Earticle

Background : Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication reported in 30?50% of patients who receive homologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although systemic corticosteroids are recommended as primary treatment, approximately 50% develop steroid-refractory GVHD (SR-GVHD) with high mortality. In May 2022, ruxolitinib was approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety for the treatment of SR-GVHD, but there is limited data on treatment responses in Korean patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ruxolitinib in patients with SR-GVHD. Methods : We enrolled patients with GVHD who had received ruxolitinib treatement at Severance Hospital between January 2017 to July 2022. We evaluated the overall response rate (ORR) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) at the time of ruxolitinib discontinuation. Patients and GVHD characteristics were analyzed according to the responder and non-responder groups of ruxolitinib, and the steroid-sparing effect was estimated based on whether the co-administered steroids were reduced. Results : There were no significant differences in baseline patient characteristics and GVHD characteristics between the responder and non-responder groups. The overall responsive rate (ORR) for ruxolitinib was 50% (22 of 44 patients). During the administration of ruxolitinib, 91% of responders and 46% of non-responders experienced a reduction of steroid dose reduction (p<0.01). The NRM was 10% in the responder group and 64% in the non-responder group (p<0.01), and the main cause of death was infection. Conclusion : The results demonstrate that ruxolitinib has a steroid-sparing effect in patients with SR-GVHD, as evidenced by the higher number of patients who experienced steroid dose reduction and the lower NRM in responders than non-responders. This suggests the possibility of reducing steroid-induced infection risk and mortality.

Objective To evaluate the short-term eff ectiveness of pulsed radiofrequency on the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in patients with chronic refractory cervical radicular pain. Method Fifteen patients (13 males, 2 females; mean age, 55.9 years) with chronic radicular pain due to cervical disc herniation or foraminal stenosis refractory to active rehabilitative management, including transforaminal cervical epidural steroid injection and exercise, were selected. All patients received pulsed radiofrequency on the symptomatic cervical dorsal root ganglion and were carefully evaluated for neurologic defi cits and side effects. The clinical outcomes were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a neck disability index (NDI) before treatment, one and three months after treatment. Successful pain relief was defi ned as a 50% or greater reduction in the VAS score as compared with the pre-treatment score. After three months, we categorized the patients’satisfaction. Results The average VAS for radicular pain was reduced signifi cantly from 5.3 at pretreatment to 2.5 at 3 months post-treatment (p<0.05). Eleven of 15 patients (77.3%) after cervical pulsed RF stimulation reported pain relief of 50% or more at the 3 month follow-up. The average NDI was signifi cantly reduced from 44.0% at pretreatment to 35.8% 3 months post-treatment (p<0.05). At 3 months post-treatment, eleven of fi fteen patients (73.3%) were satisfied with their status. No adverse eff ects were observed. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the application of pulsed radiofrequency on DRG might be an effective short-term intervention for chronic refractory cervical radicular pain. Further studies, including a randomized controlled trial with long-term follow-up, are now needed.

The mobile thrombus in the aortic arch is a rare condition, which becomes rarer when associated with cerebral infarction, resulting in disabling complications. Transesophageal echocardiography is useful for detecting the source of thrombi in the heart and aortic arch. Here, we report a case of a patient who suffered from recurrent cerebral infarction four times during the previous 18 months due to mobile thrombus in the aortic arch despite anticoagulant therapy. The thrombus with rocking motion (9.6 and 8 mm) was laid in the top of the aortic arch, and surgical resection was not allowed due to the location. We began anticoagulation therapy initially with heparin followed by a combination of warfarin, aspirin, and atorvastatin with an international normalized ratio between 2 and 3. The size of the aortic thrombi was significantly decreased by 3 mm and stabilized after 18 months.

