Earticle

본 연구는 난화기법을 활용한 집단미술치료가 아동의 자기표현력과 또래관계에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 P시 I센터에 다니는 6-7세 아동 14명이며 동질검사를 실시한 후 실험집단 7명, 통제집단 7명으로 배치하였다. 연구 도구는 자기표현력 검사, 또래관계 검사와 난화기법을 활용한 집단미술치료를 2019년 12월 7일부터 2020년 2월 29일까지 총 12회기로 연구자가 진행하였다. 자료분석은 실험집단과 통제집단의 동질성 검증을 위해 t-test를 실시, 검사 시기와 집단에 따른 차이는 반복측정변량분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 실험집단의 경우 자기표현력의 하위영역인 내용부분이 음성, 체언하위영역에 비해 긍정적인 변화를 보였다. 둘째, 또래관계에서는 사교성, 지도성, 유능성, 협조성에서는 긍정적인 변화를 보였지만 안정성이 다른 하위영역에 비해 사전-사후점수는 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았고 추후점수는 소폭으로 향상되었다. 반면 통제집단의 경우 사전-사후-추후의 점수에서 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 연구결과는 난화기법을 활용한 집단미술치료가 아동의 자기표현력과 또래관계 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점에 대하여 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of group art therapy using refractory techniques on children's self-expression and peer relationships. The subjects of the study were 14 children aged from 6 to 7, and after a homogeneity test was conducted, seven of the children were placed in the experimental group and seven in the control group. Regarding the research tool, researchers conducted a total of 12 sessions of group art therapy using self-expression tests, peer relationships tests, and refractory techniques from December 7, 2019, to February 29, 2020. For the data analysis, t-test was conducted to verify the homogeneity of the experimental group and the control group, and repeated measurement variable analysis was conducted. The results were as follows. First, in the case of the experimental group, the content part, which is a sub-area of self-expression, showed a positive change. Second, in peer relationships, positive changes occurred in sociality, leadership, competence, and cooperation. However, stability did not show a significant difference compared to other sub-areas, and later scores improved slightly. On the other hand, in the case of the control group, no significant difference emerged between the pre-and post-assessment scores. The research results showed that collective art therapy using refractory techniques positively affected children's self-expression and peer relationships. Based on these research results, the significance and limitations of this study were then discussed.

본 연구는 종교적 기부 및 상호부조적 기부가 자선적 기부와 어떠한 연관성을 갖는지 실증적으로 검증함으로써 기부에 대한 실증적 지식의 확장에 필요한 기초 자료를 마련하고자 하는 목적을 갖는다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 한국인의 기부행동에 관한 대표적 자료인 아름다운 재단의 「Giving Korea 2010」자료를 분석하여 세 가지 형태의 기부행동 간 관계에 대한 이해 기반을 제공하고자 한다. 종교적 기부 및 상호부조적 기부와 자선적 기부의 연관성을 검증하기 위해 규모와 노력이라는 측정방식을 활용하여 토빗 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 종교적 기부규모는 자선적 기부규모와 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 정적 연관성을 갖지만, 상호부조적 기부규모는 유의한 연관성을 갖지 않는 것으로 나타난다. 그리고 종교적 기부규모와 상호부조적 기부규모의 상호작용은 부적 방향에서 연관성을 갖는 것으로 나타난다. 한편 소득에 대비한 기부의 수준인 기부노력을 통해 측정했을 때는 종교적 기부노력 및 상호부조적 기부노력 각각은 자선적 기부노력과 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 정적 연관성을 갖는 것으로 나타난다. 그리고 기부규모를 통한 분석에서와 마찬가지로 종교적 기부노력과 상호부조적 기부노력의 상호작용은 자선적 기부노력과 부적 방향에서 연관성을 갖는 것으로 나타난다. 이러한 결과는 종교적 기부 및 상호부조적 기부 각각은 자선적 기부와 보완적 관계(complementary relationship)를 형성하는 경향이 있지만, 종교적 기부와 상호부조적 기부가 결합적으로 증가되는 경우에는 자선적 기부와 대체적 관계(substitutive relationship)를 형성할 수 있음을 시사해 준다. 대부분의 종교는 친사회적 행동을 장려하고 기부의 책임을 강조하며 실천을 동기화하기 때문에 종교적 기부의 규모와 강도가 크고 강한 사람들은 자선적 기부에서도 역시 그러한 경향을 갖는 것으로 추정된다. 사회적 관계망을 바탕으로 한 상호부조적 기부의 경우에는 공동체 의식에 기반한 나눔실천의 확장이라는 기제가 발현되어 자신과 무관할 수 있는 타인을 배려하고 돌보는 행동으로까지, 즉 자선적 기부행동으로까지 연계되어지는 것으로 추정해 볼 수 있다. 한편, 종교적 기부와 상호부조적 기부 간의 상호작용 효과는 종교적 기부와 상호부조적 기부가 결합적으로 증가되어지는 경우 자선적 기부에 대한 자원 할당이 상대적으로 줄어드는 경향이 있음을 시사해 주는데, 이에 대해서는 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

