as HRT increased, showing the highest efficiency at the 72hr of HRT in nitrogen, and 48hr in phosphorous. The SFW was very effective system for reservoir water quality improvement, and had the advantages of the reduction of purchasing cost to land required, lack of odors, and harmful insects, especially mosquito, the improvement of the scenic beauty and minimal risk of public exposure. Therefore, it was evaluated that the SFW was very available water treatment system for the water quality improvement of agricultural reservoir. However, it was need to consider with application of the SFW in high cost of construction and troublesome of management.

조석에 따른 마산만의 수질의 차이를 파악하기 위하여 2016년 초여름(6월)과 여름(7, 8월)의 대조기 1 조석주기 내의 만조와 간조시에 6개의 조사정점에서 slack-tide sampling을 실시하였다. 조사된 모든 수질성분들의 혼합 상태는 SAL과의 사이의 상 관관계를 통하여 잘 설명되고 있다. 초여름과 여름철 공통적으로 하천수 유입 물질인 TURB, DSi, NNN은 주로 보존성 혼합 을, 내부증감 물질인 SS, COD, AMN, H2S는 주로 비보존성 혼합을 나타내었다. 보존성 혼합은 만조와 간조의 수질 사이에 좋은 선형 관계를 나타내었고, 비보존성 혼합은 양자가 각기 다른 변동 양상을 나타내었다. 요인분석을 통하여 만조와 간조의 농도차의 시공간적 변화에 주요한 잠재변수들을 확인할 수 있었다. 초여름의 경우는 갈수기로서 외부유입 물질(allochthonous inputs)이 적으므로 농도차 변화에 주도적으로 영향을 미치는 오염원이 없이 조석, 유역으로부터 자연유입, 내부증감 등의 영 향이 복합적으로 작용하여 4개의 요인(VF1~4)에 고루 분포되어 나타났다. 반면에 여름철의 경우는 하천수의 영향을 받는 ST-1에서 큰 농도차를 나타내는 지표들은 VF1 요인에 집중적으로 포함되어 나타났고, 그 밖에 내부 증감을 나타내는 지표들 로 극명히 구분되어 나타났다. 실제로 항상 안정된 상태의 하구는 존재하지 않는다. Flushing time의 변화 등에 의하여 혼합양 상은 항상 변할 수 있고, 여기에 내부증감으로 end-members의 조건이 변함에 따라 농도차의 발생은 불가피하다. 그러므로 하 구의 수질을 조사할 때 평균적인 수질 자료를 확보하기 위한 시료 채취 방법을 항상 강구할 필요가 있다.

Slack-tide sampling was carried out at 6 stations at high and low tide for a tidal cycle during spring tide of the early summer (June) and summer (July, August) of 2016 to determine the difference of water quality according to tide in Masan Bay, Korea. The mixing regime of all the water quality components investigated was well explained through the correlation with SAL. In the early summer and summer, TURB, DSi and NNN which mainly flow into the bay from the streams and SS, COD, AMN and H2S which mainly indicate the internal sink and source materials have a property of conservative mixing and non-conservative mixing, respectively. The conservative mixing showed a good linear relationship of the water quality between high and low tide, and the non-conservative mixing showed a variation of different pattern each other. Factor analysis performed on the concentration difference data sets between high and low tide helped in identifying the principal latent variables for them. In early summer, multiple effects (tidal action, natural influx and internal sinks and sources etc.) acted in combination for the differences to be distributed evenly in four factors (VF1~4), since there were few allochthonous inputs as a low-water season. On the contrary, in summer, the parameters showing large concentration difference at ST-1 affected by stream water were concentrated in one factor (VF1) and clearly distinguished from the parameters affected by the internal sinks and sources. In fact, there is no estuary (bay) that always maintains steady state flow conditions. The mixing regime of an estuary might be changed at any time due to the change of flushing time, and furthermore the change of end-member conditions due to the internal sinks and sources makes the occurrence of concentration difference inevitable. Therefore, when investigating the water quality of the estuary, it is necessary to take a sampling method considering the tide to obtain average water quality data.