Objective To investigate the factors affecting prognosis of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) for chronic refractory Achilles tendinopathy (AT).Methods Thirty-six patients (48 consecutive feet) with chronic AT (>6 months) and who underwent ESWT for ‘poor’ or ‘fair’ grade in Roles-Maudsley Score (RMS) after unsuccessful conservative treatment were included in the present study. A maximum of 12 sessions of ESWT were conducted until treatment success: RMS reached ‘good’ or ‘excellent’. Termination of ESWT for no response, or ‘poor’ or ‘fair’ grade was regarded as treatment failure. Immediate outcome, long-term outcome (telephone interview after mean 26 months), and factors affecting treatment success were analyzed.Results Numeric Rating Scale was significantly decreased at immediate and long-term follow-up. Success rate was 71.1% and 90.3%, respectively. Univariate logistic regression identified that immediate treatment success was associated with retrocalcaneal enthesophyte on X-ray (odds ratio [OR], 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01?0.28), pretreatment abnormal ultrasonography echogenicity within Achilles tendon (OR, 18.89; 95% CI, 2.08?171.96), mean duration of ‘post-treatment soreness’ (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33?0.94), and duration of ‘post-treatment soreness after first ESWT’ (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01?0.34). The duration of ‘post-treatment soreness after first ESWT’ was found to be the only factor associated with long-term success (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.10?0.99). Conclusion ESWT appears to be effective in achieving long-term success in chronic refractory AT. Immediate success was associated with absence of retrocalcaneal enthesophyte on X-ray, presence of pretreatment abnormal ultrasonography echogenicity, shorter mean duration of ‘post-treatment soreness’, and shorter duration of ‘post-treatment soreness after first ESWT’. The shorter duration of ‘post-treatment soreness after first ESWT’ was identified as the only positive prognostic parameter in achieving long-term success.

국내의 경우 내화재는 일정 기간이 지나면 대부분 폐기 처분되고 있으며, 폐기되는 내화재의 50% 이상이 탄화되지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 내화재를 색상인식 방법으로 선별하여 재활용 가능성을 검토하였다. 선별기 광원의 색온도가 자연광에 가까운 6,500K에서 순도 97.2%의 회수물을 얻었으며, 자연광에 가까울수록 주변 광원의 간섭이 적어 선별효율이 우수한 것으로 조사되었다. 실험결과 투입 컨베이어 벨트의 속도 800mm/sec에서 순도 98.8%, 회수율 98.1%로 조사되었으며, 시료크기 20∼30mm에서 순도 및 회수율은 각각 98.2%, 98.4%로 조사되었다. 회수물의 순도 및 선별효율은 컨베이어 벨트의 속도가 느릴수록, 시료의 크기가 클수록 향상되는 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나, 본 색상 자동선별 시스템의 처리용량 및 폐내화재의 재활용성 등을 고려할 경우 최적의 선별조건은 색온도 6,500K, 컨베이어 벨트 속도 1,000mm/sec, 시료 크기 20mm이하인 것으로 판단된다. 카메라 해상도를 고정하고 인지 영역을 좁게 하여 시료 크기 -10mm, 벨트컨베이어 속도 1,000mm/sec에서 순도 97%이상, 회수율 및 선별효율이 각각 98%, 96%이상인 것으로 나타났으며, 동일해상도에서 인지영역이 좁을수록 순도 및 선별효율을 높일 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

More than 50% of refractory materials generated from high-temperature melting furnace was not carbonized and could be recycled by adopting proper separation process. In the present work, the separation of refractory materials has studied by adopting color sorting technology to promote the recycling of waste refractory. Purity of the refractory materials was obtained with at 97.2%, color temperature of sorter light source 6,500K, which gives less interference of surrounding light source. Purity and separation efficiency were improved as size is setting bigger and lower conveyer belt speed. It is revealed that optimum conditions were color temperature 6,500K, conveyer belt speed 1,000mm/sec, particle size -20mm, etc. To improve purity and separation efficiency on below 10mm size, the resolution of should be fixed camera and it narrow recognition range. As a result of the study, color sorting technology could be used for separation of waste refractory materials and will contribute to promote the waste recycling.

