Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 빠른 속도로 고령화가 된 한국교회 노인의 건강한 삶을 위해 종교적 성숙의 과제가 필요함을 주장하고, 이를 위해 종교적 성숙에 있어서 본질적인 요인인 하나님과의 관계를 위해 긍정적인 하나님 이미지 형성 및 개발을 위한 교육적 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 노인을 위한 교회교육에 대한 선행연구 탐색을 통해 노인교육의 방향과 과제가 종교적 성숙이 되어야 할 필요성을 주장하고. 인간 삶의 여러 영역에서 종교적 성숙이 어떤 영향을 끼치는지 관련 변인들을 살펴보았다. 종교적 성숙의 과제를 성취하기 위해 성서적 및 신학적 성숙의 개념과 종교심리학적 성숙의 개념을 정리하였고, 종교적 성숙에 있어서 중요한 하나님과의 관계를 위한 하나님 이미지 개념과 성숙한 인간 삶과 관련 있는 변인들을 살펴보았다. 노인의 종교적 성숙을 위해 하나님과의 관계를 올바르게 맺도록 긍정적인 하나님 이미지 형성 및 개발을 위한 교회교육 방안을 지적, 정서적, 행위적 차원에서 제안하였다. 지적인 차원의 교육으로 성서적 및 신학적 하나님 개념을 교육하는 것과 지속적으로 하나님과의 관계를 맺으며 성장과 성숙이 필요한 존재로 노인 스스로를 인식하도록 교육하는 것을 제안하였다. 정서적 차원의 교육으로 노인들의 하나님 이미지의 기원과 형성 과정에 대한 성찰 및 확인하도록 교육할 것과 왜곡된 하나님 이미지 치유하기 위한 교육 상담적 접근으로 교육할 것을 제안하였다. 행위적 차원의 교육으로 다음 세대의 신앙교육에 있어서 부모와 조부모의 역할에 대해 교육할 것과 하나님과의 관계가 삶으로 나타나도록 실천을 유도하는 교육방법을 사용하여 교육할 것을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to argue that religious maturity is necessary for the healthy life of the aged of Korean churches in the rapidly aging society. It is also to suggest educational method for the formation and development of a positive image of God for relations with God, which is essential factor in religious maturity. To this end, this study argues that the direction and task of senior education should be religious maturity through the search for prior research on church education of senior citizens. This study also looked at the variables involved in how religious maturity affects many areas of human life. To achieve the task of religious maturity, the biblical and theological concept of maturity and religious psychological concepts of maturity are summarized, and the concept of God's image for relations with God, which is important in religious maturity, and the variables related to mature human life are examined. This study was proposed methods of church education for the formation and development of a positive image of God in order to have the right relationship with God for the religious maturity of the elderly on intellectual, emotional and behavioral levels. In the intellectual aspect, it was proposed to educate the concept of biblical and theological God and and to educate the elderly to recognize themselves as beings that need to grow and mature in order to constantly establish relationships with God. In the affective aspect, it was proposed to educate the elderly to reflect on and identify the origin and formation process of God's image and to heal their distorted God's image with an educational counseling approach. In the behavioral aspect, it was suggested to educate their roles of faith education for the next generation as parents and grandparents and to educate using educational methods that induce them to practice their relationship with God to appear in daily life.

