Earticle

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum temperature and the cultivation period according to the different growth stages of Gastrodia elata (G. elata). The growth period for the indoor cultivation of G. elata is divided into four stages that require specific temperatures during the enlargement of the tuber. The optimum temperatures and cultivation periods during the growth stages of G. elata were observed to be 20oC for 30 days during the mycelial growth stage (MGS), 25oC for 120 days during the tuber formation stage (TFS), 6–24oC for 60 days during the tuber enlargement stage (TES), and 5oC for 30 days during the dormant stage (DS). The total cultivation period was shortened by 120 days in the indoor cultivation facilities by reduction of 30 days from the mycelial growth stage, addition of 30 days to the tuber formation stage, and reduction of 120 days from the dormancy stage as compared to the outdoor field cultivation. These results provide a basis for a growth model that permits year-round cultivation of G. elata.

Background: Usually ginseng seeds are sown during autumn and spring. Sowing in spring often results in poorer seedling establishment than in autumn. One of the reasons for poor germination could be cold-treatment condition for breakage of physiological dormancy during winter. Here we tested the effects of storage temperature used during cold treatment on germination. Methods and Results: Germination properties were observed after dehiscent seeds were stored as wet and dry at 2℃, -2℃, -3.5℃ and alternating temperature (AT). Seed dryness and storage temperature affected germination properties (p < 0.01). Wet and AT condition germinated highest, and wet and -3.5℃ condition germinated lowest, which was 91.2% and 1.4% respectively. Mean germination time (MGT) of the wet and AT condition was faster than other treatments at 2.4 days, and the dry and -2℃ condition was the longest. Germination performance index (GPI) was highest for wet and AT condition (37.7%) and the lowest for wet and -3.5℃ condition (0.5%). The growth of above-ground and below-ground were the best for wet and 2℃ condition, and wet seeds showed better growth than dry seeds (p < 0.01). Conclusions: For cold treatment, ginseng seeds may not be stored below -2℃ for successful germination during spring sowing.

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the fungal pathogen causing seedling rot of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zuccarini, and to know the optimum growing temperature for decreasing seedling rot of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. On the basis of morphological characteristics, EF-1a sequence analysis, and pathogenecity to host plant,the fungi isolated from seedling rot and seeds of Lithospermum erythrorhizon were identified as Fusarium fujikuroi, indicating that disease causing fungus is seed-borne pathogen. Optimum temperature for germination of seeds of Lithospermum erythrorhizon was 15 ~ 20℃, but pathogenicity of Fusarium fujikuroi was shown more readily at 25 ~ 30℃. These results suggested that seedling culture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon between 15℃ and 20℃ might reduce seedling rot of Lithospermum erythrorhizon caused by seed-borne pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi.

This study was conducted to find the shortest optimum time for taking oral temperature and axillary temperature, which does not affect reliability of body temperature. For this purpose, first, the time at which all the samples are reaching maximum temperature is identified Second, the mean maximum temperature is compared with the mean temperature of each consecutive measurement by T-test to find the time at which no significant changes in temperature occurs along time sequence. Third, optimum temperatures are set at points of -0.2℉, -0.4℉, -0.6℉, -0.8℉, -1.0℉, -1.2℉, -1.4℉, from maximum temperature. A point of time at which 90% of samples reach at optimum temperature is identified and defined as optimum time. The study sample, a total of 164 cases were divided into two groups according to their measured body temperature. The group with body temperature below 37 $^{\circ}C$(A group) and above 37$^{\circ}$1'C (B group) were compared on the time required to reach maximum temperature and optimum temperature. The results are as follow. 1. The time required for total sample to reach maximum temperature was 13 minutes in both groups by oral method, 15 minutes in A group and 13 minutes in B group by axillary method. Time required for 90 % of cases reach maximum temperature by oral method was 10 minutes in both group. By axillary method, 12 minutes in A group. (Ref: table 2) 2. Statistical analysis by means of T-test, the time which does not show a significant change by oral method were 12 minutes in A group and 11 minutes in B group, and by axillary method 14 minutes in A group and 11 minutes in B group. (Ref: table 5, 6.) 3. Where optimum temperature was defined as maximum temperature minus 0.2 ℉, optimum time was found 8 minutes in both groups by oral method, and 11 minutes in A group and 9 minutes in B group by axillary method 4. Where optimum temperature was defined as maximum temperature minus 0.4 ℉, optimum time was found 7 minutes in A group and 6 minutes in B group by oral method, and 9 minutes in A group and 7 minutes in B group by axillary method 5. Where optimum temperature was defined as maximum temperature minus 0.8 ℉, optimum time was found 6 minutes in A group and 6 minutes in B group by axillary method (Ref: table 7, 8, 9, 10) 6. The commonly practiced temperature taking time, 3 minutes in oral method and 5 minutes in axillary method can be accepted as pertinent when physiological variation of body temperature at the mean level of -1, 2 ℉ is accepted. 7. The difference in time required to resister maximum temperature was compared between the group with body temperature below 37$^{\circ}C$ and above 37$^{\circ}$1'C, and found no significant difference in oral mettled and 1 - 4 minute difference in axillary method with shorter time requirement in feverish group.