In order to find out the musical features of the Ci Yue works of women writers in the Song Dynasty, this paper confirms all the wo rks of women writers in the Song Dynasty that have survived as c i collections and music scores, and interprets the music features of women writers in the Song Dynasty. This manuscript identifies the features of the Song Dynasty femal e writers’ Ci Yue works, identifies all recorded Song Dynasty femal e Ci Yue(詞樂) writers and their works, and analyzes the musical features of Song Dynasty female Ci Yue. All kinds of word sets and music sets of Ci Yue were statisticall y sorted out, and the development process of Ci Yue was sorted ou t. 〈Song of Bai Shi Dao Ren〉by Jiang Kui in Song Dynasty is t he only Song Dynasty ci score that has been preserved, but it does not include female works. In the collection of Poems in the Grass Hall, there are many female works, and many female works were a dded in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Based on the female ci recor ded in 〈Cao Tang Shi Yu〉 and the study of various ancient music scores, it can be confirmed that there are four kinds of music score s for recording female Ci Yue, which are left over in China and Jap an in the 17th century, 〈Wei’s Music〉, 〈Jiugong Dacheng North-S outh Ci Gong Music〉 and 〈Sui Jin Ci Music〉, 23 female Ci Yue works of the Song Dynasty, 16 writers and 25 scores can be seen. In order to understand the meaning of lyrics and music in the wo rks of female writers, the authors were first divided into upper clas s, common class, and lower class according to their identities, and t he worldview of the lyrics in the works of each class was observe d. Taking advantage of the education and social environment of the ruling class, women of the upper class left a relatively large numbe r of works, as well as many works with themes of love and patriot ism. The works of common women, based on the education they received in their families, generally express the personal emotions of men and women in love and family life. In addition, the lower-class female writers who used to be geisha or maidservants mainly expre ss their resistance to fate and longing for free love in their works d ue to the particularity of their status and occupation. In order to grasp the characteristics of female ci music works, th e composition, rhythm, rhythm and music category are observed. Th e result shows that the female works mainly use the FanZi(凡字)k ey (1=e) and the XiaoGong(小工) key (1=d). The works of the uppe r class women are mainly in seven-tone mode, with the most “Ling” and the second most “Man”. The Meter(節拍) are mainly 2/4 and 4/4. The works of civilian women are mainly in pentatonic mode, a nd the Meter(節拍) are mostly in 2/4 time and Senza Misura(自由節 奏). The number of “Ling” and “Yin or Jin” is more. The works of lower-class women are mainly in pentatonic mode, and the Meter is Senza Misura(自由節奏). There are a large amount of “Ling” and “Y in” in the works. As mentioned above, this manuscript is a translation and musical analysis of ancient music scores from the 17th century, and attempt s to reinterpret the results in the development of Song Ci Yue. The result proves that female Ci Yue in Song Dynasty developed in vari ous forms, and its musical characteristics were developed to the extent that it was clearly distinguished by class. Through this study, we got rid of the previous research on female ci music and proved that it is possible to study music. This paper puts forward the nece ssity of changing the perspective and method of Chinese women’s music research in the future.

This study introduced wastewater treatment method by High Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS). HGMS treatment was high efficient method for various industrial wastewaters. The system is currently research state, but we have surveyed commercialize the technology for industry. In rolling plate process, coolant wastewater was recycled by sedimentation and sand filter system. It needs several large reservoirs and long time to remove suspended solid (SS) like metal fines and iron oxide in hot rolling plate making process. If removing rate of suspended solid in rolling coolant wastewater is improved by using HGMS system, the productivity of working process can be increased and the area of reservoir can be reduced. We manufactured high temperature superconducting HGMS system that had a purpose to treatment of coolant wastewater in rolling plate process. We fabricated the prototypes of magnetic matrix filter consisting of stainless steel 430 mesh, which is a core component in the magnetic separation system. In our basic preliminary experiment using HGMS system, it has been clear that the fine paramagnetic particles in the coolant wastewater obtained from rolling plate process of POSCO can be separated with high efficiency.