The relationship between spirituality and personality is a growing area of interest in today's society. Traditional therapeutic movements, such as behavioral and psychoanalytic approaches, were established up mechanistic and naturalistic conceptual foundation that deliberately excluded spiritual perspectives. Since the middle 1970's and through the 1980's the holistic researchers have called for more formal research in human spirituality, particularly in the areas of human development, education, and health care. Significant religious involvement can be a positive correlate of normal personal function- ing. The article has observed that the part of life that is now neglected is the life of the spirit and that the therapeutic community can be of greatest help to people by offering them an opportunity to get in touch with their spiritual nature. Jung emphasized the autonomous or authentic religious function in the unconscious mind and has shown that the psyche possesses by nature a religious function. Religious experience or Spirituality comes from a basic construct or schema of personality.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of religious maturity of Christian teachers in child care centers on teacher-infant interaction, emotional labor and emotional intelligence. The survey was conducted on 173 Christian teachers of early-child classes who work in child care centers in Gyeonggi-do province. For the research analysis, frequency and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient were calculated and regression analysis were conducted. The results are as follows. First, the affective and volitional factors from religious maturity of Christian teachers in child care centers have had a positive influence on the overall teacher-infant interaction. Second, the affective factor from religious maturity of Christian teachers in child care centers have had a negative influence on outward behavior, which is the lower variable of emotional work, and a positive influence on inner behavior. Third, the volitional factor from religious maturity of Christian teachers in child care centers have had a positive influence on perception of self-emotions, perception of others' emotion, emotional application, emotional control, and emotional intelligence overall.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the religious maturity of Christian child care center infant teachers in terms of personal variables and the influence of the religious maturity on their emotional expressions. The subjects were 153 Christian teachers in the child care centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi province who competed the religious maturity survey(Kim, 2006) and emotional expressions survey(Lee, 2008). For data analysis, the authors applied frequency analysis, reliability analysis, independent t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis. The major findings demonstrate that there was a partial significant difference between the sub-variables of ages, marital status, educational background, and teaching experience and religious maturity as a whole. Moreover, emotional expressions were negatively correlated to the doctrinal aspect, but they were positively correlated to the teacher's Christian faith from sub-variables of religious maturity. This study suggests ways to help child care infant teachers improve the ability to express their emotions and develpo their Christian faith with regard to their personal variables. Since the emotional expression of infant teachers has a tendency to be repeatedly formed through interaction with the infant, it is necessary to develop a program including a strategy or a teaching method for improving the quality of interaction and to implement the programs in teacher education such as complementary education.

This study aimed to examine the effects of receptivity to multiculturalism and religious maturity on the marital conflicts of international marriage couples and also verified the mediating effect of communication in relation thereto. We used multiple regression analysis. A total of 216 cases were collected. This study found that a high degree of receptivity to multiculturalism and religious maturity led to low levels of marital conflict. Second, this study found that those respondents having a high degree of receptivity to multiculturalism and religious maturity tended to have high level communication skills. Third, communication was found to have a significant role in reducing marital conflicts among international marriage couples. Fourth, this study revealed that communication had a mediating effect on the relationship between receptivity to multiculturalism and marital conflict and also between religious maturity and marital conflict. This study proved that receptivity to multiculturalism and spiritual maturity are the important antecedents of marital conflicts in international marriage couples and that communication served an important role in the relationships between those variables. This study highlights the importance of receptivity to multiculturalism and religious maturity for international marriage couples, especially Korean-Japanese couples in the FFWP(Family Federation for World Peace and Unification) through empiricall verification.

본 연구는 교회 내의 집단 성경공부가 신자들의 신앙성숙과 복음화에 어떤 효과를 나타내고 있으며, 신앙생활에서 있어서 신자들의 심리적 변화에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는지를 고찰하고자 함이 목적이다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 설정한 네 가지 가설은 집단 성경공부 효과에 의한 ‘신앙성숙의 변화’ ‘신앙생활의 변화’ ‘종교정향의 변화’ ‘심리적 안녕감의 변화’ 등에 대한 변화의 차이를 검증하는 것이었다. 집단 성경공부 프로그램에 참여한 연구대상자는 총 인원이 330명이었다. 10개월 동안 교회 내의 집단 성경공부 프로그램 효과로 나타난 주요 결과들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교회에서 일정한 기간이상 집단으로 성경공부를 할 경우에 신자들의 신앙성숙에서 정적으로 변화가 일어난다. 다만 신앙성숙에서 신앙적 가치관이나 믿음이 중심이 되는 수직적 주제의 성숙이 신앙공동체 활성화를 추구하는 수평적 주제의 성숙보다 우선적으로 더 강하게 나타났다. 둘째, 연구대상자들이 대체로 열성적 신자들임에도 불구하고 집단 성경공부가 심리적 요소들에서 정적인 차이를 보인 것은 성경공부 프로그램 효과가 분명히 나타났고, 더욱이 자신의 생활을 신앙에 헌신하거나 영적 성숙을 위한 노력에서는 유의미한 변화를 보였다. 셋째, 집단 성경공부가 종교정향에 미치는 영향에서도 종교적 환경에 자신감을 가지게 되는 외적 정향이 유의미한 변화가 일어났고, 신앙공동체의 대인관계에 도움이 되는 활성화 측면에서 상호작용적 정향의 변화가 유의미하게 나타났다. 그러나 심리적 안녕감(행복)에 미치는 영향에 있어서는, 집단 성경공부에 참여한 신자들이 어느 정도 성화되었다 할지라도 심층적 심성에서부터 느끼는 심리적 안녕감에 대한 변화의 차이는 유의미하지 않았다.