티오요소를 정광에 적용하여 Au와 Ag를 효과적으로 추출하고자하였다. 티오요소 용출실험 전에 정광을 황산으로 세척하고 그리고 650℃에서 소성시켰다. 이들 정광을 농도별 티오요소로, 온도별로 그리고 pH별로 용출실험을 수행하였다. Au와 Ag의 추출율은 다른 전처리보다 소성정광에서 더 많이 일어났다. 소성정광에서 티오요소 0.8 g과 온도 50℃를 적용하였을 때 Au 최대 추출율 70.83%를 그리고 Ag 최대 추출율 98.12%를 각각 얻었다. Au와 Ag의 용출율은 pH가 감소할수록 증가하였고 용출온도가 증가할수록 증가하였다. 티오요소는 언제나 Au보다 Ag가 더 많이 추출되었다.

This study was extracted effectively to gold and silver from concentrate using thiourea. Before thiourea leaching experiments, the concentrate was treated prewashing by sulfuric acid and roasting at 650℃. The concentrates were conducted at leaching experiment by concentration of thiourea, temperature, and pH. The results showed higher extraction by processing using roasting than other preprocessing. The maximum extraction of gold and silver was found to be 70.83% for gold and 98.12% for silver in the roasted concentrate with the addition of 0.8g of thiourea at 50℃. The leaching rate of gold and silver increased in the thiourea leaching solution with decreased pH and increased temperature. The extraction of Ag was always much greater than Au in the concentrates with the thiourea leaching solution.

현재 EAF 전기로 제강공정에서는 슬래그 중의 MgO 함량을 증가시켜 탈황능과 내화재 수명을 개선시키고자 돌로마이트(백운석) 용제(Flux)를 첨가하고 있으며, 또한 에너지효율을 증가시키기 위해 용강 중에 가탄재를 취입하고 있다. 이러한 견지에서 폐 MgO-C계 내화재를 재활용하는 연구를 진행하였다. 폐 MgO-C계 내화재는 MgO(>70%)과 탄소(>10%)를 대량 함유하고 있기 때문이다. 이런 목적으로 제강 슬래그를 대상으로 해서 폐 MgO-C계 내화재를 첨가하는 효과를 실험하였고 그 결과를 경소 돌로마이트를 첨가한 결과와 비교하여 폐 MgO-C계 내화재 재활용 효과를 평가하였다. 폐 MgO-C계 내화재를 사용해서 얻은 결과가 슬래그 염기도 측면에서 경소 돌로마이트를 사용한 결과와 유사하게 나타남으로써 기존 경소 돌로마이트 대체 가능성을 확인하였다. 특히 폐 MgO-C계 내화재를 사용한 경우에는, 폐 내화재에 다량 함유된 흑연 성분에 의한 슬래그 중의 철산화물과의 환원반응으로 CO가스가 발생하여 생긴 크고 작은 기포들이 관찰되었으며 이로써 슬래그 Foaming 효과를 기대할 수 있는 것으로 확인하였다.

In EAF steelmaking industries, MgO content in slag increases due to the addition of dolomite flux to protect refractory lines of furnaces and improve the desulfurization capability of slag. In addition, coal powder is injected in the molten steel bath to increase the energy efficiency of the process. In this regard, the utilization of waste MgO-C refractory material as a flux was examined because it has high amounts of MgO (>70%) and graphite carbon (>10%). A series of experiments were carried out using industrial EAF slag with added light burnt dolomite and waste MgO refractory material from a Korean steel company. The results for the addition of the two fluxes were similar in terms of slag basicity; therefore, it is expected that waste MgO-C refractory material can successfully replace dolomite flux. In addition, when the waste MgO-C refractory material was added as flux, slag foaming phenomenon was demonstrated because of the reaction between the graphite from the refractory material and iron oxides in the slag.