본 연구는 체인화편의점과 소형슈퍼마켓의 업력별 생존확률을 카플란-마이어 추정량(Kaplan-Meier estimator)을 적용해 추정하고, 콕스비례해저드모형(Cox proportional hazards model)을 활용해 이들 소형소매업체의 폐업확률에 영향을 미친 요인을 분석함으로써 두 소형소매업체 간 경쟁관계를 고찰한다. 본 연구의 실증분석은 통계청의 ‘전국사업체조사’ 마이크로데이터로부터 추출한 2001∼2017년 기간에 걸친 소매업체 자료에 기초한다. 본 연구의 분석결과에 따르면, 인구대비 체인화편의점이 상대적으로 많은 지역에서 소형슈퍼마켓의 폐업확률이 높았던 반면에, 인구대비 소형슈퍼마켓이 상대적으로 많은 지역에서 체인화편의점의 폐업확률은 오히려 낮았다. 이는 체인화편의점이 지역소매시장에서 소형슈퍼마켓을 단방향으로 대체해왔음을 시사한다. 또한 2000년대 후반기 이후에 대형종합소매업체의 진입은 체인화편의점과 소형슈퍼마켓의 폐업에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이 분석결과에 기초해 본 연구는 유통산업의 규제와 진흥에 대한 정책적 시사점을 제공한다.

This study estimates the survival probability of chained convenience stores (CCSs) and small supermarkets (SSs) by employing a Kaplan-Meier estimator, and applies a Cox proportional hazards model to examine the factors which affect the failure probability of CCSs and SSs. Empirical results indicate that the failure probability of a SS (a CCS) tended to be higher (lower) in a region with relatively more CCSs (more SSs). That is, CCSs have replaced SSs, but the reverse did not occur. In addition, the entry of large retailers have not affected the failure probability of CCs and SSs since the second half of the 2000s

본 연구는 미술비전공 미술치료사가 다양한 미술작업을 체험하며, 그 과정을 통해 경험하는 것은 무엇인지, 미술 작업들이 미술비전공 미술치료사에게 주는 의미는 무엇인지를 탐구하고자 하는 목적을 가진다. 본 연구참여자는 미술치료사 중에서 학부, 석사과정에서 미술을 전공하지 않은 자로 선정하였으며. 연구참여자는 연구자를 포함하 여 총 4명이며 연구자의 저널과 참여자를 대상으로 한 서면인터뷰, 참여자들과 연구자의 미술작업을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 질적 연구 방법 중 하나인 Giorgi의 현상학적 연구 방법을 적용하여 자료를 수집, 분석하였으며 총 7개의 핵심구성 요소와 21개의 하위구성요소가 도출되었다. 본 연구를 통해 미술비전공 미술치료사들이 미술 작업 경험에 관한 연구는 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 미술비전공 미술치료사는 미술작업 수행에 있어서 저항감과 어려움을 경험하면서도 동시에 미술에 대한 애정을 가진다. 둘째, 미술비전공 미술치료사는 다양한 미술작업 체험을 통해 미술에 대한 인식변화와 성장을 경험한다. 셋째, 미술작업은 미술치료사에게 주요한 자원이 자 힘이 되는 것을 재확인하였다. 이를 통해 미술치료사 중 많은 비중을 차지하는 미술비전공 미술치료사들의 미술작업에 대한 이해를 돕고 그들의 성장을 돕는 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이라고 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to inquire what non-art majored therapists experienced in creating artworks, and the meaning of these experiences. Participants in this study were selected among art therapists who did not major in art during their undergraduate or master' s degree. There were a total of four participants in the study including the researcher, and the data was collected through the researcher's journal, written interviews with participants, and artwork created by the participants and the researcher. For this qualitative research, Giorgi’s phenomenological method of analysis was adopted to analyze the collected data. The analyzed data by Giorgi’s analysis method produced seven core components, and twent y one sub-components. The result of what non-art majored therapists experienced in creati ng artworks in the study is as follows. First, these therapists not only experienced resistanc e and difficulties in creating artworks, but simultaneously showed affection towards creatin g art. Second, through the various experiences towards creating artworks, participants felt growth and changes in their perception towards art. Third, it was reconfirmed that the proce ss of art was a powerful tool to art therapists. As the researcher, hope is that this study can become base data to help non-art majored therapists who occupy a large portion of the art therapy profession in their understanding and growth.