This study is to investigate what effects group bible study within a Catholic Church has on the faith maturity and evangelicalism of Catholicism and to what degree it has influence on psychological change of Catholics in the aspect of religious life. In order to achieve this purpose, I considered four hypotheses about changes of mature faith index, religious life, religious orientations, and psychological well-being through Group Bible Study. The total subjects who have participated in group bible study are 330 Catholics. The findings from this study which has been done on group bible study for 10 months are as follows; First, in case that Catholics have joined the Group Bible Study for a certain period, they shows positive changes in Mature Faith Index. Besides, the maturity of vertical themes which are based on religious value or belief is more extinct than that of the horizontal themes on activation of religious community. Secondly, Catholics who have participated in Group Bible Study show positive changes in psychological elements, which means the evident effect of Group Bible Study, and show significant changes in commitment to belief and effort for spiritual maturity. Thirdly, regarding the effects of Group Bible Study on Religious Orientations, significant changes come out in external orientation related to Catholics' pride in religious circumstances and in interactional orientation which means activation resulting in personal relationships in religious community. Finally in the aspect of the changes of Psychological Well- Being, the subjects who have been joined group bible study have been consecrated to some degree, but show no significant changes in Psychological Well- Being coming from in- depth mentality.

본 연구는 기독대학생의 신앙경력과 어린 시절에 형성된 부모와의 애착이 하나님 이미지에 미치는 영향과 이렇게 형성된 하나님 이미지가 개인의 신앙성숙에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 아버지의 애착을 통한 하나님 이미지 형성과 어머니의 애착을 통한 하나님 이미지 형성을 구분하여 분석하였고, 개인의 신앙성숙도 3가지 영역인 인지적 신앙성숙, 정의적 신앙성숙, 의지적 신앙성숙으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 본 연구는 기독대학생 428명을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였고, SPSS 18.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 자료를 바탕으로 본 연구는 기술통계, 상관관계 분석, 신뢰도 분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신앙경력은 하나님 이미지, 인지적 신앙성숙에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 신앙경력은 정의적 신앙성숙과 의지적 신앙성숙에는 영향을 미치지 않는다. 기독대학생이 신앙을 가진 기간이 길수록 하나님 이미지도 잘 형성되고 인지적 신앙성숙도 기대해 볼 수 있지만, 하나님에 대한 충성ㆍ신뢰의 관계를 나타내는 정의적 신앙성숙과 삶의 실천적인 차원을 중시하는 의지적 신앙성숙에는 영향을 미치지 못한다. 본 연구는 신앙을 가진 기간이 길다고 하여 성숙한 신앙을 가졌다고 단정 지을 수 없음을 보여준다. 둘째, 부모와 애착 관계는 하나님 이미지에 대한 기초를 제공한다. 본 연구에서 아버지와 애착은 자녀의 하나님 이미지 형성에 영향을 미친다. 아버지와 어떤 애착관계가 형성되었는가에 따라 개인이 인식하는 하나님 이미지도 달라진다. 하지만 이와 반대로 어머니와 애착은 하나님 이미지 형성에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 본 연구는 긍정적인 하나님 이미지 형성을 위해 아버지와 자녀 관계의 중요성을 보여준다. 셋째, 하나님 이미지는 인지적 신앙성숙, 정의적 신앙성숙, 의지적 신앙성숙에 유의미한 영향을 미친다. 하나님을 어떤 존재로 인식하고 받아들이는 것은 신앙성숙에 결정적인 영향을 미친다. 긍정적인 하나님 이미지는 지식적 차원의 하나님의 개념 형성 뿐만 아니라 신앙행동과 신앙인의 삶에 영향을 미치며 신앙성숙에 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구는 기독인으로서 신앙을 오랜 기간 잘 유지하는 것과 가정에서 아버지와 애착관계를 통하여 긍정적인 하나님 이미지를 형성할 수 있고 나아가 신앙성숙을 할 수 있음을 보여준다.

