Earticle

국제기구 중에서 가장 회원수가 많은 ITU(국제정보통신연합)의 분담금 수주에 대한 정책적인 분석을 통하여 아국의 분담금 납부 내역에 대한 분석을 통해 어느정도 이익이 되며, 분담금 납부에 대한 장단점 등을 분석을 통하여 국내 산업체 등이 향후 분담금을 지속적으로 납부하여야 하는지에 대해서도 검토의 필요성이 대두되고 있는 실정이다. 이는 우리나라가 1989년 ITU 이사국이 되면서 부터 정통부를 중심으로 국제기구에 분담금을 납부하기 시작하였으며, 현재 삼성전자, SKT, LGU, ETRI, KT 등 국내통신사업자가 주도 되어 납부하여 그 액수만 수억원에 이르고 있다. 가입이후 산업체 들이 좋은 성과를 내어 수출 등에 많은 기여는 하였지만 이는 분담금과는 무관한 듯하다. 우리나라가 가입하기 시작한 시점은 1993년 이후였으며, 이는 ETRI 재직중에 정부의 주도하에 산업체 가입을 종용하여 가입하기 시작한 것이다. 2014년 우리나라에서 전권위원회가 개최되는데, 이때를 계기로 사전에 검토하여 분담금을 조정할 필요성이 있다고 사료된다.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important opportunistic infections in transplant recipients. Currently sero-positivity for CMV IgG before solid organ transplantation is the laboratory test of choice for stratifying the risk of CMV reactivation after solid organ transplantation. Theoretically, CMV-specific cell-mediated immune responses before solid organ transplantation should further categorize patients as high or low risk of CMV development. We therefore evaluated the usefulness of the CMV-specific enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in kidney transplant (KT) candidates for predicting the development of CMV infections after transplantation. Materials and Methods: All adult CMV IgG (+) recipients admitted to the KT institute between March 2014 and June 2014 were enrolled, and CMV infections after KT were observed between March 2014 and December 2014. All patients underwent CMV pp65 and IE1-specific ELISPOT assays before transplantation. CMV infection was defined in the presence of CMV antigenemia, CMV syndrome, or tissue-invasive CMV disease. We used the data to select optimal cut-off values for pp65 and IE1, respectively, on ROC curves. Results: A total of 69 transplant recipients involving 54 (78%) living-donor KT, 9 (13%) deceased-donor KT, 3 (4%) kidney-pancreas transplants, and 3 (4%) pancreas transplants were enrolled. Of the 69 patients, 27 (39%) developed CMV infections. There was no association between the IE1-specific ELISPOT assay and CMV infection. However, only 15 (31%) of the 48 patients with positive pp65-specific ELISPOT results (>10 spots/2.0 × 105 cells) developed CMV infections, whereas 12 (57%) of the 21 patients with negative pp65-specific ELISPOT results developed CMV infection (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Negative pp65-specific ELISPOT assay results before transplantation appear to predict the subsequent development of CMV infections after transplantation in CMV IgG (+) KT recipients. Therefore, risk stratification of CMV IgG (+) recipients using the CMV-specific ELISPOT, together with preventive strategies, may further reduce CMV development.

Background/Aims: We evaluated the usefulness in kidney transplant (KT) candidates of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays for predicting the development of post-transplant CMV infections. Methods: All adult recipients admitted for living-donor KT between March 2014 and March 2015 were prospectively enrolled except donor CMV-seropositive and recipient seronegative (D+/R?) recipients. All the enrolled patients underwent CMV-specific ELISPOT assays before transplant, and a researcher blinded to the results of these assays examined the patients for CMV infection at least 6 months post-transplant. Results: Of 133 KT recipients, 44 (33%) developed CMV infections. When we used the cut-off determined by receiver operator characteristic curve, 16 of the 34 patients (47%) with negative pp65-specific ELISPOT results (< 11 spots/200,000 cells) developed CMV infections, whereas 28 of the 99 patients (39%) with positive pp65-specific ELISPOT results at baseline (≥ 11 spots/200,000 cells) developed CMV infections after KT (p = 0.02). Based on the multivariable Cox regression model, negative pp65-specific ELISPOT assay results was an independent risk factor for CMV infection (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 3.46; p = 0.047) as well as age (AHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.08; p = 0.007). Conclusions: Pre-transplant CMV-specific ELISPOT assay appears to predict the development of CMV infections after KT in recipients at moderate risk such as CMV-seropositive recipients (Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT 02025335).

Hijean Kim. 2004. A Usage-based Phonology Approach to Recent Changes of [in fact] > [fact]. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 29-2, 199-212. The issue addressed in this paper has to do with the ongoing development of the prepositional phrase [in fact] > [fact] based on American spoken corpus. In the Grammaticalization literature, the functional change of [in fact] has been well established: PP > epistemic adverbial(Traugott1999).Built on it, this paper reworks that observation via phonological approach within Usage-based framework (Bybee 2001). In particular, this paper first argues that the recent emergence of the [in] deletion, i.e. [fact] is directly associated with the syntactic and functional changes of [in fact]. On the account presented here, the [in] deletion data of [in fact] can support my claim that the phonological factors can provide critical evidence for the syntactic status of the unit. In particular, the claims observed here in the actual usages of [in fact] are: Due to the frequent usages, [in fact] has gradually undergone i) phonological changes through articulatory reduction -- /?n f?kt/ (+stress) > /??fækt/ (-stress) > /fækt/, ii) semantic changes -- contrastive truth > discourse elaboration > hedge/filler (pragmatic particle) and iii) syntactic changes -- the two word-sized unit > single word-sized unit (univerbation). (Korean Bible University)