Earticle

연구목적: 본 연구에서는 발화열원을 작동기기, 담뱃불·라이터불, 불꽃·불티 등 발화열원에 따른 화재 발생의 특징을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 일원배치 분산분석과 교차분석을 이용하여 발화열원에 따른 발화환경, 화재피해 현황 및 규모, 발화원인과의 차이 검증을 통해 화재발생 특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과: 작동기기에 의해 발생한 화재는 다른 발화열원에 비해 평일에 발생 빈도가 높고, 이재세대수 와 이재민 발생이 가장 많아 소방력 동원과 재산피해가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 최초착화물은 전기· 전자기기에 의해 발생되었으며, 합성수지에 의해 연소가 확대되는 특징을 보였다. 담뱃불·라이터불에 의해 발생하는 화재는 토·일요일에 화재가 가장 많이 발생되었으며, 소방력 동원보다는 경찰력 동원이 많은 특징을 보였다. 특히, 최초착화물과 연소확대물은 종이·목재·건초에 의해 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 불꽃·불티에 의해 발생하는 화재 는 토·일요일에 화재가 가장 많이 발생되었으며, 최초착화물과 연소확대물은 종이·목재·건초에 의해 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 소방 서와의 거리가 가장 먼 곳에서 발생하고 있는 특징을 보였다. 모든 발화열원에서의 공통적인 특징은 오후시간대에 화재가 가장 많았으며, 화 재유형은 건축구조물화재가 지배적이었고 발화지점만 연소되는 경우가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 대형 화재가 발생하게 될 확률은 높아지고 있기 때문에 화재 예방 및 피해를 최소화 하기 위해서는 화재 발생 경향을 분석하고 화재발생 요인에 따른 적절한 대비를 해야 한 다. 향후 공공데이터를 이용한 화재발생 특성 분석을 위해서는 재난 데이터의 표준화와, 데이터 개방 및 활성화가 필요하다.

Purpose: In this study, the characteristics of fire occurrence according to ignition heat sources such as operating equipment, cigarette/lighter fire, and flame/fire were analyzed. Method: One-way ANOVA and cross-analysis were used to analyze the characteristics of fire occurrence by verifying the difference between the ignition environment, fire damage status and scale, and cause of ignition according to the ignition heat source. Result: The fire occurrence characteristics were analyzed through As a result of the analysis, it was found that fires caused by operating devices occurred more frequently on weekdays than other ignition heat sources, and the number of victims and the number of victims were the highest, so mobilization of firefighting power and property damage were the greatest. The initial ignition was generated by electric and electronic devices, and the combustion was expanded by the synthetic resin. For fires caused by cigarette and lighter fires, the most fires occurred on Saturdays and Sundays, and the mobilization of the police force was more characteristic than the mobilization of the firefighting force. In particular, it was found that the initial ignition and combustion expansion were caused by paper, wood, and hay. Fires caused by sparks and sparks occurred most frequently on Saturdays and Sundays, and initial ignition and combustion expansion were found to be caused by paper, wood, and hay. In particular, it showed the characteristic that it occurred in the place farthest from the fire station. The common characteristic of all ignition heat sources was that the fire occurred most frequently in the afternoon time, and the fire type was predominantly the building structure fire, and only the ignition point was burned the most. Conclusion: In order to prevent fire and minimize damage, it is necessary to analyze the tendency of fire occurrence and to prepare appropriate preparations according to the fire occurrence factors. In order to analyze the characteristics of fire occurrence using public data in the future, it is necessary to standardize disaster data and to open and activate data.

Purpose: This study describes the attitudes toward Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), physical discomfort with wearing PPE, obsession with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and perceived psychosocial stress among operating room nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies factors affecting perceived psychosocial stress. Methods: This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional design to evaluate physical discomfort experienced when wearing PPE, attitudes toward PPE, and obsession with COVID-19. We collected the data between December 2020 and January 2021. The participants were 127 nurses who worked in operating rooms at three hospitals in South Korea. Perceived psychosocial stress was assessed using the Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression. Results: Having a bachelor's degree (β=.28, p=.031), attitude toward PPE (β=-.22, p=.011), experiencing shortness of breath while wearing PPE (β=.26, p=.008), and obsession with COVID-19 (β=.23, p=.006) were identified as factors affecting the psychosocial stress of nurses who wore PPE and participated in surgery. Conclusion: Nurses who had a negative attitude toward PPE, experienced shortness of breath while wearing it, and had a high level of obsession with COVID-19 had higher psychosocial stress. To reduce the psychosocial stress of nurses who wear PPE and participate in surgery, we suggest research on education that can reduce repetitive thinking about infectious diseases, such as obsession with COVID-19. Additionally, support is needed to improve positive attitudes toward PPE and alleviate physical discomfort.

