Earticle

익산 미륵사지 석탑은 백제 무왕대(639년)에 기초부가 조성되면서 창건된 것으로 알려져 왔다. 석탑의 주요 부재는 중생대 쥐라기에 생성된 미륵산의 중조립질 회백색 흑운모화강암으로서 조암광물은 석영, 장석, 흑운모, 백운모와 인회석 및 갈염석 등으로 구성되어 있다. 대부분의 부재는 비교적 강한 물성을 가지고 있으나 장기간 풍화를 거치면서 전체적인 내구성은 중간풍화(MW: 883㎏f/㎤) 정도까지 약화되었다. 이 과정에서 부재의 강도에 영향을 주는 휨, 전단 및 압축력의 저하에 따라 절단(31%), 결실(57%), 균열(44%) 등의 손상이 발생하였다. 원부재는 보존처리를 통해 재사용율을 약 74%까지 높일 수 있으며, 일부 결실과 절단된 부재를 신석재로 성형할 부재가 약 55개 정도이다. 재사용이 거의 불가능한 26%의 외면석과 적심석 일부는 탑의 구조적 안정성을 유지하기 위해 신석재로의 대체가 불가피하다. 따라서 익산지역의 채석장을 중심으로 석탑과 동일한 암석을 탐색한 결과, 황등지역의 석재가 미륵사지 석탑의 원부재와 가장 유사하고 안정적인 물성을 보였다.

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda was built foundation in the reign of King Moo (AD 639) in the Baekje Kingdom of ancient Korea. The stone properties of the pagoda were quarried from Mountain Mireuk, which are medium to coarse-grained light gray biotite granite formed during the Jurassic, and are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, muscovite, apatite and allanite. It was strong relatively but became weak from prolonged weathering, and as a result its durability fell to 883㎏f/㎤ (moderate weathering degree). In the process, cut-off (31%), deletion (57%) and crack (44%) occurred in foundation materials by the influence of bending, shear and compressive force. Hereat, the original materials were treated through a preservation process. As a result, approximately 74% of original materials have been able to be reused, inclusive of 55 materials that were to be partially replaced by new stones. On the other hand, it is inevitable that the other 26% including exterior stones and support-based stones have to be partially replaced by new stones. It implies that there is a need to find stones that are identical or similar to those of the pagoda. Consequently, a lithological study was conducted on stones in quarries located in Iksan and an investigation was made into their properties. The results showed that stones in the Hwangdeung area were most similar to those of the pagoda mineralogically and their properties were most stable.

The purpose of this study is to scientifically analyze the rocks of the Obongsan Mountain in Boseong, Jeollanam-do, which contains the largest extant quarry of Gudlejang (flat stone for heating) in Korea, and to scientifically determine the petrological characteristics of the area and the reasons for its use as a quarry. The rocks in the quarry are composed of light-green lapilli tuff, containing various types of lithic fragments and crystalline fragments in a vitreous matrix consisting of the fine feldspar crystals. The main constituent minerals were identified as quartz, plagioclase, mica, chlorite and opaque minerals. When the major element compositions were plotted on a Na2O+K2O versus SiO2 diagram, all samples were situated in the same compositional area as rhyolite. In addition, the result of magnetic susceptibility measurement also showed a similar range of values, of 1.30 ∼ 4.85 (×10-3 SI), indicating that samples were fractionated from the same magma. Both rock types showed similar apparent specific gravity values of 2.32 ~ 2.60. In particular, plate-shaped joints are well developed in the Obongsan Mountain area, and many areas exhibit talus terrain. In conclusion, the rocks of this area is interpreted to used for a site of Gudlejang quarrying, because the rocks were easily obtainable due to the terrain characteristics, and their petrological properties made them suitable for use as Gudlejang stone.