This study is targeted to understand citizens' secular giving in the relationship with religious giving and mutual aid giving. It explores core predictors of secular giving which is measured by absolute amount and effort(share of giving by household income) by focusing on religious giving, mutual aid giving, and their interaction with controlling for significant variables such as demographic variables and volunteering. For the analysis, this study utilizes the data called 'Giving Korea 2010' by the Center on Philanthropy of the Beautiful Foundation and employs Tobit regression model to correct sample selection bias. The findings show that (1) religious giving amount(+) and interaction between religious giving amount and mutual aid giving amount(-) have statistically significant effects on citizens' secular giving amount and (2) religious giving effort(+), mutual aid giving effort(+), and interaction between religious giving effort and mutual aid giving effort(-) have statistically significant effects on citizens' secular giving effort. The findings show that there are complementary relationship between religious giving and secular giving in terms of amount and effort and there could be complementary relationship between mutual aid giving and secular giving in terms of effort. In addition, it shows that there can be substitutive relationship between these giving and secular giving when religious giving and mutual aid giving are practiced simultaneously Indeed, the findings implies that there should be continuous research on different types of giving behaviors. This study has made a start in a new area of inquiry attempting to explain diverse giving behaviors of citizens in different cultural backgrounds with broadening and promoting understanding on Koreans' giving behaviors. Moreover, it raises an implication for policy development to mobilize secular resources.

In this paper, we examine the roles, mutual relationships, and guidelines for a healthy life as exemplified by the characters Santiago and Manolin in Ernest Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea” and use this content to compare the happy home life of elderly couples in Korea. Through a metaphorical exploration of the lives of elderly husbands and wives in Korean society, the study examines their significance as the core of the family, particularly during their senior years. Ernest Hemingway’s “The Old Man and the Sea” portrays Santiago as a unique embodiment of virtue and humanity. As an elderly male fisherman, he symbolizes a profound connection with the sea, as well as qualities such as courage, patience, and unwavering passion. His story underscores the importance of pursuing new goals and maintaining hope even in old age. The relationship between Santiago and Manolin provides insights into the dynamics of elderly husbands and wives in their domestic lives. Manolin's unwavering support for Santiago and his understanding of Santiago's dreams exemplify the significance of mutual support and the establishment of common goals for elderly couples. These characters serve as exemplary models for understanding and supporting one another within a family setting. Within the context of family life, applying these exemplary models and relationship dynamics fosters mutual respect, collaboration, emotional expression, and effective communication. Supporting each other and working towards common goals can enhance the family atmosphere, resolve conflicts, and enrich domestic life. Furthermore, when elderly couples share common goals and enjoy activities together, they strengthen their bond and create a more fulfilling family life. These shared activities deepen the affection between elderly husbands and wives and contribute to a thriving household. Through the characters of Santiago and Manolin in “The Old Man and the Sea,” we present in this study a deeper understanding of the values and roles within the domestic lives and affection of elderly husbands and wives. Mutual respect, collaboration, emotional expression, communication, mutual support, common goals, hope, and shared domestic activities all play pivotal roles in maintaining a healthy family life and establishing happiness and well-being within the family. We expect this study to offer valuable insights into the fields of family studies, elderly welfare, and sociology.