Pleurotus species are the most consumed and cultivated mushrooms in Korea. Although oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus) can be cultivated automatically, their storability is slightly lower than that of king oyster mushrooms (P. eryngii) and winter mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes); therefore, the export proportion of oyster mushrooms is very low. Since Korean mushrooms are highly preferred across Southeast Asian, the export of oyster mushrooms in the form of complete substrates is expected to be more promising than that of fresh mushroom. Here, 1 and 2.5 kg complete substrates of P. ostreatus ‘Soltari’ and P. sajor-caju ‘Sambok’ were prepared and stored at different temperature from 0 to 15°C for 10 days. Thereafter, the formation of fruiting bodies was induced. Since the 2.5 kg complete substrates required 70 days of incubation, their mycelia were at an advanced age and their fruiting bodies did not grown normally. When 70%-incubated complete substrates were stored at 5–10°C, the growth was faster and more uniform and stable fruiting bodies were formed. Export test of complete substrates to Vietnam using distribution containers set at 0°C and 15°C revealed that the growth period was shortened by 1–2 days when the distribution containers were set at 15°C and the yield of ‘Soltari’ increased by approximately 10%. In addition, even though the yield of ‘Sambok’ was similar between treatments at 0°C and 15°C, the quality of fruiting bodies from 15°C-distributed complete substrates was much better than that of those from 0°C-distributed substrates.

Experiments were carried out to find out the optimum water potential, temperature, and duration for the priming of rice seeds, Oryza sativa L. (cv. Ilpumbyeo) for better germination at sub-optimal temperatures. Seeds were primed in 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1.0 MPa PEG (polyethylene glycol) solutions at $25^{\circ}C$. The optimum water potential for seed priming, the highest water potential at which rice seeds did not germinate, was -0.6 MPa. To find out optimum priming temperature and duration rice seeds were primed in -0.6 MPa PEG solution and 0 MPa (water as a control) for various durations at 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ and the seeds were germinated at 17, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$. Considering germination rate and speed, the optimum priming time in water (0 MPa) was 4 days at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 1 day at $25^{\circ}C$, while 4 days was the optimum priming time in a -0.6 MPa PEG solution, regardless of the priming temperature. Priming reduced the actual time of germination, especially at sub-optimal temperatures. Priming did not affect germination rate in -0.6 MPa PEG solution at 15$^{\circ}C$, but overpriming reduced the final germination rate in water at 15$^{\circ}C$ and in -0.6 PEG solution at $25^{\circ}C$. Total sugars and $\alpha$-amylase activity induced during the seed priming were negatively correlated with the final germination rate and there was no noted relationship with the speed or uniformity of germination.

This paper studies on the effect of DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimeter) analysis condition on the glass transition temperature of silica filled epoxy network polymer used for ultra-high voltage apparatus. The effects of temperature scanning rate specimen size and gas flow rate on measured glass transition temperature have been studied in order to select optimum thermal analysis condition.

산업 현장에서 자주 사용되는 알루미늄 합금은 순도가 높은 알루미늄에 비해 경제성, 기계적 성질이 우수한 장점이 있다. 하지만 이런 합금들은 물리적, 화학적 성질이 순수 알루미늄과 달라 양극산화와 같은 표면처리가 쉽지 않다. 양극산화는 표면처리 기술의 대표적인 방법 중 하나로 인위적으로 산화피막을 형성하는 기술이다. 순도가 높은 알루미늄은 산성 전해질에서의 양극산화를 통해 다공성 산화피막을 형성할 수 있으며 그 구조로 인해 내식성, 내마모성 등 기계적, 화학적인 다양한 장점이 있다. 하지만, Mg, Si, Cr과 같은 성분이 함유된 알루미늄의 경우 산성 전해질에서 산화물을 형성되지 않는다. 본 연구에서 기존의 산성 전해질에서의 양극산화 방법이 아닌$K_2HPO_4$를 함유하는 고온의 글리세롤 전해질을 사용하여 양극산화를 진행하였다. 사용한 알루미늄은 산업용으로 자주 사용되는 3000계열의 알루미늄을 사용하였으며 균일한 양극산화를 위해 샌드페이퍼를 통한 연마과정을 통해 표면을 평탄화 하였다. 이후 전기화학적 에칭 과정을 거쳐 표면에 있는 자연산화막을 제거하여 표면 분석을 용이하게 하였다. 양극산화는 10wt%의 $K_2HPO_4$/글리세롤 전해질에서 전해질의 온도와 인가 전압을 달리 하여 진행하였다. 결과 $150^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서 알루미늄 합금의 양극산화를 확인할 수 있었고 $170^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 인가 전압을 20V로 하였을 때 가장 정렬된 다공성 구조를 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 산업용 알루미늄 합금의 양극산화를 통해 다공성 나노구조 산화물을 형성 시킬 수 있었다.