WHO considers ambient air pollution as the greatest environmental health risk. The “United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Action Notes 2021” reported that 99% of world population live in places with atmospheric air pollutants levels above WHO’s exposure limits. This report is part of “Congo O.S.H. Project 2018-2020”, focusing on the respiratory health of Congolese quarry workers. This was a case-control study conducted in stone quarry sites in Katanga area, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In total, 512 female workers participated in the study; 256 dust-exposed female quarry workers matched to 256 office workers and market tax collectors. They answered a respiratory health questionnaire, underwent physical examination and lung function testing. Air quality was assessed by means of an air quality monitor. Results showed a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) in exposed women, higher PM2.5 (205 ± 13.2 μg/m3 vs. 31.3 ± 10.3 μg/m3; p < 0.001) and volatile organic compounds (VOC, 2.2 ± 0.2 μg/m3 vs. 0.5 ± 0.3 μg/m3; p < 0.01) were observed in quarry sites. Respiratory complaints were common in exposed women (32.4% vs. 3.5%; p < 0.01), with reduced lung capacity (mean PEFR: 344.8 ± 2.26 vs. 405 ± 67.7 L/s; p < 0.001. Congolese stone quarry workers are exposed to high air pollutants levels, which might contribute to impaired lung function.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different revegetation methods on surface erosion of the devastated hillslopes of limestone quarry at Okgye, located in Baekdudaegan, Gangwon-do, South Korea. Four methods, namely the coir-net-method, geofiber-method, green-slope-soil-method, and latticed-frame-attaching-method, were applied to four survey plots (2 m × 2 m), and different parameters, e.g., coverage, vegetation (the number of species and population), soil hardness, soil humidity, and surface erosion were determined. The survey plots in each case were selected, considering the differences in their altitude and slope angles, for appropriate comparison of the effects. The results showed that surface erosion was lowest for the geofiber-method, and was followed by erosion in the plots in which the green-slope-soil-method, latticed-frame-attaching-method, and coir-net-method were applied. In addition, the coverage rates for the geofiber-method and the green-slope-soil-method were relatively higher compared to those for the latticed-frame-attaching-method and coir-net-method. The above results indicate that the geofiber-method and green-slope-soil-method are relatively more effective in promoting vegetation growth and in minimizing surface erosion by adhesion the base materials.

최근에는 갱내작업의 대형화에 따라 대형 디젤장비가 석탄과 일반광산은 물론 지하철, 지하차도 등 토목공사 지하공간 개설 작업에도 많이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 디젤장비는 CO, NOx와 같은 유해가스와 입자상물질 같은 유해 물질이 발생되어 근로자의 건강을 악화시키는 단점이 있다. 따라서 석회석 광산은 갱내에서 디젤장비를 사용하고 있으므로 배출되는 오염물질을 희석할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 D 석회석광산을 대상으로 통기현황과 작업장의 유해가스를 측정하고 소요통기량을 산정하였다. 이와 같이 통기계통상의 문제점을 도출하고 갱내 통기망을 전산 해석한 결과를 이용하여 통기개선안을 제시하였다.

Recently, the heavy-duty diesel equipments are widely operated not only in the underground mines but the construction sites of subway, highway and the other underground openings. However, the diesel equipments are used to produce hazardous materials such as diesel soots(particulate matters), and several kinds of toxic gases which are hazardous to underground workers' health. Therefore it is required air quantity which is enough for diluting the hazardous diesel exhausts. For this purpose, a sample mine(D Limestone Quarry) was selected and a series of processes such as general survey, measurement of gas of working face and analysis of ventilation network were conducted. According to above data, optimum ventilation programs have been suggested after a series of computer simulation process.

폐석산 지역은 자연경관 훼손, 산업의 부정적 이미지 등으로 인해 개발 후 원상복구가 원칙이나 수도권 등 대도시 지역의 가용 토지가 점차 부족해지고, 도시권이 확산되면서 폐석산 부지는 개발가용지로서 주목받고 있다. 국내에서는 환경적인 문제로 인하여 주거나 상업용도 등 다른 용도로 활용하기 보다는 자연공원으로의 복원을 선호하고 있다. 도시권이 확산되면서 도시내에 포함되어버린 서울 미아동이나 부산 당리동과 같이 주거단지로 개발된 사례도 있다. 해외에서는 채석장 부지를 활용한 대규모 복합단지 개발이 진행되고 있다. 채석장은 산업의 특성상 지리적으로 도시 근교에 위치하고 있어 개발가용지로서 가치가 높다. 채석이 진행되는 단계부터 채석완료 후 부지활용에 대한 계획을 수립, 이를 반영하여 개발이 진행될 수 있는 방안이 제도적으로 마련된다면 신규녹지 훼손을 최소화하고 브라운 필드를 활용함으로써 지속가능한 개발이라는 측면은 물론, 복원비용절감이라는 측면에서도 긍정적인 효과를 기대해 볼 수 있을 것이다.