본 연구는 전기로 제강 공정에서 주로 사용되는 경소돌로마이트를 폐 MgO-C계 내화물을 활용하여 Flux로서 재활용하고, 이를 통하여 슬래그 내 철을 환원하는 기초연구를 진행하였다. 연구에 사용된 슬래그는 국내 단조기업에서 EAF(Electric Arc Furnace) Slag를 공급받아 조성분석을 진행하였다. 이후 FeO, SiO2, Al2O3를 혼합하여 base slag를 제조하였고 1600℃에서 Flux를 혼합하여 EAF slag를 제조하였다. 경소돌로마이트, 생석회와 폐 MgO-C 내화재를 추가한 슬래그와 경소돌로마이트, 생석회만을 Flux로 투입한 슬래그의 화학조성 및 상을 비교하기 위하여 XRD와 XRF 분석을 실시하였다. 염기도는 폐 MgO-C 내화물을 넣은 EAF slag가 2~3 범위로 적정 범위였으며, 슬래그로부터 환원된 철립은 분석결과 Fe함량 97.74%로 확인되었다. 경소돌로마이트 사용량 중 일부를 폐 MgO-C 내화물로 대체하여 제강 환원제로 재활용함으로서, 내화물 내의 탄소 성분으로 인하여 산화 슬래그로부터 제선용 철 품위(50% 이상)을 회수하는 것이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study aimed to determine the methods of employing waste MgO-C refractories as a flux to replace light-burned dolomite mainly used in the electric furnace during the steelmaking process. The slag used in this study was supplied by a domestic forging company, and its chemical composition was analyzed. Subsequently, a base slag was prepared by mixing it with FeO, SiO2, and Al2O3. Next, the base slag was manufactured by mixing it with a flux at 1600℃. To compare the slag with added light-burned dolomite, quicklime, and waste MgO-C refractory and the slag containing only light-burned dolomite and quicklime, the analysis of XRD and XRF was performed. The basicity was within the appropriate range of 2 to 3 for the EAF slag containing MgO-C refractory, and metallic iron reduced from slag was found to have an iron content of 97.74 wt.%. By partially replacing light-burned dolomite with waste MgO-C refractory as a steelmaking reduction agent, it was observed that metallic iron recovery of over 50% from the slag was feasible due to the carbon component in the waste refractories.

현재 전기로(EAF) 제강 공정에서는 내화재 보호 및 탈황능 개선을 위해 MgO 함유 Flux인 경소돌로마이트를 사용하고 있으며, 탈산 효과와 동시에 Slag foaming을 통한 전력에너지를 저감시키기 위해 가탄제를 투입하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 상기 효과들을 경제적으로 달성하기 위해 폐 MgO-C계 내화재를 사용하고자 한다. 폐 MgO-C계 내화재는 현재 대부분 재활용되지 못하고 폐기되고 있는 실정이지만 다량의 MgO와 흑연 성분을 함유하고 있어 제강용 Flux로서의 효용가치가 입증되면 대량 재활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 본 실험에서는상용 EAF slag 조성을 토대로 Target 조성 범위를 설정하였다. Target EAF slag가 원만히 형성될 수 있도록 하기 위해 Flux와 함께 투입될Pre-melt base slag를 제조하였다. Pre-melt base slag는 SiO2, Al2O3, FeO를 혼합하여 알루미나 도가니에 장입 후 1450℃에서 1시간 이상가열하여 제조하였다. 이후 제조된 Pre-melt base slag에 혼합 Flux #2(경소돌로마이트+폐 MgO-C계 내화재+석회석)을 가하여 용융반응시험을 수행하고 그 결과를 기존 제강 Flux에 해당하는 혼합 Flux #1(경소돌로마이트+석회석) 경우와 비교 평가하여 그 대체 가능성을 평가하였다. 신뢰성있는 평가를 도출하기 위해 XRD, XRF 및 Slag foam height, Slag basicity, 철 회수 등의 평가를 종합하였다.

In the steelmaking process using an electric arc furnace (EAF), light-burnt dolomite, which is a flux containing MgO, is used to protect refractory materials and improve desulfurization ability. Furthermore, a recarburizing agent is added to reduce energy consumption via slag foaming and to induce the deoxidation effect. Herein, a waste MgO-C based refractory material was used to achieve the aforementioned effects economically. The waste MgO-C refractory materials contain a significant amount of MgO and graphite components; however, most of these materials are currently discarded instead of being recycled. The mass recycling of waste MgO-C refractory materials would be achievable if their applicability as a flux for steelmaking is proven. Therefore, experiments were performed using a target composition range similar to the commercial EAF slag composition. A pre-melted base slag was prepared by mixing SiO2, Al2O3, and FeO in an alumina crucible and heating at 1450°C for 1 h or more. Subsequently, a mixed flux #2 (a mixture of light-burnt dolomite, waste MgO-C based refractory material, and limestone) was added to the prepared pre-melted base slag and a melting reaction test was performed. Injecting the pre-melted base slag with the flux facilitates the formation of the target EAF slag. These results were compared with that of mixed flux #1 (a mixture of light-burnt dolomite and limestone), which is a conventional steelmaking flux, and the possibility of replacement was evaluated. To obtain a reliable evaluation, characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry were used, and slag foam height, slag basicity, and Fe recovery were calculated.

