Earticle

Ethernet 기반 차량 네트워크 구성 시 신뢰성은 요구조건 중 하나이다. 이를 위해 차량 네트워크 구조에 High-availability SeamlessRedundancy (HSR) protocol (IEC 62439-3 clause 5)를 사용할 수 있다. HSR 프로토콜은 프레임을 전송할 때 서로 다른 경로에각각의 복제된 프레임들을 제공한다. 이는 전송 오류로 인해 하나의 경로에서 프레임을 전송받지 못하더라도 목적지 노드는 다른경로를 통해 적어도 하나의 프레임을 받을 수 있어 네트워크의 고장 발생 시에도 네트워크의 중단이 없음을 의미한다. 고장 발생시에도 목적지 노드는 Zero-recovery time으로 하나의 프레임을 받을 수 있기 때문에 표준 Ethernet 과는 달리 보낸 프레임의 손실시 네트워크를 재구성하는 시간이 필요 없다. 하지만 HSR 프로토콜은 복제 전송하는 프레임으로 인해 불필요한 트래픽을 발생시키는 단점이 있다. 이에 HSR 프로토콜의 성능을 향상시키기 위해 QR, VRing, RURT, DVP 와 같은 방법들이 이미 제안되었다. 본논문에서는 차량 네트워크에 HSR 프로토콜을 적용한 3가지 구조를 제안하였고 여기에 트래픽 향상을 위해 QR, VRing을 적용하였으며 이 구조들의 트래픽 성능을 측정 및 비교하였다. QR과 VRing을 적용할 때 표준 HSR 프로토콜에 비해 48-75%의 트래픽 감소를 보여주었다. 이는 차량에서 신뢰성 향상을 위해 HSR 프로토콜은 Ethernet을 대신하여 사용할 수 있음을 의미한다.

One of the most important requirements for the Ethernet-based automobile is the reliability. In order to achieve this goal,we propose using the High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) protocol (IEC 62439-3 clause 5) in these networks. TheHSR protocol provides duplicated frame copies for each sent frame, which means that the destination node will receive atleast one copy in case the second copy is lost due to a failure. In other words, there will be no network stoppage evenif failure occurs. Moreover, the destination node will receive at least one frame copy with zero-recovery time (seamless)and it will not need to wait to receive the other copy if the first one is lost, which occurs it in the Ethernet standard, asa result of reconfiguration of the network paths. However, the main drawback of the HSR protocol is the unnecessaryredundant traffic that is caused by the duplicated frames. Several solutions, including QR, VRing, RURT, and DVP, havealready been proposed to improve the traffic performance of the HSR protocol. In this paper, we propose three automobilenetwork topologies. each of which has pros and cons depending on the automobile requirements. Then we applied the HSRprotocol with and without the QR and VRing approaches to each scenario. The comparison among these topologies dependon the traffic performance result for each of them. The QR and VRing approaches give a better traffic reduction percentage,ranging from 48% to 75% compared to the standard HSR protocol. Therefore they could limit the redundant traffic inautomobile networks when the HSR protocol is used instead of the Ethernet network, which does not provide any seamlessrecovery if a failure occurs.

Use of personalized security mechanisms among financial sectors is gaining rapid momentum day-by-day. Banking and e-shopping portals, which are paramount of cyber-attacks, strongly recommend that both the merchant (i.e., a merchant web portal) and its customers (customers using these portals) be certain about each other’s identity. This emphasizes not only that the merchant portal must be able to detect an attacker spoofing the identity of one of its customers, but also that a customer must not leave her secrets with a fraud-cum-look-alike website spoofing address of the merchant’s portal.This thesis envisages a novel, scalable approach to detect a fraud, look-alike web page to help a customer unaware of digital certificates, Internet security policies and their glitches, truly recognize her merchant’s web-site using her smartphone. The approach uses a reverse challenge-response framework; and uses QR codes which are generated dynamically and depend on the GPS parameters of the customer. The customer uses her smartphone to scan the QR codes with an application provided by the merchant; which detects correctly whether she logged on to the genuine website. The additional benefit of this approach is that it can be modelled to offer a novel, non-telephonic two-step authentication system with minor modifications.

Today’s advanced machineries have immensely contributed to an open, worldwide market for fake products which include not only electronic goods and other everyday commodities, but adulteration has pawed into highly sensitive industries which manufacture medicines, baby-food, beverages; and adulteration in medicines and beverages often turns out to be fatal. The prime force behind the growth of these fraud markets is some highly equipped packaging and printing machinery, which make it too difficult to distinguish between a genuine and an adulterated product by looking at its package. While incidents of currency forgery is very common nowadays, especially in the developing countries, the frequency of tracing adulteration in a bottle of beverage or an ampule of a life-saving drug has got a rapid, concerning momentum. The thesis aims towards detection of a fake product by one’s smart phone under a collaborative framework of mobile computing, cryptology and product specific QR codes to be used as the label on the products’ package.

Due to potentially peer works going on to address the loopholes in the existing system research works in Internet Security is never likely to saturate. The degree of one's need of security on Internet varies with one's economical, organizational and political position and the sensitivity of the information itself. This thesis envisages a Virtual Internetworking Stack (VIS), achieved by augmentation of the TCP/IP stack to befool possible cyber vigilance on one’s activities over the Internet. The model prescribes a secure session set-up randomly by exchanging colored QR codes, where the wavelength of the color determines the phase of a sinusoid used to encrypt/decrypt a message, which is understood only by a compatible and intended VIS-stack. Since, the augmentation of TCP/IP layer is done in the Kernel of the user’s Operating System, any message that this VIS-stack sends to another VIS-stack across the Internet, will be meaningless to the routers and gateways in between which participate in cyber vigilance; and an attempt to steal one’s information will be fooled by the proposed security model. We also present a vulnerability study and performance evaluation of the augmented TCP/IP stack, obtained by results of physically performed experiments.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the non-QR approach to the relative quantifier scope still works in the most recent version of the minimalist program where the movement with copying and deletion reduced to deletion under matching without movement. The main argument comes from the fact that even though Case driven A-movement is no longer available, we can exploit the EPP effect by both T and v. The Subject Raising and the Object Shift are created from the EPP of both categories and the relative scope interaction between the two quantifiers is immediately explained in the English ambiguous sentence. For the non-ambiguity in the corresponding Korean sentence, one particular property of Korean enables us to get an explanation without parameterization of EPP l. More specifically, it is suggested that the NPs with an overt nominative marker in [Spec, TP] is related to FocP so that it should remain at LF. This induces a reading where the subject quantifier takes a wider scope. Our analysis is nicely extended to the scope interaction in negation as well both in Korean and English.