Quarry companies are required to restore sites to their original status after quarrying to avoid the natural landscape destruction and address the negative image of its industry. In Korea, park developments are preferred over other use due to environmental issues. There have been cases of development of residential complexes such as Mia-dong in Seoul and Dangri-dong in Busan, which were included in the respective cities due to urban area spread. Overseas, large-scale complex developments using old quarry sites have begun. Due to the nature of the industry, quarries are geographically located in the suburbs of cities and thus are highly valuable as development sites. Therefore, an institutional system is needed to establish the process from quarrying to the restoration and development of the site. This could have positive effects in terms of sustainable development, reduce restoration costs, and minimize the damage of new green areas.

본 연구는 기존에 운영 중인 채석장의 증설에 따른 재해영향 유발요인을 분석하고, 경제적이면서 안정적인 재해위험 대책을제시하였다. 30년 빈도를 기준으로 개발단계별 홍수유출량은 S유역은 0.74㎥/s, SA유역은 0.79㎥/s의 개발전보다 증가하는것으로 분석되었다. 토사유출량산정은 RUSLE(단일호우)방법을 이용하여 30년 빈도를 기준으로 개발단계별로 분석한 결과, SA유역에서 64.44㎥/storm으로 개발중에 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 토석채취사업의 개발단계별 기존 용지의 교란이불가피 하므로 개발단계별 재해저감대책이 필요하였는데, 개발중에는 토사유출량의 하류지역 유출을 원천 차단하기 위해사업대상지 내 임시침사지 겸 저류지 와 임시침사지를 계획하였고, 설계빈도는 30년 빈도를 적용하였으며, 개발중 30년 빈도호우 및 토사가 임시침사지 겸 저류지로 원활하게 유입될 수 있도록 가배수로를 계획하였다. 개발후에는 홍수유출량이개발전 대비 증가하는 것으로 분석되어 하류부 영향을 최소화하기 위하여 영구 저류지를 계획하였다.

This study analyzed the factors causing disaster impacts due to the expansion of an existing quarry and proposed the economical and stable disaster risk measures. Based on a 30-year frequency, the flood runoff depending on the development stage was examined to increase by 0.74㎥/s in the S basin and 0.79㎥/s in the SA basin compared to before development. Sediment runoff was calculated using the RUSLE (single storm) equation and analyzed by development stage based on a 30-year frequency. As a result, it was indicated that the SA basin increased to 64.44㎥/storm during development. Since the disturbance of existing land is inevitable at each development stage of the soil and rock extraction project, the disaster reduction measures for each development stage were necessary. In the middle of development, the temporary sedimentation tank and retention pond were planned within the study site to prevent sediment runoff from flowing into the downstream area. A 30-year frequency was applied to the design frequency, and a drainage channel was planned to ensure that heavy rain and sediment with a 30-year frequency can smoothly flow into the temporary sedimentation tank and retention pond during the development. After the development, it was analyzed that the flood runoff would increase compared to before development, thus the permanent retention pond was planned to minimize the impact on the downstream area.

Background: The surface mining industry has one of the highest fatality rates among private industries in the United States. Despite recent decreases in the fatality rates of comparable industries, the fatality rate in the surface mining industry has increased. Meanwhile, a lack of safety research in surface mining has hindered efforts to improve safety strategies in the surface mining workplace. Method: This study examined quarry workers' hazard identification skills by conducting a case study of a surface mining facility in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Semistructured interviews were conducted with eight quarry workers who were employed at the mine facility. In addition to the interviews, data were collected through field notes, notes from an expert meeting with safety managers, and site photographs to explore quarry workers' safety behaviors in the workplace. Results: The results showed that quarry workers identified hazards and improved their safety performance by translating safety knowledge learned from training into practice, acquiring hands-on work experience, learning from coworkers, and sharing responsibilities among team members. Conclusion: This study contributes to understanding quarry workers' safe performance beyond what they have learned in safety training to include their interaction with other workers and hand-on experience in the workplace. This study informs practitioners in the surface mining industry to build a safe work environment as they design effective safety programs for employees.

