Earticle

ㅍ본 연구는 K-WISC-IV 단축형을 네 가지로 구성하고 타당도를 살펴보았다. A와 B형은 무선으로 추출된 정상아동 998명의 자료를 바탕으로 확인적 요인분석과 다중회귀분석을 통하여 구성되었다. A 단축형 공식은 (2.308×VC)+(1.805×SI)+58.688이며, B 단축형 공식은(2.211×VC)+(1.569×LN)+(1.337×MR)+(1.360×SS)+35.118이다. C 단축형은 Sattler(2001)가 제안한 ([VC+BD+SI+CD+LN]× 1.4)+30이며, D 단축형은 Crawford 등(2010)이 제안한 15/Sold×(VC+SI+BD+MR+DS+CD+SS-70)+100 이다. 정상 아동을 대상으로 한타당도 검증에서 A, B, C, D 단축형 모두가 전체 IQ와 실제 전체 IQ가 유의한 차이가 없으면서, 상관이 높았지만, B, C, D 단축형이 웩슬러의 지능 기술적 분류 일치율이 70% 이상으로 나타났다. 지적장애 아동을 대상으로 타당도를 검증했을 때는 B 단축형만이 타당한 것으로나타났으며, 지적장애 3급으로 분류하는 일치율도 83.3%로 높게 나타났다. B 단축형은 대략적인 지능을 빠른 시간 안에 파악할 때 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 생각되나, 세부적인 인지기능에 관련된 정보의 손실, 범주화 분류의 위험성과 같은 단점들이 존재하므로 항상 주의해서 사용해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to introduce 4 short forms for K-WISC-IV and to test the validity of each short form(SF). Both SF A and B were developed based on confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis on data collected from 998 normal children. The formula for SF A was (2.308×VC)+(1.805×SI)+58.688, and that for SF B was (2.211×VC)+(1.569×L N)+(1.337×MR)+(1.360×SS)+35.118. The formula for SF C, developed by Sattler(2001), was ((VC+BD+SI+CD+ LN)×1.4)+30. Lastly, the formula for SF D, developed by Crawford et al(2010) was, 15/Sold×(VC+SI+BD+MR+DS+CD +SS-70)+100. For 998 normal children, the 4 SFs showed no significant differences between actual and estimated IQ. The SF B, C, and D proved to be valid, showing more than 70% concordance rate with Wechsler's intelligence descriptive classification. For 66 children with mild intellectual disability, only SF B showed the best results, showing no significant difference between actual and estimated IQ and 83.3% concordance rate. Therefore, SF B may be the most useful version to identify approximate IQ in a short time. However, it should be always used with cautions because of information loss of detailed cognitive functions and limitations of descriptive classification.

본 연구는 경남 산청군 단성면 운리 산 147에 위치한 도유림 내 천연림의 숲가꾸기 사업 효 과를 파악하기 위하여 숲가꾸기 사업 전(2013-2017년)과 사업 후(2019년)의 실제 강우량과 유출량을 토대로 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석한 결과, 2월부터 4월까지는 회귀식을 이용해 산 정한 유출량보다 실제 유출량이 적었지만 5월과 7월의 경우 실제 유출량이 회귀량보다 약 1.1 배 높게 나타났다. 유출량이 적었던 2월부터 4월까지는 본 산림유역에서 숲가꾸기에 의한 숲의 수관차단량 및 증발산량의 차이가 발휘되지 않은데 기인한 결과로 판단되었다. 숲가꾸기 사업 전의 pH는 평균 6.83이었고, 2019년에는 평균 6.86으로 유사하게 나타나 청정한 계류수로 나 타났다. 전기전도도(EC, μs/cm)는 숲가꾸기 사업 전 평균 30.7 μs/cm, 2019년 평균 24.7 μs/cm로 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 숲가꾸기 사업 전의 연평균 토사유출량은 약 0.9t/ha/yr이 었으며, 숲가꾸기 사업이 종료된 2019년의 토사유출량은 약 1.1t/ha/yr으로 약 0.2t/ha/yr이 증가하였는데, 이는 숲가꾸기로 인한 임지 개활에 따른 강우침식에 의한 영향으로 판단되며, 토사유출량은 자연적인 산림에서 발생하는 연간토사유출량과 유사하였다.