In the study, Methods for operating measures in equipment security to find out dangerousness timely in the system and to need for the prevention and measures. The method for analyzing and reconstructing the causes of accident of equipment in site, and try to save the information of site in real-time and to analyze the state of equipment to look for the factors of accidents. By this analysis, one plan for efficiency of production, Equipment Fault Diagnosis Management and security is integrating and building module of using the Fuzzy Inference based on fuzzy theory. The case study is applied to the industrial electric motors that are necessarily used to all manufacturing equipment. Using the sensor for temperature is attached to gain the site information in real time and to design the hardware module for signal processing. In software, realize the system supervising and automatically saving to management data base by the algorithm based in fuzzy theory from the existing manual input system

As a environment of SCM is issued recently, many enterprises are concerned about inventory control for an efficiency of operation and reliablity. The goal of them is to match up to improving of facilities and redoing of inventory cost. To put an efficiency in the operation rate of facilites, A moderate provision of spare parts for that would come into a matter. This study designs two-echelon spare parts distribution system and sees over the relationship between operating rate and inventories of spare parts. and then it determines fitting inventories and investment cost considering an operating rate.

선박의 자동화 수준이 높아지고 자율운항선박의 개발에 따라 선박의 IPMS (integrated platform management system)는 다양한 운영체제로 통제되는 개별 장비들을 통합하고 다량의 데이터를 실시간으로 처리해야 한다. 이러한 상황에서 데이터 처리를 위해 DDS (data distribution service) 미들웨어 기반 선박 IPMS 시뮬레이터를 개발하고 성능을 평가하였다. 이종 운영체제로 동작하고 있는 신호입출력장치와 IPMS 서버에서 초당 1,000개의 토픽을 비동기로 발간하고 구독한 시뮬레이션을 수행하였으며, 초기 4초 동안 일부 토픽의 누락을 제외하고는 오류 없이 데이터를 수신하였다. 개발된 시뮬레이터는 실제 선박에서 DDS를 이용하여 다른 제어체계를 통합할 수 있음을 보여준다.

With increasing automation in ships and the development of autonomous ships, an IPMS (Integrated Platform Management System) in ship needs to integrate and process large amounts of real-time data from various equipment operating on different operating systems. A ship IPMS simulator based on data distribution service (DDS) was developed and its performance was evaluated to handle data processing similar in real ship environment. Errors were monitored while 1,000 topics/sec were asynchronously published and subscribed from data acquisitive units (DAUs) and an IPMS server operating on different operating systems. Except for the loss of some topics during the initial 4 seconds, topics were received without an error thereafter. The developed simulator demonstrates the feasibility of using DDS to integrate various control systems using different operating systems in actual ships.

최근 건설공사의 대형화와 복합화로 인해 건설기계의 사용은 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며 전체공사비 중 기계경비가 차지하는 비율 또한 점차 높아지고 있다. 하지만 현행 '건설공사 표준품셈'은 기상조건으로 인한 작업불가능일, 법정공휴일, 공사관리조건에 따른 작업중지일 등을 고려하지 않고 있어 실제 운전시간과는 많은 차이를 보이고 있는 실정이며, 따라서 현실적이고 합리적인 건설기계경비 산출기준을 제시해주지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 견설기계의 현실적인 연간표준가동시간을 산정하기 위하여 우선 표준품셈 상의 건설기계를 각 공종별로 분류하고, 각 공종의 작업이 불가능한 기상조건을 설정하였다. 한편 2004${\sim}$2006년의 서울과 부산의 일일 기상자료를 분석하여 기상조건 및 법정공휴일에 의해서 연간 각 작업이 불가능한 일수를 산출하고, 중복일수를 공제하여 각 장비의 연간표준가동시간을 산정하였다. 그 결과 연간표준가동시간은 토공장비, 다짐장비, 기초공사장비는 1,430시간, 운반 및 하역기계(양중장비로 한정)는 2,124시간, 콘크리트 포장기계는 1,156시간, 아스팔트 포장기계는 1,188시간, 콘크리트기계는 1,688시간, 골재생산장비는 2,152시간으로 산정되었다.

As use of construction equipment has been increasing continuingly, the proportion of equipment expense to the total construction cost has become higher. However, there is a difference between the equipment expenses section in 'Poom-Sam' and practical data, because 'Poom-sam' does not consider non-working days due to weather conditions, legal holidays and management conditions. Therefore, 'Poom-Sam' does not present a reasonable standard for estimating construction equipment expenses. In this study, to estimate realistic construction equipment operating hours, firstly, construction equipment was classified according to work, and weather conditions, in which each work could not be executed, were established. Then, weather data on Seoul and Busan(2004${\sim}$2006) and legal holidays were analyzed to suggest annual standard operating hours. The annual standard operating hours of earthmoving & excavating, compaction, and drilling equipment was estimated to be 1,430 hours, and lifting equipment, concrete paving equipment, asphalt paving equipment, concrete equipment, and crushing & conveying equipment were estimated to be 2,124 hours, l,156hours, 1,188hours, 1,688hours, and 2,152hours respectively.