본 연구는 연속주조 설비에서 턴디쉬 내의 용강이 유출구를 통해 유출될 때 발생되는 와류 유동에 의해 슬래그가 침지 노즐(SEN) 내로 혼입되는 것을 억제하기 위해 턴디쉬 하부의 소정의 위치에 장착하는 내화 조립체에 관한 발명의 사상을 형상 설계로 구체화한 것이다. 이 내화 조립체는 턴디쉬에서 유출되는 용강이 유입되는 유입구와 침지 노즐이 부착되는 유출구가 서로 대향되게 형성되어 있는 하우징과 이 하우징을 경사방향으로 관통하여 미끄럼 이동하는 다수의 구멍이 형성되어 있는 슬라이드 부재로 구성되어, 그 내부 구조는 전체적으로 S자형 용강 유동경로가 형성되도록 되어 있고 그 외부 형상은 턴디쉬 하부의 소정의 위치에서 그 상부 일부가 턴디쉬 용탕 내로 매입되는 상태에서 턴디쉬 내부와 외부 사이에 장착시켜 턴디쉬 내의 용강 유출 시에 어떠한 규모의 와류도 발생하지 않도록 한 것을 주요 특징으로 한다. 이에 따라, 침지 노즐로 유입되는 용강 유량의 조절은 슬라이드 부재의 미끄럼 이동 제어나 종래의 스토퍼에 의해 달성되면서 슬래그의 혼입은 적극 억제하여 용강청정도 향상과 잔류용탕(잔탕)을 최소화하여 실수율을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과를 발휘한다.

This study is an embodiment of the spirit of the invention into a geometrical shape design, which is related to a refractory assembly for preventing carried-over slag by suppressing the vortex flows of the molten steel discharging from tundish in continuous casting process. The refractory assembly is characterized in comprising a housing having a inlet and a outlet, and a slide member having a plurality of holes; the inlet and oulet being opposedly disposed each other, the inlet for the molten steel discharging from a tundish, the outlet for connecting to a submerged entry nozzle (SEN), and the slide member for sliding with being inserted through the slits on the front and rear walls of the assembly; and the overall internal configuration of the assembly for defining a certain “S" shaped flow path for molten steel, the outer shape being suitable to installed snugly between the interior and exterior of the tundish, and the upper part of the assembly being embedded into the molten steel bath within the tundish.

2,600만 수도권 시민들의 식수원인 한강수계의 경우 수질관리를 위해 비점오염원에 대한 관리가 중요하며 특히 비점 오염원이 주요 원인인 유기물질 및 난분해성 물질에 대한 조사가 필요하다. 이번 연구에서는 한강 수계의 주요 3개 하 천(남한강, 북한강, 경안천)의 연간 비강우시 난분해성 유기물질을 포함한 유기물질의 유출특성을 연구하였다. 연구결 과 유기물질 및 난분해성 물질의 경우 용존성 물질의 비율이 높았으며 전체 부하량중 여름철에 대부분의 부하량이 가 장 많았다. 각 하천별 유기물질 및 난분해성 물질의 연간 부하량의 경우 유역면적에 비례하여 남한강, 북한강, 경안천 순서로 나타났다. 각 유역 면적 당 부하량 산정결과 TOC의 경우 경안천, 남한강, 북한강 순서로 나타났으며, R-TOC 의 경우 비교적 일정한 유출특성을 보였다.