This study conducted a regression analysis based on the actual rainfall and run-off amount before and after the forest cultivation project (2013-2017) and after the project (2019) in order to understand the effects of the natural forest cultivation project in the Doyu Forest located in Unri Mountain 147, Dansung-myeon, Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. According to the analysis, the actual outflow was less than that calculated using the regression formula from February to April, but in May and July, the actual outflow was about 1.1 times higher than the return amount. From February to April, when the amount of run-off was low, it was judged to be the result of the failure of the difference in the amount of water pipe cut-off and evaporation acid in the forest by forest cultivation in this forest basin. The pH before the forest cultivation project averaged 6.83, and in 2019, it was similar to 6.86, showing clean mooring numbers. Electric conductivity (EC, μs/cm) averaged 30.7 ss/cm before the forest cultivation project and 24.7 /s/cm in 2019, which showed no significant difference. The average annual soil outflow before the forest cultivation project was about 0.9t/ha/yr, and the soil outflow in 2019 when the forest cultivation project was completed was about 1.1t/ha/yr, an increase of about 0.2t/ha/yr, which was judged to be due to rainfall erosion caused by forest reclamation, which was similar to annual soil erosion from natural forests.

SS cream and its revised formula, CJ-4001 is topical Chinese herbal drugs for premature ejaculation. To evaluate the genotoxic potentials of these drugs, micronucleus test using Acridine orange (AO) staining method was performed. Acridine orange (AO) staining is adopted in OECD guideline 474 and widely used in micronucleus test. In dose range finding study, no mouse was dead at 2000 mg/kg using single treatment subcutaneously. Therefore, 3 dose levels were chosen at 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg. (omitted)

우리나라에서 대량으로 제기되는 연탄재는 밀도가 낮으면서도 충분한 강도를 가지며 표면적을 많이 제공할 뿐만 아니라 흡착성이 있으므로 고정미생물막공법에서 매질로 사용하여 유기성 폐수를 처리하면 유기물 제거효율이 매우 높을 뿐만 아니라, 처리수의 BOD농도를 표면부하나 용적부하로 계산할 수 있으므로 처리시설의 설제가 용이한 경제적인 폐수처리공법이 될 수 있다. 그러나 연탄재 매질을 장기간 사용하면 원수내의 SS, 성장한 미생물의 탈리 등에 의하여 처리수의 수질이 악화될 수도 있으므로 종말침전지가 요구될 수도 있다.

Briquette ashes, one of important solid wastes in Korea, have relatively high compression strength in spite of their low density, and provide sufficient surface area and some adsorption capacity. Results of this research show that a fixed-film biological process using briquette ashes as media can accomplish BOD removal efficiencies in treating organic wastewaters such as alcoholic waste, diluted nightsoil and sewage , and formula can be derived to determine the effluent BOD concentrations by superficial or volumetric organic loadings. Settling tanks may be required because effluent SS concentration is deteriorated due to the SS in influent or due to the slough-off of slime layer on the media when briquette ashes are utilized for a long period.

칼돌기(xiphoid process)는 복장뼈(sternum)의 가장 하부에 위치한 돌출 구조물로, 태생기에는 물렁뼈로 존재하다가 성장기에 뼈형성 과정을 거치면서 길이·형태·방향성에서 형태적 다양성을 보인다. 본 연구는 한국인 시신을 대상으로 칼돌기의 형태를 분류 하고 체질인류학적 특성을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 포르말린으로 고정된 한국인 성인 시신 125구(남자 81구, 여자 44구, 평균 사망 연령 78.5 ± 10.9세)를 대상으로 칼돌기를 적출하여 관찰하였다. 칼돌기의 형태는 Xie 등의 분류법에 따라 구분하였으며, 타원형 칼돌기는 구멍(foramen)의 크기와 개수에 따라 L형, S형, LS형, SS형으로 세분하였다. 또한 비전형적 변이도 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 타원형은 40.0%(n=50)로 가장 흔하였으며, L형(24.0%), S형(14.4%), LS형과 SS형(각각 0.8%)이 모두 확인되었다. 뾰족형은 33.6%(n=42)에서 관찰되었다. 포크형은 23.2%(n=29)로 나타났으며, 이 중 공통줄기형이 21.6%, 완전 이분화형이 1.6%였다. 이외에도 결손(absence), 세갈래 갈고리형(trifid hook-shaped), 등쪽 꺽임(dorsal deflection), 오른쪽 치우침(right deviation)이 각각 0.8%에서 관찰되었다. 본 연구는 한국인을 대상으로 칼돌기의 형태를 분류하여 유형별 빈도를 제시함으로써, 한국인의 체질인류학적 특성을 규명하였을 뿐만 아니라 법의인류학적 개인 식별 및 임상 진단에 있어 유용한 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