Corticosterone is known as a biological stress index in many species including birds. Feather corticosterone concentration (FCC) has increasingly been used as a measure for chronic stress status in broiler chickens. As sample preparation is the first step of analytical process, different techniques of feather matrix disruption need to be validated for obtaining better result in analysing corticosterone extraction. The current study was a validation of pulverizing the feather by bead beater (BB) and surgical scissors (SS) processing prior to corticosterone extraction in feather of broiler chickens. The type of feather processing prior to the hormone extraction may alter the final output. Thereby, finding a standard method according to laboratory facilities is pivotal. This study carried out to determine the effects of feather pulverization methods on the extraction amount of corticosterone in broiler chickens. Feathers were sampled from four weeks old Ross 308 broiler chickens (n = 12 birds). All broiler chickens were kept under the same environmental condition and had access to feed and water. Feather samples were assigned to one of the following processing methods 1) using a BB for pulverizing and 2) using a SS for chopping into tiny pieces. Each sample was duplicated into two wells during enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analysis to improve the accuracy of the obtained data. The results showed lower standard errors and constant output of FCC by using the BB method compared with the SS method. Overall comparison of FCC showed a significantly higher (p < 0.001) amount of the FCC in the BB compared with the SS. Overall, using the BB method is recommended over the SS method for feather processing due to the ability to homogenize a large number of samples simultaneously, ease of use and greater extraction of feather corticosterone.

Using semi-selective (SS-) and selective (Jee-) medium, we identified the pathogens isolated from the symptomatic plants and soils collected from different locations, such as Suwon, Andong, and Youngju, as P. drechsleri, which is Phytophthora root rot causal agent of A. macroephala. At 25℃, these isolates were grown faster on 10% V8A (V8 juice agar) medium than on PDA (potato dextrose agar) with hypal swelling, but no growing was observed at below 5℃ and over 40℃. In order to identity the pathogenicity of each isolate, seedlings of A. macrocephala were inoculated with mycelium -zoospore suspended inoculum, which was prepared by culturing on 10% V8A medium and homogenizing in distilled water. By this method, wide ranges of pathogenicity were observed as follows; 5.0%~26.4% of disease severities concerning the lesion areas of the top plants and 23.5%~72.2% of disease incidences. Therefore, this was considered as a efficient method to identify the pathogenicity of P. drechsleri in large scale screening P-A200073, isolated from in Andong, and P-9755, from the root of symptomatic plant of A. macrocephala in Suwon, showed the highest degree of pathogenicity to the seedlings. By these isolates, lesion areas and disease incidences of the inoculated seedlings were occurred 26.4%~63.% and 25.1%~72.2%, respectively. However, no symptoms were observed in uninoculated control. Same pathogens were reisolated from roots and lower stems of the inoculated plants, but not from leaves.

Sequence similarity in biological databases is used to characterize a newly discovered protein and confirming the existence of its homologs. This is often computationally very expensive. We have implemented a new algorithm that performs sequence similarity search using a pre-search phase. The proposed algorithm works in three phases. As a pre-preparation for Pre-Search, we locate a sequence, similar to the query sequence to extract all common words between the former and the latter. In the second phase, the pre-search phase, we locate all sequenes containing any of the randomly chosen common words. The list is further scanned in the third phase and the results obtained from the second phase are refined using Similarity Search (SS) algorithm, described in the paper. We have preprocessed the Uniref100.FASTA protein database containing 9,757,328 records downloaded from uniprot.org, to suit our application of sequence similarity search. The algorithm is simple and can be applied in various perspectives. These include searching in DNA and protein sequence databases, motif finding, and gene identification search. Pre-Search reduces the search space using much faster simpler algorithm. In large database search, its effect could be phenomenal.