암석 파쇄시 최대의 효과를 얻기 위해서는 암석의 물리적, 화학적 특성 및 size 등을 고려하여 최적의 crusher를 선택해야 함을 감안하여 crusher의 일종인 impact crusher의 구조 및 파쇄원리, 파쇄효과, 경제성 검토결과 등을 수록, crusher의 선택 및 광산 운영에 참고케 하고자 한다.

Sand is considered the most consumed natural resource after water. However, the world's sand deposits are depleting day by day due to their over-extraction for different industrial uses, which is becoming another sustainability threat. Incorporating and blending industrial waste to replace some constituent materials in concrete is becoming the new norm for environmental sustainability. This practice can benefit the construction industry and the environment at large. This investigation aims to study the durability properties of concrete produced with different industrial wastes as a partial replacement material for fine aggregate. Considerably, quarry dust and limestone dust were used to substitute the fine aggregate at different percentages (5%, 10% and 15%) and cured conventionally at 7, 28, 90 and 180 days. The durability properties of concrete were examined through water absorption, drying shrinkage, chloride and sulphate attack test and elevated temperature test. The experimental result shows that the optimum content of both quarry dust and limestone dust is 15% in terms of concrete durability. The durability performance of these materials indicates a significant filling effect which was obvious in the reduction of water absorption and dry shrinkage. Therefore, it is reasonable to utilize these materials as fine aggregate to produce concrete that is durable, economically feasible and environmentally sustainable.

This study aims to investigate the effect of incorporating waste glass powder (WGP) and quarry waste sand (QWS) on the properties of eco-friendly self-compacting mortar (SCM). Ordinary cement was replaced with WGP at rates of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% by weight and the properties of the QWS-based SCM are compared to those of natural sand (NS)-based SCM. In this study, slump flow, superplasticizer requirement, mechanical strength, rheological parameters and hydration heat were investigated. The results obtained show that the use of WGP with different types of sand mixtures increases the fluidity of the SCM. After curing, SCM with 10% WGP exhibited higher compressive and flexural strengths after 28 days for both type of sand. The best performance was obtained with SCM mixes prepared with QWS sand compared to that of NS sand. Adequate relationships have been established to predict slump flow and mechanical strengths as a function of test parameters with high correlation coefficient and low root mean square error.

This paper studies the influence of silica fume and Processed Quarry Fines (PQF) on the flexural behaviour of the reinforced concrete beams by experimental as well as numerical studies. The study has been shown that the incorporation of PQF can significantly increase the stiffness and the flexural strength of reinforced HPC beams. Also, the ultimate strength of specimens prepared with the 10% silica fume and 100% PQF are higher compared to conventional reinforced concrete specimen. Numerical analysis is performed to find the ultimate strength of HPC beams to compare with experimental results. Nonlinear behaviour of steel reinforcing bars and plain concrete is simulated using appropriate constitutive models and experimental results. The results indicate that the ultimate strength, deformed shape and crack patterns of reinforced HPC beams obtained through the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are confirming with the experimental results.

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the selection process of quarry and the quarry Jogyedong through the Salleung-uigwes in royal tombs constructions in the late Joseon period. Especially, it is to comprehend about the effect by difference of use of stone between Daebuseokso and Sobuseokso. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, the quarry of Daebuseokso had been selected very carefully through the quality check process. Second, the quarry of royal tombs around the capital was located at Mt. Bulam in the east and Mt. Bukhan in the west. This is because the nature of the procurement of stone, which is important for transportation, is that it is necessary to prepare the mountains close to the royal tombs. Third, the locations of quarry of between Daebuseokso and Sobuseokso were differently selected. The quarry of Daebuseokso was located at a distance of three times distant from Sobuseokso. Forth, the epigraph related to quarry is located in Sareung construction in the valley of Jogyedong. This is a very important data to confirm the location of royal tombs construction.