Stature estimation is an important aspect of physical anthropology and forensic science, especially when long bones are missing or fragmented, necessitating alternative skeletal indicators. The sternum, due to its location in the chest, is relatively resistant to damage and may be useful in forensic identification. However, no research for stature estimation using the sternum in Korean population has been reported. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relationship between sternal length and stature and propose equation of statue estimation in Korean population. 56 formalin-fixed Korean adult cadavers (38 males, 18 females, mean age 79.2±10.3 years) were used for this study. The length of manubrium (M), length of body (B), and combined length of sternum (CL) and the stature were measured. Descriptive statistics for all variables were calculated, and comparisons by sex were analyzed using independent samples t-test. The correlation between sternum length and stature was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis. To prove the measurement variables with the highest correlation and their effects on stature, simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to derive a regression equation for estimating stature. Both B and CL showed significant positive correlations with stature in males, females, and the total sample (p<0.05). B showed the highest correlation (males R = 0.748, females R = 0.573, total R = 0.719) and showed the lowest standard error of estimate (SEE) in regression analysis, indicating the highest accuracy. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that combining B and CL increased accuracy in males and in the total sample. This study proposed the first regression equations for stature estimation from sternal length in Koreans. In particular, B was the most powerful candidate for stature estimation in Koreans. For male, Stature = 1218.964 + 5.110 × B - 0.634 × CL, and for female, Stature = 1367.617 + 2.232 × B - 0.202 × CL. This formula may be more appropriate and useful in forensic identification and anthropological research for the Korean population.

In the traditional view the ultimate goal of !IÙssion was to build up the indigenous church which can stand itself carrying out seκ govercúng, self-propagating, self-supporting. For this reason the 버ree-self princip1e was considered the most crucial princip1e in !IÙSsion strategies. At 1east until 1950s there was almost no one who doubted or opposed the formula. Yet with the app끊rance of .Mìssio Dei concept -- which emphasizes the "wodd" instead of the "church"-- in the 1950s, 10ts of criticisms fell on the three-self princip1e which specially focused on indigenous church. Finally in these days the three-self princip1e seems to be considered an antique or use1ess concept not drawing any interest. This article started from the question why this change occurred and whether this kind of negative view toward the princip1e is pro따 or not. With the concern fìrst 1 invl뼈gated the major contents of the 버ree-self formula to find out the strengths and we와ffiesSes of the principle. πlen evaluating all the criticisms on the principles whether or not they are pro야r， 1 found out that it is hard to accept some criticisms though some are valid. on the contrary to the negative view on the principle, 1 recognized that the principle is st피 very useful with lots of strong points and wisdoms for effective church planting ministry in the ffilSSlon fìeld. of course, the three-self principle is not the perfeα fi11SS10n principle as all others are not either. 깐le principle is not the unique answer for solving problems in today’s mission either. In addition there might be some fi11SS10n fìelds where it is hard to apply this formula exactly. However, 1 recognized that the three-self principles is very effective in building up healthy churches. Some scholars in the liberal wing tend to see church planting in the ffilSslon fìeld as the act of imperialistic rnission. However, it is mψossible to think of mission without church, since having Christian faith without community is impossible. One of the most serious problems in m따ly mission fìelds today is the churches that rely only on fi11SS10naries. There are so many churches that cannot stand well without the help of fi11ss10naries though they started 10 - 20 years ago. The worse thing is that there is a high possibility that these churches would dose their doors or be changed to other purposed-building 얹sily as s∞n as fi11SS10narles 않.ve the place. Furthermore, since the church is fragile, so are the seminaries also. The churches cannot provide canclidates for future pastors to the seminaries due to the lack of people, and 바ewise the seminaries cannot send g∞d pastors to the church either. As a res버t of trus, as we can easily e한Ject， the vicious cycle is continued, and the people in the mission field getting relying on missionaries more and more. so the missionaries cannot leave the rrusslon field though there are thousands of places where the more urgent needs are existing. In our missionary enterprises, 외1 our resources and times are ωnited Considering the wide mission fields and the 야!Ople’s needs there, we cannot but evaluate the effectiveness of our missionary works. π1fee- self principles provides abundant ideas and gt피delines to the rrusslOnaries desiring to do effective mi띠stries in the rrusslon fields. If we refer to the three-self principles and try to apply the id않s drawn from the formula, our rrusslOnary works ’'would be much more effective in b띠lcling up churches that grow up strongly and transform their society faithfully.

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This paper analyses Spanish anterior preterite(pretérito anterior) ‘hube + past participle’ which means the immediate past viewed at a past and Korean ‘-ass-?ss-’ which means isolated past from the present, in other words, the past situation which does not continue to the present. For these two different tenses this paper proposes a homogeneous tense meaning structural formula based on the morphological analysis and two distinct interpreting parameters which make different tense meanings in each language.