지난 수년간 6시그마는 제조업의 주요 혁신 방법론으로, 품질개선과 경비 절감을 위해 사용되었다. 그러나 스마트공장 확산으로 인한 초 단위 데이터 생성 등, 방대한 양의 데이터를 분석하기 어려운 문제와,오랫동안 정착된 형식적 사용으로 인해, 6시그마의 한계가 지적되었다. 6시그마의 한계를 극복하기 위해, 최근에 빅데이터 기반 6시그마 기법이 연구되고 있다. 빅데이터 기반 6시그마는, 6시그마의 강점인 통계적 검증, 수학적 최적화, 높은 해석력과, 빅데이터 분석의 강점인 기계학습을 모두 활용할 수 있다. 그러나, 최근 연구된 빅데이터 기반 6시그마 기법이 제조공정 및 경영 성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 검증은 미비하다. 이러한 이유로 실무에서는, 빅데이터 기반 6시그마 기법에 대한 신뢰성이 높지 않아 제대로 활용하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 빅데이터 기반 6시그마인 DX SS의 유효성 분석을 통해 제조공정의 효율성에 미치는 영향을 알아본다. 또한 기업에서 이 기법을 성공적으로 도입 및 정착시키기 위한 핵심 성공 정책을 도출한다. 추가적으로, 성공 정책에 대한 연구 없이 전 임직원의 참여가 수반되지 못한 잘못된 정책으로 방법론이 중단된 사례는, 핵심 성공 정책 연구에 대한 중요성을 보여준다. 제조기업들이 본 연구에서 제시하는 방법론을 적극 도입하고 사용하여 성공적인 성과를 거둘 수 있도록 본 연구가 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

Over recent years, 6 Sigma has become a key methodology in manufacturing for quality improvement and cost reduction. However, challenges have arisen due to the difficulty in analyzing large-scale data generated by smart factories and its traditional, formal application. To address these limitations, a big data-based 6 Sigma approach has been developed, integrating the strengths of 6 Sigma and big data analysis, including statistical verification, mathematical optimization, interpretability, and machine learning. Despite its potential, the practical impact of this big data-based 6 Sigma on manufacturing processes and management performance has not been adequately verified, leading to its limited reliability and underutilization in practice. This study investigates the efficiency impact of DX SS, a big data-based 6 Sigma, on manufacturing processes, and identifies key success policies for its effective introduction and implementation in enterprises. The study highlights the importance of involving all executives and employees and researching key success policies, as demonstrated by cases where methodology implementation failed due to incorrect policies. This research aims to assist manufacturing companies in achieving successful outcomes by actively adopting and utilizing the methodologies presented.

제한통성 메탄올 자호세균인 Methylovorus sp. strain SS1은 최적 성장 조건하에서는 소량의 세포외 다당류(EPS)를 생산하였지만, 질소원이 결핍된 성장 조건하에서는 성장속도는 느렸지만 다량의 EPS를 생산하였다. EPS는 배지내의 탄소대 질소 비율이 5.2일 때 가장 많이 생산되었다. EPS 생산을 위한 최적 온도는 30^{\circ}C.$이고 최적 pH는 6.5였다. EPS는 탄수화물과 단백질 및 약간의 피루브산으로 구성되어 있었고, 환원당으로는 다량의 포도당과 소량의 mannose가 존재하였다. 에탄올을 처리한 EPS(EPSae)에는 에탄올을 처리하지 않은 EPS(EPSbe)에 존재하던 피루브산이 존재하지 않았고, EPS보다 단백질의 양도 적고 점성도 낮았다. EPSbe의 점성은 NaCl에 의해 큰 영향을 받았는데, 0.5%(w/v) 농도의 NaCl 용액에서도 점성이 크게 떨어졌으며, 높은 온도에서는 점성이 비가역적으로 크게 증가하였다. Gel filtration 방법으로 조사한 EPSae의 분자량은 $2.5{\times}$10^6$</TEX> - $3.5{\times}$10^6$</TEX>이었다. 냉동건조한 다당류를 전자현미경으로 관찰하였을 때, EPSbe는 섬유모양을 하였고, EPSae는 벌집모양의 망상구조를 하고 있었다.