역사 과정을 통하여 한 지역의 개성적인 문화가 형성되고 그 지역인의 성격이 결성된다. 역사의 중층적 구조의 각 층은 제 단계의 문화를 보여준다. 문화란 그 지역인들의 가치관, 사고방식 그리고 행위방식을 나타내 주는 것으로 지역학 (지역연구)의 핵심 연구 대상이다. 그런데 역사란 과거에 속하는 사료와 현재에 속하는 역사가의 끊임없는 접촉 속에서 밝혀지는 인식론적 차원의 결과물이다. 인식자인 역사가의 관점이 큰 역할을 한다. 그런가 하면 한 지역의 문화라는 것도 인식자의 관점에 따라 다르게 파악될 수 있는 인식론적 차원의 결과물이다. 이는 지역학의 결과가 그러함을 의미한다. 각 지역의 문화를 상호 비교함으로써 우리는 그 특수성과 보편성을 파악할 수 있으며 지역을 연구하는 방법도 이와 유사할 수 있다. 각 지역의 역사를 과거, 현재, 미래의 끊임없는 “대화” 라는 관점에서 파악하고 각 지역간의 상호 인식의 끊임없는 “대화” 속에서 각 지역의 성격을 규명한다. 각 지역 역사는 그 지역의 개별성을 나타내 주는 것이고 그 개별성은 각 지역간 끊임없는 상호 교차 인식 속에서 그리고 비교 과정에서 더욱 선명해 진다. 각 지역의 개별성은 이 끊임없는 교차 인식 과정에서 변증법적 통일을 기하여 보편성을 추구한다. 이는 역사학과 지역학이 인식론의 바탕위에서 상호 유기적인 관계를 형성하고 있기 때문에 가능하다고 할 수 있다. 역사학과 지역학의 관계가 위와 같이 규명될 수 있는 것이며 역사학은 각 지역의 개별성 파악을 위해 필수적으로 투입되어야 할 학문 분과이고 그 개별성들의 끊임없는 비교과정을 통해 역사의 개별성과 보편성의 자대가 확립될 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 볼 때 지역학을 통해 역사연구는 심대한 역할을 수행할 수 있고 또한 풍부한 역사학의 지평을 열 수 있다.

The true nature of a certain (special, individual, particular) area implies the ultimate outcome of the history unique to the area. Because, the history unique to an area is the aggregate of all past experiences of the area people. History has a stratified structure which represents the aggregate (totality) of the diachronic accumulations of the occurrences. Each period builds upon the past. In the each phase (slice) of this stratification of history live the area contemporaries. Each phase can be understood as the culture which comprises whole life fields of the area inhabitants. This culture is formed through the history of this individual area. So, without understanding the stratified structure of history of an area (that is, the total accumulations of historical occurrences), we can not recognize the culture as the aggregate lifestyle of the area accurately. Culture may be defined briefly as a community of a people who hold numerous features of belief, behavior, and overall way of life in common, including ideology, technology, social institutions, and material possessions. Without a doubt, history is the aggregate of all past experiences. But in reality, we can only realize history which comes within our spheres of cognizance. That means that history which we know, in its volume and character, also depends on our faculty of understanding. We can conclude that history stands in a strong relationship with epistemology. The central object of area studies is the human beings of the area who are in the process of the history. Area studies can be regarded as a continuous process of interaction (an unending dialogue) between the researcher of an area and the research object (and other area). From this point of view, I conclude that area studies is a science of epistemology. Because of the different history each area possesses particularity, that is individuality. The first goal of area studies lies in the recognition of this individuality. This individuality can be more obviously recognized through continuous comparisons between areas. Under this process we can also extract universality (generality) gradually. In the end we can develop a third new perspective. That is the dialectic unification between speciality and universality.

The concept of self-sacrifice is so essential to both human love and Christian life. However, despite many apparent benefits, the role of sacrifice in relationships is controversial. Criticisms of self-sacrifice have focused on the hazards of unhealthy extremes. In this sense, the model of self-sacrifice should carefully balance the obligations of regard for others with a legitimate regard for oneself and recognizes the social, cultural, and theological elements required to maintain it. Koreans will benefit much from reflecting on the motives of their self-sacrifice; rather than sacrificing out of coercion or out of obligation and duty, the true motives should be mutually beneficial for all of those involved. It is my hope that Koreans depart from their tendencies of one-sided submission, giving up of self-respect, and wholesale yielding to imposed obligations within its patriarchal culture; and venture into a realm of service seasoned with mutuality and authentic self-sacrifice.