급변하는 사회 환경의 변화는 예술 창작과 보급 과정에까지 혁신을 촉구하고 있다. 테크놀로지와 결합한 예술은 시간과 공간의 한계를 극복하기 위한 실험을 끊임없이 시도하면서 창작자와 향유자와의 소통의 폭을 한층 확장시켜 나가고 있다. 이러한현상은 좀 더 가까이서 명작을 만나고 그를 생생하게 느끼고 싶어 하는 대중들의욕구와 맞물려 뮤지엄의 개념과 전시 방식에 까지 영향을 끼치고 있다. 그렇다면이러한 시도의 결과로 만들어진 산물은 단지 흥미로운 전시일 뿐인가? 아니면 미래뮤지엄의 한 예시인가? 본 연구는 이러한 문제를 제기하면서 테크놀로지를 활용한 수용자의 감각의 자극을 극대화하여 원작이 주는 감동을 유도하는 ‘몰입형 전시’를 새롭게 시도하고 있는프랑스 프로방스-알프스 코트 다쥐르 주(洲) 부쉬 뒤 론느(Bouches-du-Rône) 도(道)에 소속된 레 보 드 프로방스(Les Beaux de Provence)에 위치한 멀티미디어 영상전시 ‘빛의 채석장(Carrières de lumières)’의 2014년도 기획전시 <클림트와 비엔나 -황금과 색채의 세기(Klimt et Vienne-Un siècle d’or et de couleurs)> 사례를 연구하였다. <클림트와 비엔나-황금과 색채의 세기>는 구스타프클림트와 비엔나 분리파의 활동과 그에게 영향을 받은 에곤 실레, 훈데르트바서에이르기까지 비엔나의 회화 100년 사를 일곱 개의 시퀀스에 집약하여 보여준다. 기존의 뮤지엄 전시가 대중과 오브제 간의 간극을 매우기 위한 장치로 전시장 벽에붙인 설명문이나 도슨트의 해설을 중시하는데 비해, 예술과 테크놀로지가 결합한<빛의 채석장>이 시도하고 있는 몰입형 전시는 원작에 대한 충실한 연구를 바탕으로가상의 오브제를 활용한 다양한 융복합 작업을 통해 재구성된 가상현실을 통하여 관람객들의 공감각을 통한 체험이라는 새로운 유형의 전시 방식을 추구한다. 영상전시로 하여금 대중들이 원작을 보다 가까이서 체험할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 ‘빛의채석장’의 전시 활동은 고도의 디지털 기술과 기획자의 다양한 해설을 활용한 관람자의 체험을 중시하는 몰입형 전시라는 미래 뮤지엄의 한 예시를 제안하고 있다는점에서 논의의 가치가 있다.

Rapidly changing society and environment are urging museums to change. Art, being combined with technology, is broadening its scope overcoming time and space constraints. And this phenomenon is also shown in museums. The public wants to meet masterpieces more closely and feel them more vividly. Various experimental trials using art and technology is expanding the area of art in concert with this needs of the public. Then, are the products as the outcome of these trials just an interesting exhibition? Or an example of future museums? This paper starts the present study, raising a question about this. This paper studied <Klimt and Vienna - Century of gold and color>, a multimedia video exhibition of ‘quarry of light’ located in Les Baux de Provence, which makes the public approach more closely to the original works by interpreting the original works through the utilization of technology in this context. This video exhibition, which is composed of 7 sequences, intensively shows the 100 years of activities of Gustav Klimt and Vienna Secession and also the activities of Egon Schiele and Hundertwasser, who were influenced by Klimt. This video exhibition is characterized by the fact that it is an immersive exhibition which helps viewers to feel the impression of original works by maximizing the sensory stimulation through use of technology. This study looked into the difference between this video exhibition of ‘quarry of light’, where art and technology were combined, and existing museum exhibitions. The existing museum exhibitions focused on object. Meanwhile, this video exhibition utilizes various explanations to convey the experts’ interpretations to viewers through exhibition technology. The explanatory notes attached on the wall or docents guiding the exhibition hall are the device to narrow the gap between the public and object. Immersive exhibition is the experienced person-centered exhibition. Immersive exhibition pursues the experience made through the viewer’s five senses through the virtual object in a virtual reality which has been interpreted and reconstructed. As a non-profit permanent institute which contributes to society and its development, museum is opened to the public and collects, preserves, studies, exchanges and exhibits tangible and intangible heritages about mankind and its environment for education, research and recreation. The activities of ‘quarry of light’ which shows to viewers a beautiful video exhibition, which was created through the convergence of various experts based on faithful studies on the original works, and provides viewer with the opportunities to experience the original works more closely, can be assured to be an example of future museum.

