Earticle

본 논문에서는 900MHz의 ISM대역에서 사용가능한 통신방식 중 직접확산방식의 무선데이터 송수신 시스템을 제안${\cdot}$구현하였다. 특히 송수신기 간에 양방향 통신이 가능하도록 설계함으로써 900MHz 대역의 RF-ID 시스템과 같은 능동형 시스템으로의 확장이 가능하도록 하였다.

In this paper, we propose a wireless data access system, which used direct sequence spread spectrum method and the ISM band with 900MHz radio frequency. By applying bi-directional transmission between wireless transmitter and receiver, it can be effectively connected with any kinds of RF-ID with 900MHz ISM band. Therefore it could economically be used as peripheral equipments for RF-ID system.

3D 프린팅 FDM방식의 재료인 필라멘트 중 차폐성능을 지닌 필라멘트는 국내에 판매되지 않고 있으며 관련 연구도 미비하다. 이에 본 연구는 금속 입자가 함유된 필라멘트의 물성과 방사선의 차폐능력을 평가하여 3D 프린트를 이용한 방사선 차폐체 개발의 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 금속입자 강화재가 함유된 금속 필라멘트 5가지를 선정 후 ASTM의 평가방법을 이용하여 인장강도, 밀도, XRD, 무게측정 등 물성을 평가하고 방사선 차폐능력을 알아보기 위하여 한국산업표준의 방호용구류 시험방법에 따라서 방사선 차폐율을 구하였다. 인장강도는 PLA + SS가 가장 높았고 ABS + W가 가장 낮았으며 밀도는 ABS + W 가 3.13 g/cm3으로 가장 높게 나타났다. XRD결과 시편의 표면의 입자의 XRD peak 패턴이 각 입자 강화재 분말 금속의 패턴과 일치함을 확인 할 수 있어 프린트된 시편이 분말금속이 함유 되었음을 확인하였다. 3D 프린트 복합 필라멘트별 차폐효과는 ABS + W, ABS + Bi, PLA + SS, PLA + Cu, PLA + Al의 순서로 실효원자번호와 밀도에 비례하여 차폐율이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 강화재로 금속 분말이 함유된 금속입자 복합 필라멘트는 방사선의 차폐능력을 가지는 것이 확인되었으며 향후 방사선 차폐용 필라멘트의 사용가능성을 확인하였다.

It is hard to get Filaments which are materials of the 3D printing Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM) method as radiation shielding in Korea. and also related research is insufficient. This study aims to provide basic data for the development of radiation shields using 3D printing by evaluating the physical properties and radiation shielding capabilities of filaments containing metal particles. after selecting five metal filaments containing metal particle reinforcement materials, the radiation shielding rate was calculated according to the Korean Industrial Standard's protective equipment test method to evaluate physical properties such as tensile strength, density, X-ray Diffraction(XRD), and weight measurement using ASTM's evaluation method. In the tensile strength evaluation, PLA + SS was the highest, ABS + W was the lowest, and ABS + W is 3.13 g/cm³ which value was the highest among the composite filaments in the density evaluation. As a result of the XRD, it may be confirmed that the XRD peak pattern of the particles on the surface of the specimen coincides with the pattern of each particle reinforcing material powder metal, and thus it was confirmed that the printed specimen contained powder metal. The shielding effect for each 3D printed composite filament was found to have a high shielding rate in proportion to the effective atomic number and density in the order of ABS + W, ABS + Bi, PLA+SS, PLA + Cu, and PLA + Al. In this study, it was confirmed that the metal particle composite filament containing metal powder as a reinforcing material has radiation shielding ability, and the possibility of using a radiation shielding filament in the future.