As a drinking water source of 26 millions people of Seoul metropolitan region, Han river is one of the most important basin. Managing the Non-point source pollution which is regarded as the main cause of water pollution including refractory organic matter is important thing. This research investigates the runoff characteristics of organic matters from main 3 rivers (South Han, North Han, Kyungan). Water quality measurement items include not only carbon-based TOC (Total Organic Carbon), DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon), POC (Particulate Organic Carbon) but also R-TOC (Refractory Total Organic Carbon), R-DOC (Refractory Dissolved Organic Carbon), R-POC (Refractory Particulate Organic Carbon) is researched. The research shows that R-TOC takes approximately 61∼83% of TOC. Most of the R-TOC is consist of R-DOC (72∼ 77%). Refractory organic matter have a stable runoff characteristics compared to other organic matter. The organic matter concentrations of South Han river and Kyungan river are the highest in spring time and show a gradual decline. The concentrations of Kyunan river is the highest. Kyungan river’s small area and the high city land use ratio seem to be the reason. Loading of organic matter in summer time takes the most loading (62∼84%). TOC loadings per unit area of each river is Kyungan river (1.22 ton/km2), South Han river (1.01 ton/km2), North Han river (0.91 ton/km2).

연구목적: 소방용 배관 보온재의 불연성능 강화와 제연덕트 보온재의 내열성능 향상을 위해 AES소재 단열재의 성능을 시험을 통해 배관보온재 및 제연덕트 보온재에 적합성을 검증하고자 한다. 연구방법: AES 단열재에 대해 불연성능과 내열성능, 단열성능을 시험을 통해 검증한다. 연구결과: ‘건축물 마감 재료의 난연성능 및 화재 확산 방지구조 기준’에 근거하여 불연성 및 가스 유해성 시험 결과 불연성능을 확인하였고, 내화성능 표준시험 결과 내화성능도 확인하였다. 또한, 건축용 단열시험으로 단열성능도 검증하였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 AES 계열 무기질 성분 단열재에 대한 성능시험으로 불연성능, 내화성 능, 단열성능이 입증됨에 따라 건축물의 화재확산 방지성능을 개선하는데 좋은 대안이 될 것으로 사료 된다.

Purpose: To enhance the non-combustibility of fire protection piping insulation and improve the heat resistance of smoke extraction duct insulation, I plan to verify the suitability of AES insulation materials for these applications through performance testing. Method: The non-combustibility, heat resistance, and thermal insulation performance of AES insulation materials will be verified through various tests. Result: According to the 'Standards for Flame Retardancy and Fire Spread Prevention of Building Finishing Materials,' the results of non-combustibility and gas toxicity tests confirmed the non-combustible properties. The standard fire resistance tests verified the fire resistance performance. Additionally, the thermal insulation performance was confirmed through building insulation tests. Conclusion: As the performance tests on AES inorganic insulation materials have proven their noncombustibility, fire resistance, and thermal insulation performance, these materials are considered a viable alternative for improving fire spread prevention in buildings.

집중강우, 장마 및 태풍의 직접적인 영향을 배재한 기간 동안에 안동호와 진양호의 상류하천으로부터 발생되는 DOM과 RDOM의 부하량(DOC 기준)은, 안동호 상류하천에서 5.01-7.29(×102 kg/day)였고, 진양호 상류하천에서 1.23-3.75(×103 kg/day)이었다. 진양호 상류 두 개의 하천에서 진양호로 유입되는 DOM과 RDOM의 발생비율은 SS 발생비율과 높은 상관성(R2>0.8)을 나타내었으므로 장비사용과 장기간의 실험기간을 요구하는 DOC 및 RDOC 분석에 대체할 수 있는 신속 ․ 경제적인 지표로써 SS 수질인자를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 안동호와 진양호는 여름철 강한 강우 이후기간동안에 DOM 및 RDOM의 증가를 야기하고, 여름철 강우 이전 기간동안에도 DOM 및 RDOM에 대한 제어기능을 가지지 못하였다. 따라서 이들 두 호소수의 DOM 및 RDOM에 대한 수질적 개선을 위해서는 호소 상류유역의 비점오염원 자체의 제거가 이루어지거나, 호소로 유입되기 전에 이를 제어할 수 있는 완충지의 확보가 필요하다.