Mrthylov~orits sp. starin SSl, a restricted facultative methylotrophic bacterium. growing on methanol was found to produce small amount of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) under the optimal growth conditions, while it produced large amount of the polysaccharide under nitrogen limihtion. The optimal ratio of carbon to nitrogen for EPS production were found to be 5.2. The optimal temperature and pH for EPS production were 30^{\circ}C.$ and 6.5, spectively. The EPS consisted of carbohydrate, protein and small amount pyruvic acid. The reducing sugars in the EPS consisted mainly of glucose and a small amount of mannose. The EP!; treated with ethanol (EPSae) was found to have several properties different from those of the EPS which was not treated with ethanol (EPSbe); the EPSae contained no pyruvic acid. It also contained less protein and showed much lower viscosity than the EPSbe. The viscosity of EPSbe was very sensitive to NaCl and decreased t;harply upon exposure of the polysaccharide to even 0.5% (wiv) NaCl solution. The viscosity, however, was increased irreversibly upon exposure of the saccharide to high temperature. The molecular weight of EPS was estimiited to be $2.5{\times}$10^6$</TEX> - $3.5{\times}*$10^6$</TEX> using Sepharose hB column chromatography. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the lyophilized EPSbe and EPSae have a structure of thread-like fibers and a mesh-like structure resembling bee-hive, respectively.

This paper show the 2kW fiber laser cutting properties of SS400. The study was comparison of traditional 4kW $CO_2$ Laser cutting and 2kW Fiber laser cutting characteristics for the application of Industrial 2D Laser Cutting Machine. The laser used in this investigation was an IPG YLU-2000 multi-mode Ytterbium Fiber machine with a maximum power of 2000W and a wave length of 1070 nm. The laser was used in its Continuous Wave (CW) mode with an approximately top hat beam intensity distribution. Fiber laser high quality cuts at a large range of speeds (ranging from 2000 to 3800 mm/min) which has been obtained for the 2.3mm Sheet of SS400. 2kW power Fiber laser cut was able to max. 20mm sheets of SS400 (speed range from 650 to 850 mm/min). Fiber laser cutting used in conventional hole nozzle could cut 12mm SS400 but used in special dual cutting nozzle could cut 20mm SS400.

In the case of using high temperature by coating ceramic/metal, large stress was produced due to difference of thermal expansion coefficient between those. And then lead to delamination. In order to relaxation of the stress A1$_2$O$_3$/SS316 composite powders with $10wt.%Al_2O_3$ compositional gradient and $10wt.%Al_2O_3$ agglomerated powder were made by spray drying method. These powders were sintered to improve the strength and to be plasma sprayed in order to fabricate the FGC(functionally graded coating). The influence of gun power, working distance and Ar pressure on the microstructure of the coating layer was studied in order to optimize the plasma spray conditions. It was proven that the optimum conditions were 40kw gun power, 5cm working distance and $100ft^3/h$ Ar flow for both powders. FGC with 10 compositional steps was fabricated and the total thickness was 1.3mm. FGC was heat treated at $1100^{\circ}C$for 10hours to evaluate the heat resisting characteristics.

SS41 material is welded automatically and is investigated some effects of the welding residual stress on the growth and propagation of fatigue crack, so as to study the fatigue behaviour in the welding residual stress field. The summarized results are as follows; 1) In case of the load amplitude is constant, as the stress ration is changing to 0.1, 0.33 and 0.5 the propagation life is constant but the initiation life decreases. And than, when maximum load or minimum load is constant, s the stress ration increases the initiation life and propagation life. 2) It was shown that the fatigue crack propagation ratio da/dn was almost constant regardless of the stress ratio change at constant load amplitude and that the larger stress ratio, the slower was the fatigue crack propagation ratio. 3) The opening ratio U is influenced by $K_{max}$ but it isn't only the function of $K_{max}$ because data range is very large. 4) The fatigue life of the specimens on tensile compressive residual stress field was decreased and increased respectably more than that of the base metal.