최근 기후변화로 인한 이상기후로 인해 홍수, 산사태, 토사 유출과 같은 자연재난의 피해가 급증하고 있다. 우리나라는 국토의 63% 이상이 산지라는 지형적 특성 때문에 사면 재해에 취약하며, 특히, 토석채취지는 소단형성 과정에서 흙과 암석을 채굴하기 때문에 산사태가 발생할 확률이 높으며, 사업장 내부 뿐만 아니라, 외부까지 재해발생 위험이 높은 지역이다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 토석채취지의 모니터링을 위해 UAV와 항공LiDAR를 활용하여 DEM을 구축하고 시계열 변화 분석을 수행하였으며, 토석채취지 모니터링을 위한 최적의 DEM 구축방법을 제안하였다. DEM 구축을 위해 UAV와 LiDAR 기반 Point Cloud 구축하고 Aggressive Classification(AC), Conservative Classification(CC), Standard Classification(SC) 등 세가지 알고리즘을 활용하여 지면부를 추출하였다. 알고리즘에 따라 구축한 UAV 및 LiDAR기반 DEM은 수치지형도 기반 DEM과의 비교를 통해 정확도를 평가하였다. 정확도 평가 결과, 알고리즘 방법간의 높이 차는 최대 1 m 내외로 차이가 거의 없었다. 또한, 음영기복도를 활용한 지면부의 질감을 시각적 비교해보았을 때 CC 알고리즘의 성능이 가장 우수하였으며, 산림지역에서 LiDAR 기반 DEM이 높은 정확도를 보였다. 구축한 최적의 DEM을 통해 토석채취지의 시계열 변화량을 비교한 결과, 토석채취지역, 소단 형성지역 등 시계열 변화에 따른 토석채취지의 변화지역 탐지가 가능하였다.

Recently, due to abnormal climate caused by climate change, natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and soil outflows are rapidly increasing. In Korea, more than 63% of the land is vulnerable to slope disasters due to the geographical characteristics of mountainous areas, and in particular, Quarry mines soil and rocks, so there is a high risk of landslides not only inside the workplace but also outside.Accordingly, this study built a DEM using UAV and aviation LiDAR for monitoring the quarry, conducted a time series change analysis, and proposed an optimal DEM construction method for monitoring the soil collection site. For DEM construction, UAV and LiDAR-based Point Cloud were built, and the ground was extracted using three algorithms: Aggressive Classification (AC), Conservative Classification (CC), and Standard Classification (SC). UAV and LiDAR-based DEM constructed according to the algorithm evaluated accuracy through comparison with digital map-based DEM.

본 연구에서는 발파 시 사람과 주변 환경에 영향을 끼치는 발파진동(peak particle velocity, PPV)을 예측하는 모델을 개발하였다. PPV를 예측하기 위해 kNN(k-nearest neighbors), CART(classification and regression tree), SVR(support vector regression), PSO(particle swarm optimization)-SVR 알고리즘을 이용한 4가지 머신러닝 모델을 개발하고 상호 비교하였다. 머신러닝 모델을 훈련하기 위해 경상남도 창원시에 있는 욕망산을 연구지역으로 선정하고 1048개의 발파 데이터를 획득하였다. 발파 데이터는 천공장, 저항선, 공간격, 최대지발장약량, 비장약량, 총공수, 에멀전비율, 이격거리, PPV로 구성되었다. 훈련된 모델들의 성능을 평가하기 위한 지표 값으로 MAE(mean absolute error), MSE(mean squared error), RMSE(root mean squared error)를 사용하였다. 평가결과 PSO-SVR 모델이 MAE, MSE, RMSE가 각각 0.0348, 0.0021, 0.0458으로 가장 우수한 예측 성능을 나타냈다. 마지막으로 개발된 머신러닝 모델을 이용하여 주변 환경에 영향을 끼치는 정도를 예측하는 방법을 제시하였다.

In this study, a model was developed to predict the peak particle velocity (PPV) that affects people and the surrounding environment during blasting. Four machine learning models using the k-nearest neighbors (kNN), classification and regression tree (CART), support vector regression (SVR), and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-SVR algorithms were developed and compared with each other to predict the PPV. Mt. Yogmang located in Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do was selected as a study area, and 1048 blasting data were acquired to train the machine learning models. The blasting data consisted of hole length, burden, spacing, maximum charge per delay, powder factor, number of holes, ratio of emulsion, monitoring distance and PPV. To evaluate the performance of the trained models, the mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used. The PSO-SVR model showed superior performance with MAE, MSE and RMSE of 0.0348, 0.0021 and 0.0458, respectively. Finally, a method was proposed to predict the degree of influence on the surrounding environment using the developed machine learning models.