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 미세 유체 흐름 측정장치를 이용해서 각 상아질 지각과민 처치제의 적용 과정 중 발생하는 상아 세관액 흐름의 유동을 관찰하고, 상아질 지각과민 처치제 간 적용 후 투과도 감소의 차이를 비교하고자 하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: CEJ 5 mm 하방에서 절단한 소구치를 미세 흐름 측정장치에 연결하여 20 cm $H_2O$의 정수압을 가하였다. 치경부에 상하 3 mm, 근원심 4 mm, 깊이 2 mm의 V자 형태의 5급 와동을 형성하고 smear layer를 제거하기 위해 15초 동안 산 부식한 후 상아질 지각과민 처치제를 적용하였다. 사용된 상아질 지각과민 처치제는 Seal&Protect (SP), SuperSeal (SS), BisBlock (BB), Gluma desensitizer (GL), Bifluoride 12 (BF) 이다. 상아세관액의 흐름은 지각과민 처치제 도포 전부터 도포 후 5분까지 실시간으로 측정되었다. 결과: 실험에 사용한 모든 상아질 지각과민 처치제는 적용 후의 상아세관액 흐름율이 적용 전에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(p < 0.05). SP는 GL과 BF에 비해 유의하게 투과도 감소가 나타났다 (p < 0.05). SS와 BB는 BF에 비해 유의하게 투과도 감소를 보였다 (p < 0.05). 결론: 지각과민 처치제의 도포 과정 동안 각 처치제의 특징적인 상아세관액의 유동을 미세 유체 흐름 측정장치를 통해 관찰 할 수 있었다.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine changes in the dentinal fluid flow (DFF) during desensitizing agent application and to compare permeability after application among the agents. Materials and Methods: A Class 5 cavity was prepared to exposure cervical dentin on an extracted human premolar which was connected to a sub-nanoliter fluid flow measuring device (NFMD) under 20 cm water pressure. DFF was measured from before application of desensitizing agent (Seal&Protect, SP; SuperSeal, SS; BisBlock, BB; Gluma desensitizer, GL; Bi-Fluoride 12, BF) through application procedure to 5 min after application. Results: DFF rate after each desensitizing agent application was significantly reduced when compared to initial DFF rate before application (p < 0.05). SP showed a greater reduction in DFF rate than GL and BF did (p < 0.05). SS and BB showed a greater reduction in DFF rate than BF did (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Characteristic DFF aspect of each desensitizing agent was shown in NFMD during the application procedure.

This study explores the emergence of the 吃-passive construction based on the semantic feature of the verb ‘to eat’ and its cross-linguistic grammaticalization path. The 吃-passive construction first appears in biànwén 變文 during the Tang dynasty. It was broadly used in the Ming dynasty vernacular novels. Its use drastically plunged after the early Qing. In modern Chinese, 吃-passive exists vestigially only in some lexicons such as 吃虧 ‘suffer losses,’ 吃苦 bear hardships,’ 吃驚 ‘be startled.’ By analyzing the occurrences of 吃 in modern Chinese, it is argued that the core meaning of 吃 is not just ‘to eat,’ but ‘to take,’ ‘to accept,’ or ‘to absorb.’ Due to its immanent semantic features of ‘to eat’-type verbs, 吃 was very prone to be grammaticalized into a passive marker. Kuteva et al. (2019) provided 14 different origins of the passive markers. ‘To eat’-type verbs are one of the common sources of a passive marker cross-linguistically. This study explains the development of the ‘to eat’-type verb into a passive marker using the concept of transitivity suggested by Næss(2007). The verb ‘to eat’ type developed into a passive marker via two possible intermediate stages(i.e. reflexive and anticausative). The grammaticalization path of ‘to eat’> reflexive > anticausative > passive marker was instigated due to the (1) low transitivity of the ‘to eat’-type verbs and (2) its inborn nature of “agent affectedness.” As the grammaticalization continues, the verb’s transitivity gradually weakens, and the degree of agent affectedness increases. Finally, the passive construction shows the minimal degree of transitivity. Its subject, whose semantic role is the patient, shows the maximal degree of agent affectedness. In sum, the passive construction is the opposite of the maximally transitive clause.