信任在心理？, ？？？, 社？？中已被？泛？究, 其重要性不？在市？？？中被强？, 在一般商？原？中也被强？. 供？商和？家之？的？系？？去不同, ？去的？系需要相？大的私人？？？？, ？可能涉及不道德的商？行？. 而在以工？？？成功的？核心的二十一世？激烈的全球？？中, 供？商和？家之？的？系是？伴？系. 在相互合作的高？？信任的基？上, 通？交？的？系, ？？？？家和供？商？？？期的利益, ？？力增强和交易成本的降低以及其他福利. ？管？有的？究有信任的重要性, 但是在？？？供？？系中却忽？了信任的作用, 也？有系？地分析信任？？系的影？. 因此, 深入？究, ？定？家和商？服？供？商之？信任和？系？效之？的？系是？？需要的. 本？究中的商？服？, 包括那些支持制造？, 正作？下一代？？增？的引擎而吸引着人？的注意. ？？政府已？？其作？制造？？展的？略？域. 由于商？服？？放市？的需求日？激烈, 商？服？？的？？力？？比以往得到更多的提倡. 本？究的目的是探索相互信任？？家和供？商之？的？系？效的影？. 具？？？, 本？究在商？服？交易中提出了一？？于信任-？系？效的理？模型, ？？？？？根据模型而提出的假？. ？？？究表明, ？究？果有？略意？. 本？究通？多？方法收集？？？据. ？些方法包括通？？？, ？件和面？. 作？？本的公司是在？？供？和？？商？服？的以知？？本的公司. 本？究收集的是二？的基？？据. 每？？本公司？包括？？公司及其相？的供？公司. ？？踪？？每？公司？的相互信任. 本？究？商？服？的？？？方提出了信任-？系？效的模型. ？模型由信任和？的前因和后果. ？家的信任分？？供？公司的信任和？？？人？的信任. 根据Doney 和Cannon (1997)的？究我？在？人水平和？？水平上？察信任. 通常情？下, ？方是信任的受？, 但？？？究我？建？以供？商？？察受？. 因此, ？？特的？注了？？角度的知？？？. ？言之, 供？商和？家一？, 是信任的主？, 因？交易通常是？？的. ？？？角度？看, 供？商？？家信任和？方？供？商的信？一？重要. 供？商的信任？某？程度上受？信任的？方公司和？家的影？. ？？使用？人水平和？？水平的信任分？是根据Doney 和Cannon (1997)的？究. 信任影？供？商的？？, ？是一？？向放的工作. 供？商？？？？？供？商？？？程中, 和？家密切的一起工作. 此外, ？？程？某？程度上受每一方信任的合作？伴的影？. 挑？？程包括一些步？: ？？, 信息？索, 供？商？？和？效？价. 作？？一？程的？果, ？家和供？商都？行？效？？, ？就？些？果？基？, 采取有形或无形的？正行？. 本？究中使用的？于信任的？量？？是根据Mayer, Davis 和 Schoorman (1995) 以及Mayer和Davis (1999)的？究？展起？的. 根据他？的建？, 有？信任的三？方面的？究包括有能力, 善和完整. 根据商？服？？？背景我？？整了原？的？？. 例如, 如 "他/？的？？能力" 已被改？ "？我？？？我？的？品？？？人？表？出？？能力. "？？？究使用的？量？？不同于在以往的？究中使用的？？（Rotter 1967; Sullivan和Peterson 1982; Dwyer和Oh 1987. 本？究中有？信任的前因后果的？量？？是根据Doney和Cannon (1997)的？究？基？制定的. 根据商？服？？？背景我？？整了原？的？？. 特？是, ？？被？？？？？家和供？商以解？下列因素: 信？ (？信, 客？服？, 良好意愿), 市？地位 (公司？模, 市？？？, 在行？中的地位), 愿意定制（