현재 건설중에 있는 부산 신항만의 매립을 위해 채석장이 가동중에 있으나, 실제 공사 중 채석된 암석이 당초 설계와는 다른 암질을 포함하고 있다. 따라서, 당초 설계와는 달리 많은 폐석이 발생되어 정상적인 공사추진에 애로사항이 있으므로, 현장조사 및 실내작업을 통하여 지정된 채석장에 대한 전체적인 암질을 구분하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 측량, Schimidt Rock Hammer 시험, 절리간격조사를 시행하였고 실내에서 DIPS 및 Rockworks 프로그램을 이용하여 절리의 방향성 및 발파 후 암괴의 크기를 분석하였다. 그 결과 본 지역에는 절리밀도가 높아 토석 채취시 ${\Phi}100mm$ 이하의 필터사석이 많이 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다.

A quarry is operated for filling-up the New Busan Harbor which is under construction, but actual rock quality is something different from the primary design. Therefore, object of this study is to classify whole rock quality for the quarry through site investigation and laboratory analyses because unexpected large amount of wasted rock is produced. For this object, various analyses were performed such as surveying, Schimidt Hammer test. joint spacing investigation and laboratory analyses using DIPS & RockWorks programs for evaluating joint sets and sizes of rock fragments after blasting. As a result, it is expected that large amount of wasted rock under ${\Phi}100mm$ is produced after blasting because of high joint density.

본 연구는 Segmentation 기반의 딥러닝 모델을 활용하여 토석채취지 모니터링 방안 검토를 연구의 목적으로 하였다. 딥러닝 모델은 베이스 모델로 Unet을 활용하였으며, DeeplabV3+ 모델의 일부 구조를 융합한 수정된 Unet 모델(Modified Unet) 두가지를 활용하였다. 또한, 질감정보 활용 유무에 따른 분류정확도 검토를 위해 딥러닝 데이터세 트를 가시광선 파장만을 활용한 DatasetA와 Entropy, STD 정보를 함께 활용한 DatasetB로 구성하였다. 딥러닝 모델 의 학습은 학습 및 검증 정확도가 안정화된 1,000 Epoch까지 진행하였다. 딥러닝 모델을 활용한 토석채취지 분류지도 와 참값인 라벨이미지를 비교·검토하여 정확도를 평가한 결과, Modified Unet 모델은 Unet 모델에 비해 탐지 정확도 가 향상되었음을 확인하였다. 특히 침사지 및 인공 구조물과 같은 범주에서는 Entropy, Standard Deviation (STD) 등의 질감 정보를 도입하여 분류 정확도가 더욱 향상되었음을 알 수 있었다. 반면, 계단식 채취지역, 묘목장 등의 범주에 서는 F1-Score가 약 50% 이하로 분포하였다. 이를 통해 가시광선 파장만을 활용한 모델에서는 분류에 한계점이 있다는 것을 확인하였으며, 추가적인 학습 자료 구축과 함께, 근적외선, 식생 지수, 지형 정보 등 다양한 데이터를 활용하여 모 델을 보완하는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다.

The aim of this study was to explore segmentation-based deep learning models for quarry monitoring. In this study, we adopted the Unet model as the foundational architecture and employed two distinct deep learning models for our analysis: the conventional Unet model and a modified version of the Unet model that integrates certain structural components from the DeeplabV3+ model. To investigate the impact of texture information on classification accuracy, we assembled two distinct datasets: Dataset A, utilizing only visible light wavelengths, and Dataset B, which included additional Entropy and Standard Deviation (STD) data. The training of the deep learning models was conducted for up to 1,000 epochs, at during which point both the training and validation accuracies were observed to have stabilized. After comparing and evaluating the accuracy of classification maps generated using deep learning models with the reference label images, we discovered that the modified Unet model showed improved detection accuracy compared to the conventional Unet model. In specific categories, we observed that incorporating texture information, such as Entropy and Standard Deviation (STD), further enhanced classification accuracy. Conversely, in certain categories, the F1-Score was distributed below approximately 50%. Through this observation, we have identified limitations in classification when exclusively utilizing models based on visible light wavelengths.