마산만의 수질변화와 chlorophyll-$a$의 관계를 밝히고자 이 해역을 대표할 수 있는 4개 정점에서 2010년 2월부터 2010년 11월까지 강우와 기온을 포함한 기후학적 요인, 물리 화학적 요인, 그리고 chlorophyll-$a$의 변화를 집중 조사하였다. 그 결과, 수온, 염분, SS, 규산염은 정점별 차이를 보이지 않았으며, COD 및 DIN은 마산만 내만으로 갈수록 증가하였다. 시계열적으로는 여름철 집중 강우 시 마산만 지류 하천 및 낙동강을 통해 담수가 유입되면서 염분의 급강하 및 SS량과 COD의 증가가 나타났다. 영양염류 중 DIN은 여름철 집중강우 시 일시적으로 증가하는 양상을 제외하고는 낮은 농도를 보였고 DIP와 규산염 또한 DIN과 유사한 양상을 보였다. 마산만에서 식물플랑크톤 성장에 영향을 주는 영양염류는 봄철 중반까지 규소와 인이 성장제한인자로 작용하고, 늦봄부터 가을까지는 질소원이 주 성장제한요인으로 작용할 것으로 판단된다. 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 늦겨울부터 봄철까지 chlorophyll-$a$ 농도는 수온, 염분, COD, DIP의 변화에 의해 영향을 받고 있었다. 여름철에는 봄철과 달리, 염분 및 COD, 강수량이 영향을 주고 있어, 여름철 집중강우에 따른 영향인자들에 의해 chlorophyll-$a$가 빠르게 변화됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 마산만 해역의 chlorophyll-$a$의 변화는 영양염류와 같은 화학적 인자의 영향과 함께, 수온 및 강수와 같은 물리적 인자에 의해 크게 영향을 받고 있다.

In order to investigate water quality factors controlling chlorophyll-$a$ concentrations, the by-daily monitoring was conducted from February to November 2010 in 4 stations of Masan Bay. Seasonal variability in physico-chemical factors was mainly controlled by freshwater loading as a result of precipitation: chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids and nutrient concentrations rapidly increase during the heavy rainy season, whereas they decrease in the dry season. From late winter to mid spring, phosphorus and silica sources relative to Redfield ratio were probably functioned as limiting factor for phytoplankton flourishing in surface waters, but nitrogen concentration during mid-spring to autumn might be responsible for the increase of phytoplankton biomass. The multiple regression analysis revealed that variations in chlorophyll-$a$ concentration may be strongly correlated with changes of water temperature, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved inorganic phosphorus in spring, and salinity, chemical oxygen demand and precipitation in summer. Consequently, in the Masan Bay, a heavy rainfall event is an important factor to determine changes of biotic and abiotic factors, and in addition the dynamics of chlorophyll-$a$ concentration are strongly affected by changes of hydrological factors, especially water temperature, precipitation and nutrients.