Objectives : Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is characterized by the loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). In a previous in vitro study, we demonstrated that Sihogyeji-tang (SG), Sihosogan-tang (SS), and Sihocheonggan-tang (SC) have the potential to be candidate medicines for PD. This study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effect of SG, SS, and SC using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse model. Methods : Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally administered with 30 mg/kg of MPTP for 5 days and orally administered SG, SS and SC for 12 days from the first MPTP injection. Motor function was assessed using the pole test and the rotarod test. Dopaminergic neuronal survival in the SN and striatum was evaluated through tyrosine-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Results : MPTP administration resulted in behavioral impairment and dopaminergic neuronal death in the SN and striatum. In the pole test, treatment with SG, SS, and SC alleviated the MPTP-induced motor dysfunction on day 5 and 12. In the rotarod test, SS and SG alleviated the MPTP-induced motor dysfunction on day 5, while only SS showed improvement on day 12. SS and SG significantly protected dopaminergic neurons in the SN from MPTP toxicity, and all three compounds (SG, SS, and SC) showed significant protection in the striatum. Notably, SS demonstrated superior efficacy in suppressing MPTP-induced motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal death compared to SG and SC. Conclusions : These findings suggest that SS is the most effective formula among SG, SS, and SC for PD, indicating its potential role in the treatment of PD.

This study was carried out forecasting of pollution inflow of the Small Mountainous Catchment, namely; Seolma-cheon experimental catchment. Pollutographs of DO, BOD, T-N, Conductivity, T-p, pH. COD, SS from this catchment were obtained from in-situ data of total ten events using QUAL2E-PULS model. From the analysis results, between up stream(Sabang-bridge) and down stream (Memorial-bridge, outlet) obtained relation formula of water quality component. Determination coefficient of relation formula, Conductivity, COD, BOD, DO, pH, T-N, T-P, and SS showed high relation of $0.87{\sim}0.99$. The increases of DO, BOD, COD, and pH concentration of Memorial-bridge were associated with pollution inflow by road building far 2.25km from Sabang-bridge to down stream. The analysis results of QUAL2E-PULS simulation and up/down stream relation formula, pollution amounts of DO, BOD, COD and pH increased at Memorial-bridge and pollution source site. Therefore, pollution inflow can be forecasted exactly by up/down stream relation formula at pollution source site.

Suspended solid (SS) is a particulate matter less than 2 mm in water and an important indicator of Environmental Water Quality. SS was traditionally analysed by weighing in laboratory. Recently, automatic continuous measurement of SS was included as a routine monitoring of Water Tele-Monitoring System (TMS) in Korea by “Law for Environmental Testing and Inspection” and by “Law for Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem Preservation.” However, the standard material for this automated SS analysis is not well defined in the Korean official method. The research used microcrystalline cellulose which is the standard material of ISO 11923 as a reference material and used cellulose fiber medium and Inulin as comparative materials which have same molecular formula with microcrystalline cellulose. Recovery rates of microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose fiber medium, and Inulin were 100.1%, 100.5%, and 30.9%, respectively. Some part of Inulin was dissolved in distilled water, so it cannot be used for the standard material. The variation coefficients of microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose fiber, and inulin were 5.5%, 7.7%, and 6.0%, respectively. The correlations between laboratory SS and TMS results for all materials were very high (r > 0.99). It seems like that microcrystalline cellulose suggested by ISO can be the best standard material for TMS within the conditions tested in this research.

In this study, solid-liquid separation conditions for coagulation and sedimentation experiments using inorganic coagulant (aluminum sulfate and Poly-Aluminum Chloride (PAC)) were optimized with brine wastewater discharged by the epoxy-resin process. When the turbidity and suspended solid (SS) concentration in raw wastewater were 74 NTU and 4.1 mg/L, respectively, their values decreased the lowest in a coagulant dosage of 135.0 - 270.0 mg Al³⁺/L. The epoxy resin was re-dispersed in the upper part of wastewater treated above 405.0 mg Al³⁺/L. The removal efficiencies of turbidity and SS via dosing with aluminum sulfate and PAC were evaluated at initial turbidity and SS of 74 - 630 NTU and 4.1 - 38.5 mg/L, respectively. They increased most in the range from 135.0 - 270.0 mg Al³⁺/L. The solid-liquid separation condition was quantitatively compared to the correlation of SS removal efficiency between the coagulant dosage and SS concentration based on the concentration of aluminum ions. The empirical formula, R = be^aD, shows the relationship between SS removal efficiency (R) and coagulant dosage (D) at 38.5 mg/L; it produced high correlation coefficients (r²) of 0.9871 for aluminum sulfate and 0.9751 for PAC.