The goal of this study is to analyze what effects the length of religious life of Christian university students and parent attachment in their childhood have on their knowledge of God, and what influences the knowledge of God have on spiritual maturity. In this study, the knowledge of God through father-child attachment and the knowledge of God through mother-child attachment are analyzed separately. Spiritual maturity of individuals is divided into cognitive spiritual maturity, affective spiritual maturity, and intentional spiritual maturity, and they are analyzed respectively. A questionnaire survey was carried out among 428 Christian university students, and this study was analyzed using SPSS18.0. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis were carried out based on the questionnaire survey. The results are as follows. Firstly, the duration of religious life has positive effects on the knowledge of God and cognitive spiritual maturity. There is, however, a correlation between the duration of a university student's religious life and his or her knowledge of God as well as cognitive spiritual maturity. However, the duration of religious life does not influence affective spiritual maturity, which represents loyalty to God and trust in God; nor does it determine intentional spiritual maturity that emphasizes the practical level of life. Second, parent attachment provides the basis for the knowledge of God. In this study, father-child attachment influences the knowledge of God of children. The degree of the knowledge of God varies according to the security of father-child attachment. By contrast, the mother-child attachment does not influence the knowledge of God. This study shows the importance of the relationship between fathers and children in order to build the positive knowledge of God. Third, the knowledge of God has meaningful effects on cognitive, affective, and intentional spiritual maturity. The way children recognize and accept God has a decisive effect on spiritual maturity. A positive knowledge of God influences not only the development of the concept of God but the religious behavior and the life of Christians. This study demonstrates that a positive knowledge of God and spiritual maturity can be achieved by having an enduring and healthy religious life as well as a close attachment to a father at home.

본 연구는 청소년의 부모-자녀관계, 종교 성향 및 영적 성숙도의 관계를 분석한 연구이다. 구체적인 연구문제는 첫째, 부모-자녀관계, 종교 성향, 영적 성숙도의 관계와 구조는 어떠한가? 둘째, 부모-자녀관계, 영적 성숙도의 관계에서 종교 성향의 매개효과는 어떠한가? 이다. 연구를 위하여 전북지역에 소재하는 고등학교 3개교 학생 790명에게 설문조사를 실시하였으며 이중 기독교인 341명의 설문지를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 부모-자녀관계와 종교 성향, 영적 성숙도의 구조적 관계는 적합하였다. 구체적으로 부모와 자녀 간 친밀관계는 내재적 종교 성향과 정적인 관계를 가지고 있었다. 부모와 자녀 간 엄격한 관계는 내․외재적 종교 성향과 유의한 관계를 가지고 있지 않았다. 청소년의 종교 성향 중 내재적 종교 성향이 영적 성숙도에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 더불어 부모-자녀관계와 영적 성숙도의 관계에서 내재적 종교 성향은 완전매개를 하는 변인으로 밝혀졌다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 시사점과 제한점을 기술하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation and structure on parent-child relationships, religious orientation, and spiritual maturity for adolescents. Another pursuing goal is to gain a better understanding of how religious orientation works to be a mediating effect between parent-child relationships and spiritual maturity. This survey was carried out by using questionnaires and the respondents were high school students. They attended three different high schools in Jeollabuk-do. The total number of respondents was seven hundred and ninety students(790). Among them, we selected three hundred and forty-one (341) students who identified themselves as Christians. The results from the structural analysis are as follows: First, the hypothetical model generally seemed to fit a categorical fitness index. Secondly, it appears a positive relation strongly exists between the intimacy of the parent-child relationship and intrinsic religious orientation. However the stern relationship between the parent and child didn't have an effect on the youth's religious life, which aim is to be fruitful intrinsically and extrinsically. Thirdly, it is only intrinsic religious orientation that influences spiritual maturity. In conclusion, we can confirm that religious orientation plays an important role in mediating between parent-child relationships and spiritual maturity. Based on the result of this study, suggestions and limitations were described.