Trust has been studied extensively in psychology, economics, and sociology, and its importance has been emphasized not only in marketing, but also in business disciplines in general. Unlike past relationships between suppliers and buyers, which take considerable advantage of private networks and may involve unethical business practices, partnerships between suppliers and buyers are at the core of success for industrial marketing amid intense global competition in the 21st century. A high level of mutual cooperation occurs through an exchange relationship based on trust, which brings long-term benefits, competitive enhancements, and transaction cost reductions, among other benefits, for both buyers and suppliers. In spite of the important role of trust, existing studies in buy-supply situations overlook the role of trust and do not systematically analyze the effect of trust on relational performance. Consequently, an in-depth study that determines the relation of trust to the relational performance between buyers and suppliers of business services is absolutely needed. Business services in this study, which include those supporting the manufacturing industry, are drawing attention as the economic growth engine for the next generation. The Korean government has selected business services as a strategic area for the development of manufacturing sectors. Since the demands for opening business services markets are becoming fiercer, the competitiveness of the business service industry must be promoted now more than ever. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the mutual trust between buyers and suppliers on relational performance. Specifically, this study proposed a theoretical model of trust-relational performance in the transactions of business services and empirically tested the hypotheses delineated from the framework. The study suggests strategic implications based on research findings. Empirical data were collected via multiple methods, including via telephone, mail, and in-person interviews. Sample companies were knowledge-based companies supplying and purchasing business services in Korea. The present study collected data on a dyadic basis. Each pair of sample companies includes a buying company and its corresponding supplying company. Mutual trust was traced for each pair of companies. This study proposes a model of trust-relational performance of buying-supplying for business services. The model consists of trust and its antecedents and consequences. The trust of buyers is classified into trust toward the supplying company and trust toward salespersons. Viewing trust both at the individual level and the organizational level is based on the research of Doney and Cannon (1997). Normally, buyers are the subject of trust, but this study supposes that suppliers are the subjects. Hence, it uniquely focused on the bilateral perspective of perceived risk. In other words, suppliers, like buyers, are the subject of trust since transactions are normally bilateral. From this point of view, suppliers' trust in buyers is as important as buyers' trust in suppliers. The suppliers' trust is influenced by the extent to which it trusts the buying companies and the buyers. This classification of trust using an individual level and an organization level is based on the suggestion of Doney and Cannon (1997). Trust affects the process of supplier selection, which works in a bilateral manner. Suppliers are actively involved in the supplier selection process, working very closely with buyers. In addition, the process is affected by the extent to which each party trusts its partners. The selection process consists of certain steps: recognition, information search, supplier selection, and performance evaluation. As a result of the process, both buyers and suppliers evaluate the performance and take corrective actions on the basis of such outcomes as tangible, intangible, and/or side effects. The measurement of trust used for the p

This study analyzed the mutual influences between subjective health condition and income of the elderly in the 60s or up, by using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing(KLoSA), by the Korea Employment Information Service. Regarding the analysis methods, this study used the OLS linear regression analysis to examine the causalities between each variable and the SUR model considering the correlationship of error terms between two equations. In the results of analysis, the subjective health and income of the elderly were in the mutually-bidirectional complementary relationship. In other words, the increase of income of the elderly could improve the subjective health condition. When the subjective health condition of the elderly is better, it is possible to have the increased income due to the increase of labor and productivity. On top of revealing the importance of economic resources for the subjective health of the elderly, this verifies that the subjective health of the elderly is a crucial factor for the enhancement of income. Therefore, the state and society should develop the health enhancement programs for the elderly by considering the financial factors of the elderly, and also establish the policy measures such as the enhancement of income of the elderly, expansion of participation in economic activities, and extension of retirement age in the aspect of health demand.

이 논문은 최근 PR(Public Relations) 분야에서 주요 패러다임으로 주목받고 있는 조직－공중 관계성을 경찰과 시민에 적용하여 상호이해도를 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 특히 이 논문은 상호지향성 모델(coorientation model)을 적용하여, 경찰과 시민 간의 조직－공중 관계성에 대한 객관적 일치도, 주관적 일치도, 정확도 등을 살펴봄으로써 커뮤니케이션 효과를 알아보고자 했다. 이를 위해 이 연구는 경찰, 시민 각각 200명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 최종 경찰 143명, 시민 177명의 설문응답 내용을 분석했다. 분석 결과, 조직－공중 관계성의 6개 구성개념 중 객관적 일치도가 높은 것은 ‘헌신’과 ‘만족’인 것으로 나타났다. 주관적 일치도 1은 6개 구성개념 모두 낮은 것으로 나타났고, 주관적 일치도 2는 ‘상호통제’, ‘헌신’, ‘공공관계’, ‘교환관계’가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 정확도 1이 높은 것은 ‘헌신’과 ‘만족’이었고, 정확도 2는 ‘신뢰’를 제외한 나머지 5개 구성개념 모두 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 관계성 관리(relationship management)에서 주도적 의무를 지고 있는 경찰 입장에서는 시민들과의 커뮤니케이션을 강화해서 정확도를 높이는 PR기법을 적용하는 한편, 경찰의 PR목표를 시민지향적인 방향으로 수정할 필요가 있다.