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimum feeding frequency in growing Korean rockfish, (Sebastes schlegeli) reared at the temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $19^{\circ}C$. Fish averaging $92.2{\pm}0.7$ g (mean${\pm}$standard deviation [SD]) at $15.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and $100.2{\pm}0.4g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) at $19.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ water temperature were randomly distributed into each of 15 indoor tanks containing 250-L sea water from a semi-recirculation system. A total of five feeding frequency groups were set up in three replicates as follows: one meal in a day at 08:00 hour, two meals a day at 08:00 and 17:00 hours, three meals a day at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 hours, four meals a day at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00 hours, and one meal every 2 days at 08:00 hour. Fish were fed at the rate of 1.2% body weight (BW)/d at $15^{\circ}C$ and 1.5% BW/d at $19^{\circ}C$. At the end of 8 wks of feeding trial weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher at the fish fed groups of one meal a day and two meals a day at $15^{\circ}C$ and fish fed groups of 1 meal every 2 days at $19^{\circ}C$ were significantly lower than those of all other fish fed groups. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase of fish fed group at 1 meal every 2 days was significantly higher than those of all other fish fed groups in both experiments. Weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor were gradually decreased as the feeding frequency increased. The results indicate that growing Korean rockfish 92 and 100 g perform better at $15^{\circ}C$ than $19^{\circ}C$ water temperature. As we expected, current results have indicated that a feeding frequency of 1 meal a day is optimal for the improvement of weight gain in growing Korean rockfish grown from 92 g to 133 g at $15^{\circ}C$ and 100 g to 132 g at $19^{\circ}C$ water temperature.

The purpose of installation of the brine heating system for LNG storage tank is the prevention of ground freezing. If the ground of LNG tank areas is frozen, it is caused by safety problems. The design of brine heating system for LNG storage tank which is constructing in our country is not well considered about domestic weather conditions and economical efficiency. Therefore, this paper reports on the study of the optimized temperature of inside pipes and cooling process through the transient analysis by using the existing brine heating system.

For optimal injection molding, various molding conditions should be combined well. Therefore, engineers should be thoroughly familiar with mold design, fabrication, and injection molding. The choice of resin among the various molding conditions is closely related to the productivity of the molded part and the deformation after molding, so the engineer must select the appropriate resin. Engineers work on the basis of data provided by resin manufacturers during molding. However, in actual molding work, it is necessary to apply values slightly different from those provided to obtain molded articles of desired performance. In this study, various deformations of molded products were compared with respect to crystalline resin and amorphous resin when molded according to the data provided by the resin maker and molded at the changed values at the work site.

A genus Camelina has been attracted as a promising oil crop, especially available in drought and marginal conditions. Due to more demands on arable land for bioenergy crops, price of agricultural products has been a challengeable issue. In that respect, development of Camelina crop with higher germination rate and germination energy can be a strategy to secure seedling establishment, nutrient uptake and long vegetative period. In order to be easily available in the field and laboratory conditions, Camelina seed needs to be optimized for its germination temperature. Germination temperature regime was in a range of 8 to $32^{\circ}C$ initially, and consecutively narrowed down to 8 to $20^{\circ}C$. Based on the temperature range, Camelina germinated greater than 96% at $8-16^{\circ}C$ in two weeks after sowing, but germination rate started to decrease at the higher than $24^{\circ}C$ and was significantly low at higher than $32^{\circ}C$. In terms of rapid time to reach the maximum germination rate and greater germination energy, temperature ranged from 12 to $16^{\circ}C$ was found to be desirable for Camelina germination. Although germinationa rate was greater at $16^{\circ}C$, lower temperature close to $12^{\circ}C$ would be favored for the field conditions where greater root growth leading to healthier seedlings and better nutrient or water availability is considerably demanded.