Variations of load in both DOM and RDOM of inflowing rivers to lakes were in the range of 5.01-7.29(×102 kg/day) for AD lake and 1.23-3.75(×103 kg/day) for JY lake during the research period excluding the period directly affected by the strong rainy season and the monsoon and typhoon season. We observed a good relationship(R2>0.8) between SS load and DOM load (including RDOM) in both inflowing rivers to JY lake. Therefore, it was determined that SS would be an alternative parameter with a rapid and energy-efficient method for the analysis of both DOC and RDOC, which require the analytical equipment and a long time period. Both AD lake and JY lake may act as a DOM(including RDOM) source through primary production in the fall season. Because AD lake and JY lake may not act as a DOM buffer zone, both lakes couldn't control the DOM and RDOM in spring before the rainy season. Therefore to improve water quality in downstream rivers is needed to remove pollutants such as DOM and RDOM before inflowing to these lakes in upstream rivers, or to have the unique landscape of wetlands as a buffer zone.

Materials (refractory, stone) of iron making furnace excavated from Kalcheon were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray fluorescence(XRF), and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Chemical composition of the refractory materials were in weight ratio, which were the typical components presented in common clay. The results of chemical analysis for the stone and the glaze coated, alkali ion(K, Na, Ca) components of the glaze contained high concentration than that the stone. It was suggested that this change had a close relationship with the kinds of fuels used.

플라즈마토치 용융로에 있어서 내화물의 보수를 최소화하고 용융물의 배출을 원활하게 하기 위해서는 처리대상 폐기물의 물성을 충분히 고려하여야 한다. 원전에서 발생되는 비가연성 방사성폐기물 중 많은 비중을 차지하고 있는 콘크리트 조각, 유리, 모래 등에 대한 화학적 조성비를 조사하여 보면 산성산화물이 염기성산화물에 비해 압도적으로 많은 비중을 차지하고 있으므로 용융 시 염기도가 매우 낮은 산성 슬래그가 된다. 이 용융슬래그는 유동도가 낮아서 용융물의 배출특성이 좋지 않으며 내화물에 침식을 유발시키는 주된 요인이 된다. 경사형 구조의 측면 출탕구를 가진 플라즈마토치 용융로의 경우, 구조상출탕 후 일정량의 금속성 용융물이 항상 용융로 내부 바닥과 출탕구에 남게 된다. 비중차에 의해 비금속 용융슬래그는 금속성 용융물 상부에 위치하게 되며 혼합형 플라즈마토치를 이행형 운전모드로 가동하게 되면 금속성 용융물과 비금속 용융물이 동시에 용융되므로 비금속 용융슬래그의 온도는 금속 용융온도 이상으로 유지가 된다. 내화물의 수명 향상을 위해 용융로내부의 온도와 용융물과 접촉하는 부위와 접촉되지 않는 부위를 구별하여 내화물의 특성을 주지하고 가장 적합한 내화물을부위별로 선정하였다. 산성 내화물과 염기성 내화물이 인접하지 않도록 하고 용융슬래그에 대한 저항성을 높이도록 하였다.

The properties of wastes for melting need to be considered to minimize the maintenance of refractory and to discharge the molten slags smoothly from a plasma torch melter. When the nonflammable wastes from nuclear facilities such as concrete debris, glass, sand, etc., are melted, they become acid slags with low basicity since the chemical composition has much more acid oxides than basic oxides. A molten slag does not have good characteristics of discharge and is mainly responsible for the refractory erosion due to its low liquidity. In case of a stationary plasma torch melter with a slant tapping port on the wall, a fixed amount of molten slags remains inside of tapping hole as well as the melter inside after tapping out. Nonmetallic slags keep the temperature higher than melting point of metal because metallic slags located on the bottom of melter by specific gravity difference are simultaneously melted when dual mode plasma torch operates in transferred mode. In order to minimize the refractory erosion, the compatible refractories are selected considering the temperature inside the melter and the melting behavior of slags whether to contact or noncontact with molten slags. An acidic refractory shall not be installed in adjacent to a basic refractory for the resistibility against corrosion.