급속히 발달하는 현대의 디지털 기술에 의해 음향기기는 매우 빠른 속도로 개선 개발되고 있으며 이에 대한 기술과 지식도 나날이 새로워짐에 따라 보다 더 다양하고 새로운 음향이 제공될 뿐만 아니라 생활 수준향상에 따른 음향에 대한 관심과 보다 더 다양하고 수준 높은 음향에 대한 요구가 점차 확산되어 가는 추세이다. 이러한 결과로 인해 이제 음향기기는 이를 다루는 전문가는 물론이고 일반인들 역시 이에 대한 사용의 필요성이 높아지게 되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 음향기기는 이를 사용하는 전문가들과 일반인에게 수용하기 어려울 정도의 급속한 변화와 발전을 거듭하고 있다. 이러한 새로운 음향에 대한 테크놀로지를 가상적으로 조작 및 체험해보는 안내가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 음향기기에 대한 이해를 원하는 일반인들과 전문인들에게 기기의 기본 원리와 사용 및 조작법을 안내하는 웹 기반 가상 음향기기 안내 시스템을 설계하는 것이다. 본 음향기기 안내 시스템은 음향기기 사용법의 내용을 단순히 컴퓨터로 표현하고 안내하는 차원을 넘어 실제 조작과 가깝게 가상적인 조작을 제공하는 시뮬레이션형의 안내시스템이다.

Sound equipment has developed rapidly as digital technology has quickly matured. Due to this fact, the necessary knowledge and skills are new. Moreover, improvements in digital surrealism in acoustical modeling have increased the challenges facing future audio engineers. Therefore, the necessity of Instruction in the use of sound equipment is needed for the specialist and amateur, alike. However, it is not easy to loam all kinds of sound equipment and systems which are upgraded often. It is necessary to offer a virtual environment that accurately simulates the manipulation and experiences of new sound recording technologies. The purpose of this study was to design a web based virtual operating system for sound equipment technologies which guide user to learn basic principles of usage and production techniques. The virtual simulation system was designed to aggressively implement an actual equipments so that user manipulation will accurately reflect current equipment usage and behavior.

This study represents the technique about the noise reduction of HVAC equipment for high speed train(HST) operating at 200km/h. HST is different from the low speed train in the various points as well as the speed. Especially, the noise of cabin is closely related to the comfort of passenger and the noise from HVAC is one of main noise source in the cabin. In this study, the noise from HVAC was reduced by 5 dB(A) using the concept of multiple resonator and guide vein. Therefore, the noise of cabin decreased from 60 dB(A) to 55 dB(A) at the center of the cabin.

최근 군용장비의 첨단화가 가속됨에 따라 장비의 성능을 실시간으로 검증하는 점검장비 역할이 중요해지고 있다. 대부분 점검장비가 개발 편의성, 개발기간 등을 고려해서 윈도우 기반으로 개발되었다. 하지만 윈도우 기반 점검장비가 실시간성을 제공하지 않아 이기종간의 데이터 통신에 대한 주기를 만족해주지 못하는 단점이 있으며, 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 고가의 상용 솔루션을 이용하여 윈도우 기반의 점검장비에 실시간성을 보장해주고 있다. 본 논문에서는 고가의 상용 솔루션을 대체하는 실시간 이식 커널인 RTiK-MP를 기반으로 하는 실시간 점검장비 소프트웨어를 설계하는 방법을 제시하며, 성능을 검증하기 위해 고속으로 통신하는 유도탄과 연동시험을 통해서 실시간성과 데이터 정확성을 측정하고 이를 검증하였다.

As the recent advancement of military equipment has been accelerated, it is becoming more important to act as an inspection device that verifies the performance of equipment in real time. Most of the inspection equipments were developed on the Windows OS based system. considering development convenience and development period. However, sice the data communication between these models occurs asynchronously, there is a problem that it is difficult to guarantee real-time performance of the window-based inspection equiment. To solve these problems, we use real-time commercial solutions to guarantee the real-time performance of Windows-based inspection equipment. In this paper, we propose a method of designing and implementing the inspection equipment software based on Real-Time implanted Kernel-Multi Processor (RTiK-MP) operating in Windows environment. In addition, real-time performance data accuracy was measured through a high-speed communication tool and interlocking test to verify the performance of the inspection device based on the real-time porting kernel.

The method of measurement for laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations is specified in ISO 3822-1 This part of standard gives detailed descriptions for mounting and operating in-line valves and appliances, which control the flow, pressure or temperature of the water in water supply installations in such laboratory tests.

The method of measurement for laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations is specified in ISO 3822-1 This part of standard gives detailed descriptions for mounting and operating conditions for laboratory tests of appliances of such construction that they cannot easily be considered as draw-off or in-line appliances, e.g. water heaters, shower heads, etc.

The method of measurement for laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations is specified in ISO 3822-1. This part of standard gives detailed descriptions for mounting and operating draw-off taps and mixing valves in such laboratory test. Draw-off taps and mixing valves are the most common kind of appliance used in water supply installations.