Many rivers and seas have been affected by environmental contamination. Therefore, city water supplies often require a high-degree purification treatment to provide safe drinking water. However, in order to achieve a high-degree purification treatment, a large amount of chlorine has to be added to sterilize city drinking water. The added chlorine reacts chemically with water and forms hypochlorous and chlorine ions. The hypochlorous ionizes with hypochlorous ions and hydrogen ions. As a result, the city water contains a large amount of chlorine ion. As such, when city water is used with domestic boilers, many kinds of heat exchangers, and the engines of vehicle and ships, there are often corrosion problems. In this study, alkali water was electrochemically made by electrolysis of city water, and corrosion properties between alkali and city water were investigated with an electrochemical method. Most of the chlorine ions are thought to not be contained in the alkali water because the alkali water is created in the cathodic chamber with an electrolysis process. In other words, the chlorine ion can be mostly removed by its migration from a cathodic chamber to an anodic chamber. Moreover, the alkali water also contains a large amount of hydroxide ion. The alkali water indicated relatively good corrosion resistance compared to the city water and the city water exhibited a local corrosion pattern due to the chlorine ion created by a high-degree purification treatment. In contrast, the alkali water showed a general corrosion pattern. Consequently, alkali water can be used with cooling water to inhibit local corrosion by chlorine ions in domestic boilers, various heat exchangers and the engine of ships and for structural steel in a marine structure.

Although Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW or TIG welding) is considered as high quality and precision welding process, it also has demerit of low melting rate. Narrow-gap TIG welding which has narrow joint width reduces the groove volume remarkably, so it could be shorten the welding time and decrease the overall shrinkage in heavy wall pipe welding. Generally Narrow-gap TIG welding is used as orbital welding process, it is important to select the optimum conditions for the automatic control welding This paper looks at the application and metallurgical properties on Narrow-gap TIG welding joint of heavy wall large austenitic stainless steel pipe to determine the deposition efficiency, the resultant shrinkage and fracture toughness. The fracture toughness depends slightly on the welding heat input.

This study aims to investigate the color characteristics of female fitnesswear by analyzing the status of color usage and color arrangement method of each item of female fitnesswear of sports brands. This study targeted eight global total sportswear brands. A total of 2956 colors of female sportswear were collected and analyzed from the homepage of each brand. As a result of analyzing the color of fitnesswear, first, the overall color of the fitnesswear showed high distribution centered on PB, Bk and R of low color tone, such as p and dkg. Moreover, bright tone colors were added for vitality and functional image of sports. Second, as a result of analyzing the color of each item, commonly, the PB, Bk and R had large proportions. Third, as a result of analyzing 2-color arrangements of fitnesswear, color arrangements including achromatic color had overwhelmingly higher frequency than color arrangements that had only chromatic colors. This shows that the color arrangement using achromatic color is important and has a higher preference. Fourth, as a result of extracting the representative color arrangement as color chip and comparing, the 2-color arrangement of female fitnesswear had the characteristics of the color arrangement of large area main color and small amounts of emphasized color centered on achromatic colors of Bk and W. This study is meaningful that it can be utilized as basic data for color planning of fitnesswear brands by subdividing female fitnesswear into 4 items and analyzing the color-tone and arrangement.

Eukaryotic replication protein A (RPA) is a single-stranded(ss) DNA binding protein with multiple functions in DNA replication, repair, and genetic recombination. The 70-kDa subunit of eukaryotic RPA contains a conserved four cysteine-type zinc-finger motif that has been implicated in the regulation of DNA replication and repair. Recently, we described a novel function for the zinc-finger motif in the regulation of human RPA's ssDNA binding activity through reduction-oxidation (redox). Here, we show that yeast RPA's ssDNA binding activity is regulated by redox potential through its RPA32 and/or RPA14 subunits. Yeast RPA requires a reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), for its ssDNA binding activity. Also, under non-reducing conditions, its DNA binding activity decreases 20 fold. In contrast, the RPA 70 subunit does not require DTT for its DNA binding activity and is not affected by the redox condition. These results suggest that all three subunits are required for the regulation of RPA's DNA binding activity through redox potential.