The effects of how matured the faith of Catholic mothers, how well they have been educated religiously, and how satisfied they are with their parental roles on the development of morality in their children were investigated. The participants were 206 preschoolers attending catholic kindergartens. The mothers completed the questionnaires of faith-maturity and parental- role-satisfaction. Children’s development of morality was assessed by both mothers and teachers. The results revealed that the children's morality was best predicted by their mothers' religious educational levels and their display of sacred behaviors, such as talking about God and going to church on Sunday with their children. The mothers’ maturity in faith was positively correlated with their religious education and parental-role-satisfaction. Furthermore, children’s morality was positively related to their mothers’ religious education and parental-role-satisfaction. Finally, the morality was significantly predicted by religious education and parental role satisfaction

[연구 목적] 본 연구의 목적은 가톨릭 청년들의 하느님 이미지와 영적 성숙도의 관계에서 긍정적․부정적 종교 대처의 매개효과를 검증하는 데 있다. [연구 내용] 본 연구에서는 가톨릭 신자 중 만 19세 이상 만 39세 이하의 남녀를 대상으로 하느님 이미지 척도, 종교 대처 척도, 영적 성숙도 척도로 구성된 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 401명의 자료는 SPSS 25.0과 PROCESS Macro 프로그램을 활용하여 상관분석과 매개효과 검증을 중심으로 분석하였다. [결론] 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 하느님 이미지는 영적 성숙도와 유의한 정적 상관을 보였으며, 긍정적 종교 대처와는 정적 상관, 부정적 종교 대처와는 부적 상관을 나타냈다. 또한 긍정적 종교 대처는 하느님 이미지와 영적 성숙도의 관계를 부분적으로 매개한 반면, 부정적 종교 대처의 매개효과는 유의하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 가톨릭 청년들의 영적 성숙을 증진하기 위해 부정적 대처를 감소시키는 접근보다, 긍정적인 하느님 이미지를 형성하고 이를 토대로 긍정적 종교 대처를 강화하는 사목 상담 및 영적 지도 개입이 보다 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다. [주제어] 하느님 이미지, 종교 대처, 영적 성숙도, 가톨릭 청년

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between God image and spiritual maturity among Catholic young adults and to verify the mediating effects of positive and negative religious coping in this relationship. [Contents] To accomplish this purpose, participants were Catholic men and women aged 19 to 39 years. A total of 401 responses were collected using self-report questionnaires measuring God image, religious coping, and spiritual maturity. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS Macro to conduct correlation analyses and mediation analyses. [Conclusions] Based on the results of the study, God image showed a significant positive relationship with spiritual maturity, a positive relationship with positive religious coping, and a negative relationship with negative religious coping. Positive religious coping partially mediated the relationship between God image and spiritual maturity, whereas the mediating effect of negative religious coping was not significant. These findings suggest that, in promoting the spiritual maturity of Catholic young adults, pastoral counseling and spiritual guidance that focus on fostering a positive God image and strengthening positive religious coping may be more effective than approaches that merely aim to reduce negative religious coping. [Keywords] God Image, Religious Coping, Spiritual Maturity, Catholic Young Adults