In diesem Aufsatz geht es um die Frage. womit Leo Weisgerber seine Sprachtheorie entwickelt hat. Er wurde von mehreren Theoretikern und Wissenschaftlern $beeinflu{\ss}t$, wie z. B. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Ernst Cassirer, Wilhelm Wundt, Ferdinand de Saussure usw. Aber in einigen besonderen Bereichen seiner Sprachtheorie wurde or besonders von F. de Saussure stark $beeinflu{\ss}t$. Leo Weisgerber hat sehr viele $Aufs\"{a}tze$ und $B\"{u}cher$ geschrieben. Aber darunter gibt es einige Werke, die seine Sprachtheorie zusarnmenfassend darstellen. Sie sind die folgenden: seine Habillitationsschrift(1925), Muttersprache und Geistesbildung(1929), Grundzuge der inhaltbezogenen Grammatik(1962). Wir haben daher versucht, zu erfurschen, welchen Einfluss Saussure auf diese Werke Weisgerbers ausgeubt hat. In der Habilitationsschrift konnten wir herausfinden, $da{\ss}$ Weisgerber die $Ans\"{a}tze$ Sausssures kritisierend aufgenommen hat. Wahrend Saussure Sprache nicht als einen Organismus betrachtet $h\"{a}lt$ Weisgerber Sprache $f\"{u}r$ einen lebendigen Organismus. $Dar\"{u}her$ hinaus ist nach Weisgerber die Unterscheidung, zwischen langue und parole $unn\"{o}tig$. Leo Weisgerber hat in dem Buch 'Muttersprache und Geistesbildung' seine Zeichen-Theorie zusammenfasst. Da war or damit einverstanden, $da{\ss}$ ein Zeichen aus signifiant und signifie besteht. $Au{\ss}erdem$unterscheidet or Sprache, $\"{a}hnlich$ wie Saussure, wie folgt : das Sprechen, der Sprachbesitz des einzelnen, Sprache als Kulturbesitz einer Gemeinschaft, das allgemein menschliche Prinzip Sprache im Sinne der fuel die Menscheit kennzeichnenden Sprachtaetigkeit. In 'Grundzugo der inhaltbezogenen Grammatik' stellt or dar, wie die Untersuchung der Sprachinhalte $durchgef\"{u}hrt$ werden soll. Nach ihm ist ein Wortinhalt immer $erkl\"{a}rbar$, durch ein Wert in einem Wortfeld. Dieser Begriff 'Wert' entstammt vom 'valour', den Saussure gemacht hat. Aber die Zeichentheorie Weisgerbers ist ein $bi{\ss}chen$ anders geworden. $W\"{a}hrend$ Saussure ein zweidimensionales Zeichenmodel (signifiant und signifie) aufstellt, stellt Weisgerber ein dreidimensionales Zeichenmodell dar, das aus drei Elemente (Lautform - geistige Zwischenwelt - $Au{\ss}enwelt$) besteht. Aus diesen Ergebnissen der Untersuchung konnen wir $schlie{\ss}en$, $da{\ss}$ Weisgerber mehr oder weniger von F. do Saussure beeinflusst wurde.

The present study was carried out to investigate the blood markers of Cheju horses. The blood protein types (biochemical polymorphism) were tested from 73 Cheju native horses (CNH) and 118 Cheju racehorses(CRH) by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (HPAGE), isoelectric focusing (IEF) and starch gel electrophoresis (SGE). At the same time, their phenotypes and gene frequencies were studied. The biochemical polymorphism phenotypes observed with high frequency were A1B-KK(97.3%), ALB-AB(49.3%), AP-SS(100%), ES-II(30.1%), GC-FF(87.7%), HB-BIBI(49.3%), TF-F2R(41.1%), TF-EF2(8.2%), PGD-FF(97.3%), PGM-SS(50.7%), GPI-II(74.0%) in CNH, While A1B-KK(99.2%), ALB-BB(50.8%), AP-SS(99.2%), ES-II(42.4%), ES-IS(14.4%), GC-FF(95.8%), HBB-IB II(39.8%), TF-F2R(21.2%), PGD-FF(77.1%), PGD-SS(4.3%), PGM-SS(72.9%), GPI-II(90.7%) in CRH. Alleles observed with high frequency were $AlB^{K}$(0.986), $ALB^{B}$(0.616), $AP^{S}$(1.000), $ES^{I}$(0.479), $ES^{F}$(0.274), $GC^{F}$(0.938), $GPI^{I}$(0.856), $HB^{BI}$(0.685), $PGD^{F}$(0.993), $PGM^{S}$(0.753), $TF^{F2}$(0.404), $TF^{R}$(0.397) in CNH and $AlB^{K}$(0.996), $ALB^{B}$(0.720), $AP^{S}$(0.996), $ES^{I}$(0.661), $ES^{F}$(0.203), $GC^{F}$(0.979), $GPI^{I}$(0.936), $HB^{BI}$(0.534), $PGD^{F}$(0.864), $PGM^{S}$(0.852), $TF^{F2}$(0.428), $TF^{R}$(0.272) in CRH. $TF^{E}$(0.041) allele and silent gene($ES^{I{^*}}$ : 0.014) were observed in CNH. The mean heterozygosity in CNH and CRH was observed 0.2974 and 0.2864, respectively.