This case report describes a 60-year-old man who had reflux symptoms despite treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Korean traditional medicine, including a herbal prescription, acupuncture, and moxibustion was administered to the patient during his 19 days of hospitalization. The visual analogue scale (VAS), gastrointestinal scale (GIS), and gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) scores were assessed on the dates of admission and discharge. An abdominal examination, which is one of the Korean medicine diagnostic tools, was performed every day to evaluate the treatment progress. During the treatment, the improvement of symptoms was clinically correlated with abdominal examination outcomes. We suggest that administration of traditional Korean Medicine on PPI-refractory GERD patients could be effective and we recommend utilization of the abdominal examination as an assessment tool for Korean Medicine treatment.

목 적 : 성장호르몬 분비를 촉진하는 ghrelin는 여러 질병에서의 역할은 아직까지 잘 알려져 있지 않았다. 그러나 최근에 ghrelin 유전자 변이가 비만과 당뇨병과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 현재까지 보고된 ghrelin 유전자 이상으로는 SNP인 Arg51Gln, Leu72Met, G274A가 있으며 이중 가장 흔한 이상인 Leu72Met 변이이다. 일반적으로 ghrelin 유전자의 Leu72Met와 같은 diallelic 다형성을 스크리닝하는데 SSCP, RFLP, sequencing 등이 사용되어 왔으나 향후 비만 환자들에서 가장 효과적이고 정확하게, 손쉽게 ghrelin 유전자의 Leu72Met 다형성 분석을 검출할 수 있는 스크리닝 방법을 찾아 임상적 적용에 이용하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 비만소아에서 ghrelin 유전자의 Leu72Met 다형성 분석을 PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP와 ARMS 분석 방법을 이용하여 비교분석하고 이들의 검사방법의 장단점을 알아보았다. 결 과 : PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP와 ARMS 분석 모두에서 allele 특이산물의 밴드가 뚜렷이 구별할 수 있었으며 상기 방법에 의한 결과는 모두에서 일치하였다. PCR-SSCP 방법은 점돌연변이의 존재 여부를 많은 시료를 대상으로 쉽게 분자학적 스크리닝할 수 있는 장점이 있으나 조작이 간단하지 않고 비용부담이 많다. BsrI 제한효소를 이용한 PCR-RFLP법은 비교적 용이하고 간단하여 널리 쓰이는 방법이지만 충분한 고농도의 DNA가 필요하며 전기영동 결과의 올바른 해석이 쉽지 않았다. 이에 비하여 ARMS 분석법은 위의 방법들보다는 간편하여 검사의 소요시간도 짧으며, 검출률이 높고 결과 해석이 매우 쉬웠다. 결 론 : 따라서 본 실험에서 시행한 ghrelin의 Leu72Met 유전자의 다형성을 결정하는 방법 중에는 ARMS 분석법이 정확하고 검사 분석법 및 결과 해석이 매우 쉽고 검사의 소요시간도 짧아 대량 검체에 적용에 매우 효과적으로 사료된다.

Purpose : The role of ghrelin, which promotes the secretion of growth hormone, was not well known until now. Recently it was found that the mutation of ghrelin gene is related to obesity and diabetes. This study is to find the screening method that can easily and effectively detect the polymorphism of Leu72Met in ghrelin gene of obesity patients and apply it to clinical usage. Methods : We compared PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP and ARMS methodologies for analyzing of the polymorphism of Leu72Met in ghrelin gene of obesity children, and also studied the merits and demerits of these methodologies. Results : In this study, we were able to find out the band of peculiar allele of Leu72Met in ghrelin gene using PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP and ARMS analyses. The polymorphism of Leu72Met in ghrelin gene determined by all above methodologies was in complete agreement. Compared to the PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP, ARMS analysis is simple, inexpensive and also consume less time. It is very sensitive to analyze the polymorphism and easy to understand the results of test. Conclusion : Though PCR-RFLP, PCR-SSCP and ARMS analyses were sensitive to analyze the polymorphism of Leu72Met in ghrelin gene, ARMS analysis appears to be more efficient than PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP. Therefore, we conclude that ARMS analysis is suitable to analyze the polymorphism of Leu72Met in ghrelin gene for large quantity of specimens.