We report that the optimum substrate temperature to fabricate a-Si:H $n^+-p-p^+$ cell decreases with increasing the boron concentration in the Player. The results can be explained as the dependence of substrate temperature for the relaxation of silicon atoms and the bonded hydrogen concentration in the player.

땅콩나물 생산의 재배수온에 따른 발아성과 부패율 및 생육반응 검정한 결과 재배수온은 발아율에는 영향을 미치지 못했다. 반면 $25^{\circ}C$의 재배수온에서는 발아율이 가장 빨랐다. $30^{\circ}C$와 $35^{\circ}C$의 고온에서는 부패율이 각각 2.5%와 5.4%로 증가하였다. 따라서 $30^{\circ}C$ 이상의 재배수온은 땅콩종자의 부패율을 증가시켰고, $25^{\circ}C$에서는 부패율이 크게 문제되지 않았다. 재배수온은 하배축 길이생장과 직경생장에도 영향을 주었다. 생육 7일째 땅콩나물의 하배축 신장은 $25^{\circ}C$의 재배수온에서 가장 높았고, 다음이 $20^{\circ}C$였다. 따라서 고품질 땅콩나물 생산에 적용될 수 있는 최적 재배수온은 $25^{\circ}C$였다. 땅콩나물의 레스베라트롤 최적 생산을 위한 생육온도는 생육온도별 레스베라트롤 함량에는 차이가 없었지만 수량과 품질을 감안한다면 재배온도는 $25^{\circ}C$가 적당한 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과는 고품질 땅콩나물의 대량생산화를 구축하는 근간이 될 것이다.

The present study was conducted to development mass production methods for peanut sprouts that is considered as a field of blue ocean among the agricultural products. 'Jopyeong' was the best as a major cultivar for peanut sprouts production. The manual for the production of high-quality peanut sprouts is as following. Germination temperature appropriate for production of high-quality peanut sprouts was $27^{\circ}C$. Peanut sprouts at the growth stage of 8th day, and older plants with advanced growth showed deteriorated merchantable and eating quality. Resveratrol compound was not found in the seeds, but its highest amount was detected from 9-day old sprouts. The best water temperature applicable to high quality peanut sprout production was $25^{\circ}C$. The growth of peanut sprout was inhibited by the high temperatures above $35^{\circ}C$ and low temperatures below $15^{\circ}C$.

In order to establish the optimum hot forming temperature and solution heat treatment temperature for 25% chromium super duplex stainless steel weld, a commercial 25%Cr-10%Ni-4%Mo weld metal for super duplex stainless steel(UNS S32750) with different solution heat treatment conditions at $1100^{\circ}C,\;1050^{\circ}C,\;1025^{\circ}C\;and\;1000^{\circ}C$ for 1.5 hours has been investigated by means of optical metallography, and estimated mechanical properties. It is found that exposure to elevated temperatures at $1050^{\circ}C,\;1025^{\circ}C\;and\;1000^{\circ}C$ except $1100^{\circ}C$ brings partial decomposition of ferrite to austenite and sigma phase, which deteriorates their properties and heat treatment at $1100^{\circ}C$ shows acceptable mechanical properties.

깊은 심도의 석탄 광산 개발의 타당성 검토나 안전을 위한 통기계획을 수립할때 심부 작업장의 온도를 예측하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 적정 소요통기량의 확보를 통한 갱내 환경의 최적화를 위한 기초연구로 갱내 소요통기량을 추정하였다. 채굴의 심부화 및 운행갱도의 증가로 인한 온도상승으로 작업환경이 점차 악화되는 광산에서 작업환경의 개선을 위하여 A광업소를 대상으로 통기평가를 하였으며 갱내의 통기 효율을 증가시키기 위하여 갱도의 길이에 따른 온도에 대한 효과를 수치 해석하였다. 개발된 프로그램을 이용하여 현재 굴진중인 -475 ML이 관통이 되었을때의 A생산부 주운반갱도 9X지점의 온도를 예측하였다. 예측 결과 A생산부 주운반갱도 9X지점의 온도는 $30.2^{\circ}C$로 예측 되었다.

Working on the prediction of temperature under propriety examination for the development of a deep coal bed and safety ventilation design is important. This paper focuses on its ultimate goal in optimizing the work place environment by assuring that the required optimal ventilation rate are based on the analysis of the airflow. The working environment is deteriorated due to a rise in temperature of a coal mine caused by an increase of its depth and carriage tunnels, so in order to improve the environment, a ventilation evaluation on J coal mine is carried out. Also, the effect of the tunnel length on the temperature to enhance the ventilation efficiency on the subsurface is numerically analyzed. The temperature prediction for the main carriage gallery 9X in -475 ML is under construction and once completed and made. The result would be $30.2^{\circ}C$.