본 연구는 와인 전문 레스토랑에서 서비스스케이프가 고객의 감정반응과 행동의도에 미치는 영향과 감정 반응의 매개 효과로 검정하였다. 모집단은 최근 3개월 이내 서울시내 5성급 관광호텔의 전문레스토랑과 미쉐린 스타 레스토랑에 와인을 전문으로 다루는 소믈리에가 있는 레스토랑을 다녀온 성인으로 온라인 설문조사를 하였다. 총 330부를 수거하여 300부(91%)를 통계에 사용하였다. 통계방법은 빈도분석, 신뢰 및 타당성 검증, 단순회귀 분석 및 다중 회귀 분석을 가설검정에 사용하였다. 서비스스케이프 요인 중 청결성을 제외한 분위기, 쾌적성, 심미성, 공간배치 기능성이 감정 반응에, 공간배치 기능성, 심미성, 분위기, 쾌적성이 행동 의도에 유의하게 나타났다. 감정 반응 매개 효과는 부분적으로 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 와인 레스토랑은 고객의 심미적 감정과 공간배치를 고객 중심적이고, 차별화된 경쟁우위 요인을 개발하여 지속적인 고객창출과 재방문을 유도할 수 있다고 사료된다. 특히, 선행연구 중에 서비스스케이프의 품질은 종사원을 대상으로 설문조사 결과와 본 연구에서 고객을 대상으로 한 결과에서 청결성에 차이가 나타났다. 그 이유는 고객관점에서의 연구가 중요하다는 학문적 시사점과 고객지향적인 마케팅이 중요하다는 실무적 시사점을 추론한 것에 의의가 있다.

This study tested the effect of servicescape (SS) on customers' emotional responses (ER) and behavioural intention (BI) in wine restaurants and the mediated effect of an ER. The sample for this study was adults who have been to a restaurant at a five-star tourist hotel and a Michelin star restaurant with a sommelier specializing in wine in Seoul within the last three months. Through an online survey, a total of 330 copies was collected and 300 of them (91%) were used. In terms of statistical methods, frequency analysis, reliability and validity verification, simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis were used for hypothesis testing. Among SS factors examined in this study, the mood, comfort, aesthetic impression and functions of the spatial arrangement were shown to be significant in the ER, but cleaniness of the place was not. The functions of spatial arrangement, aesthetic impression, mood, and comfort were shown to be significant to the BI, but the mediated effect of ER was only partial. Therefore, wine restaurants can induce a continuous customer creation and re-visit by developing customers' aesthetic feelings and space layout as their customer-centered and differentiated competitive advantages. In particular, during the preceding study, the quality of SS differed in terms of cleanliness when compared in the results of the survey of employees and the results of the survey of customers. This is meaningful in extrapolating the academic importance of studies carried out from customers' viewpoints and the operational importance of customer-oriented marketing.

This study examined the influence of re-growth periods on chemical composition, biomass production, nutritive value and digestion kinetics of Setaria sphacelata (SS) and Cenchrus ciliaris (CC) in ruminally cannulated buffalo bulls. Two re-growth intervals i.e. clipping every month ($CI_1$) and clipping after every two months ($CI_2$) were compared with the control (clipped after 4 months). Mean values of leaf to stem ratio in SS and CC grasses were decreased (p<0.05) with increasing re-growth interval. The lowest leaf to stem ratio was recorded in control plots of both grasses. In both grasses, increasing growth period increased the concentrations of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) and decreased crude protein (CP). Mean dry herbage, OM and CP yields of SS and CC were increased (p<0.05) with increasing re-growth interval. Ruminal DM and NDF digestibilities of SS and CC were decreased (p<0.05) with increasing interval. Ruminal rate of DM and NDF disappearance was higher while the ruminal lag time of these nutrients was lower with monthly than with bi-monthly clipping interval. The results from present study imply that SS and CC clipped after every two months is more beneficial than when clipped every month or every four months in terms of optimal biomass with adequate nutritional value for buffaloes.