본 연구에서는 랫트, 토끼, 닭, 개 등의 각종 동물들의 약물동태학적 파라미터를 이용하여 록시스로마이신의 이종간 예측모델을 수립하였으며, 이때 약물동태학적 파라미터는 반감기, 청소율, 분포용적, 평균체류시간 등을 이용하였다. 이종간 약물동태학적 파라미터의 변화 예측은 체중과 지수적 상관관계 $(Y=aW^b)$를 이용하였으며, 이때 Y는 약물동태학적 파라미터, W는 체중, a는 allometric coefficient를 의미한다. B는 약물동태학적 파라미터와 체중간의 상관관계를 의미하는 비례상수이다. 랫트, 토끼, 닭, 개 등의 약물동태학적 파라미터인 분포용적, 청소율, 반감기, 평균체류시간 등은 체중과 유의한 선형관계를 나타내었다. 본 연구에 의해 수립된 록시스로마이신에 대한 이종간 약물동태학적 파라미터의 이종간 예측모델은 다양한 종의 동물종에 대한 좀 더 정확한 용법용량을 구하는 기초자료로 이용할 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analysis of roxithromycin using pharmacokinetic data. The pharmacokinetic parameters used were $half-life(t_{1/2})$, mean residence time (MRT), clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution at steady state $(V_{ss})$. Relationships between body weight and the pharmacokinetic parameter were based on the empirical formula $Y=aW^b$, where 'Y' is $t_{1/2}$, MRT, Cl, or $V_{ss}$, W the body weight and 'a' is an allometric coefficient (intercept) that is constant for a given drug. The exponential term, 'b', is a proportionality constant that describes the relationship between the pharmacokinetic parameter of interest and body weight. As results of the allometric analyses, the logarithms of $t_{1/2}$, MRT, Cl, and $V_{ss}$ were linearly related to the logarithms of body weight. Results of the current analyses could provide information on appropriate doses of roxithromycin for all species.

The Interaction Picture (IP) method is a valuable alternative to Split-step methods for solving certain types of partial differential equations such as the nonlinear Schr$\ddot{o}$dinger equation or the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Although very similar to the Symmetric Split-step (SS) method in its inner computational structure, the IP method results from a change of unknown and therefore do not involve approximation such as the one resulting from the use of a splitting formula. In its standard form the IP method such as the SS method is used in conjunction with the classical 4th order Runge-Kutta (RK) scheme. However it appears to be relevant to look for RK scheme of higher order so as to improve the accuracy of the IP method. In this paper we investigate 5th order Embedded Runge-Kutta schemes suited to be used in conjunction with the IP method and designed to deliver a local error estimation for adaptive step size control.

Semi-Spherical Continuously Variable Transmission(SS-CVT) is the CVT which transmits power by rolling friction between dry metals, and its outstanding advantage is the ability of realizations of neutral, forward and reverse states without relying on any other devices. A spherical shaped variator transmits power and also changes gear ratio where keeping contact with a output disk. The frictional direction to transmit power and the other direction to change gear ratio are perpendicular to each other, so we can describe that two dimensional rolling friction is occurred in the contact point between the variator and the disk. Since magnitudes or relations of the two forces are completely unknown, they were analyzed by the experiments in this study. We determined the variables related with the friction phenomena by the dimensional analysis, and manufactured the SS-CVT test bench which could measure the related variables. Finally, the empirical formula for evaluating the two friction forces was proposed based on the experimental results.

Environmental policy implementation has been strengthened to protect the source waters in Korea and to improve their water quality. Increasing of non-point source caused water quality problem continuously. Research on runoff from forests, which occupy over 65% of the land in korea, is insufficient, and studies on the characteristics and influences of storm runoff are necessary. In this study, we chose to compare the effects of land use in the form of two types of forest distribution and then gathered data on storm characteristics and runoff properties during rainfall events in these areas. Furthermore, the significance and influences of the discharges were analyzed through correlation analysis, and multilateral runoff characteristics were examined by deducing a formula through $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC regression analysis. At two forest points, for which the basin areas differed from each other, flow changed according to storm quantity and intensity. The peak discharge at point A, where the basin area was big, was high, whereas water-quality fundamental items (BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, and SS) and TOC density were high at point B where the slope and storm intensity were high. Effects of dissolved organic matter were determined through correlation analysis, and the regression formulas for $COD_{Mn}$ and TOC were deduced by regression analysis. It is expected that the data from this study could be useful as basic information in establishing forest management measures.