Earticle

Data mining is the process of extracting hidden patterns of data. Association rule mining is an important data mining task that finds interesting association among a large set of data item. It may disclose pattern and various kinds of sensitive information. Such information may be protected against unauthorized access. Association rule hiding is one of the techniques of privacy preserving data mining to protect the association rules generated by association rule mining. This paper adopts data distortion technique for hiding sensitive association rules. Algorithms based on this technique either hide a specific rule using data alteration technique or hide the rules depending on the sensitivity of the items to be hidden. In the proposed technique, positions of sensitive items are altered while maintaining the support. The proposed technique uses the idea of representative rules to prune the rules first and then hides the sensitive rules.

1980년대 이래 건축된 대단지 아파트들이 재건축이나 재개발사업사업이 확대되면서 공동주택의 하자담보책임에 관한 소송도 급증하고 있다. 대법원 판례에 의하면, 주택법상 입주자대표회의는 공동주택의 하자보수청구만 행사할 수 있고, 구분소유자는 하자담보의 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. 여기서 하자보수청구의 기산일이 하자담보 손해배상에서 인용되지 않으면, 제척기간의 시효소멸로 인하여 구분소유자의 재산권뿐만 아니라, 다수 입주자의 주거기본권이 침해되는 결과를 초래한다. 따라서 민사재판의 법관은 민법과 주택법 및 집합건물법의 입법목적과 법령의 내용 및 헌법규정에 비추어 기본권보호의무를 충실히 준수해야 한다. 결국 법관이 민사재판에서 헌법의 사인간의 효력을 고려하지 않는다면, 이는 입헌주의에 반하는 재판으로서 전체법질서에서 배제되어야 마땅하다.

As the large scale of apartment complex, which had constructed since 1980s, have been expanded those reconstruction or redevelopment projects, the litigations of Liability against Warranty of Apartment Houses have rapidly increased from middle of 1990s. According to the precedent rule of supreme court on the litigation of liability against warranty of the multiple apartment houses, “tenant representative committee” in ‘the Housing Act’ can claim only the maintenance for liability against warranties in apartment, but the owners of partitioned of apartment can claim the compensation for damage for warranty liability against defects of their apartment as well as it. when the starting point of reckoning to claim of maintenance for liability against warranties hereby would not make decision on acception in the court, the property rights of partitioned owners of apartment and tenant's residence human right may well be injured in due to the nullification of exclusion period. Thereof all judges in civil litigation shall earnestly obey the fiduciary duty of protection for human rights in consideration of the legislative objects and respective contents of both civil law and “the housing act” including “the aggregate building act” as well as constitutional law in the case of liability against warranty in house defects. In the end, if the judge would not take into consideration of the constitutional effect of relationship between respective individuals in civil litigations, those judgment may as well exclude in our legal system because of its unconstitutionality.

20세기 민주주의 이론의 믿음과 달리 대표는 시민의 직접 통치와 참여에 대한 차선책이 아니라 최선의 선택지다. 18세기 말 처음으로 등장한 근대 대표민주주의는 고대 민주주의의 모방물이 아니라 보다 우수한 새로운 민주주의 통치형태로 의도되었으며, 정치적 권리의 평등, 선거의 반복을 통한 엘리트 통제, 그리고 지리적으로 구획된 선거구 체계라는 상이한 요소들로 구성된 근대 선거 제도를 근간으로 삼았다. 20세기 말 이래로 대표민주주의가 직면하고 있는 도전은 바로 이러한 근대 선거 제도의 정당성 위기다. 이에 대해서 현대 정치이론가들은 기존의 선거적 대표와 구별되는 민주적 대표의 이론을 발전시키고 있다. 이들에 따르면 대표는 민주주의의 반영이 아니라 오히려 대표가 민주주의를 구성하는 역할을 담당한다. 또한 대표는 선거 이외에도 다양한 방식으로 가능하다는 점이 인정되며, 또한 대표가 이루어지는 맥락에 의해서 대표 자체가 구성되고 결정된다는 점에 관해서도 활발한 논의가 이루어지고 있다.

Contrary to the belief shared by twentieth-century democratic theorists, representation is not the second-best solution to citizens’ direct participation but the best method for democracy. In the late eighteenth century, the architects and advocates of representative democracy considered the modern form of republican rule not as a copy of the ancient popular government but as what surpassed it. The key to success of modern democracy is its exclusive dependence on the democratic method of election whose main structure is actually three-fold: political equality of right to consent, citizens’ control over their representatives through regularly held elections, and geographically distributed and territorially organized constituencies. It is the legitimacy deficit of this electoral method that poses the recent challenges to representative democracy. Responding to the challenges, the contemporary democratic theorists is developing the theory of democratic representation, which has to be distinguished from electoral representation. According to the theorists, representation is not what reflects democracy but what constitutes it. Moreover, recognizing the plurality of the ways of ‘representing,’ they argue that democratic representation is political activities and relations whose construction depends heavily on its concrete contexts.