This article is a trial to find some implications in public relation studies through the analysis of mutual understanding between police officers and citizens on the public relations from the perspective of organization－Public relationships, which is a newly rising paradigm in public relation studies. This article uses co-orientation model which is composed of objective agreement, subjective congruence, accuracy of public relationship to measure the communication effect. The survey questionnaire was distributed to 200 police officers and 200 citizens. The final number of analysed questionnaire was 144 police officers’ and 179 citizens’ answer. The result shows as below: Organization－public relationship consist of 6 composing variables. ‘Commitment’ shows high rate of objective agreement and accuracy. ‘Satisfaction’ shows high rate of objective agreement, subjective congruence, and accuracy. ‘Trust’, ‘Mutual Control’, ‘Public Relationships’, ‘Exchange Relationships’ show low rate of objective agreement, subjective congruence, and accuracy. The implication drawn from the result is that mutual communication between police officers and citizens are vivid in a good manner at the level of ‘Commitment’ and ‘Satisfaction’ but in other levels of organization－public relationships, mutual communication is not active, which means some facilitating plan for efficient and effective mutual communication is necessary.

The objective of this study is to examine the mutual cause-effect relationships among mileage program, selection attributes, overall satisfaction and brand loyalty in a beer bar. Based on literature review, the following hypotheses were proposed: H1. Selection attributes for beer bar will significantly influence overall satisfaction, H2. Overall satisfaction will significantly influence the brand loyalty, H3. Overall satisfaction plays as a mediating role between selection attributes and brand loyalty, H4. Overall satisfaction will be different by a reward method of mileage program, H5. Overall satisfaction will be different according to the number of times of rewarding. H6. Brand loyalty will be different depending on the perception of mileage program in a bar, H7. Brand loyalty will be different according to the performance of mileage program in a bar. As a result, effective mileage program was needed for beer bar. Futhermore, detailed information for suppliers to manage their own bars was implicated.핵심용어(Key words):선택속성(Selection attributes),마일리지 프로그램(Mileage program),전반적인 만족도(Overall satisfaction),브랜드 충성도(Brand loyalty).

본 연구의 목적은 중앙공무원과 지방공무원의 업무 수행 역량과 정부 간 사무, 권한, 세원 재분배, 인사교류에 대한 인식이 정부 간 관계를 인식하는데 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 한국행정연구원에서 실시된 2017년 ‘정부 간 관계에 대한 인식조사’ 자료를 활용하여 위계적 다중회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 정부 간 관계에 대한 인식은공무원의 업무 수행 역량에 대한 인식의 영향을 받으며, 중앙공무원의 경우 지방공무원의 업무 수행 역량을 지방공무원의 경우 중앙공무원의 업무 수행 역량을통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 중요하게 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 정부수준을 막론하고 지방재정조정제도의 운영에 대한 인식은 정부 간 협력 관계에 대한 인식을 설명하는 주요한 변인으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 분권의 중요한 요소로 인식되어온 공무원의 역량을 변인으로 투입하여 분석을 진행했다는 점에서의의를 갖는다. 그러나 자료의 제약으로 정부 간 관계를 중앙정부와 지방정부로한정했다는 점과 공무원의 업무 수행 역량만을 변인으로 사용하여 본래 공무원역량이 포함하고 있는 다양한 요소들을 분석에 포함하지 못했다는 점은 한계로남는다.

This study analyzes the effects of central and local public officials’ performance capability, as well as the recognition of services’ allocation, authority, financial allocation, and personnel mobility between the central and local governments, on perceptions of intergovernmental relationships. This study uses 2017 survey data on intergovernmental relationships conducted by the Korea Institute of Public Administration. The main results are as follows: Views of intergovernmental relationships are influenced by perspectives on public officials’ job performance capacity. Central public officials recognize local officials’ job performance capacity as important, and local public officials see central officials’ job performance capacity as important at a statistically significant level. Second, notwithstanding the level of government, the outlook on the operation of the local finance equalization scheme was a major variable explaining the stance toward intergovernmental relationships. This study is powerful in that it examines officials’ capacity, which has been distinguished as a critical element of decentralization, as a variable. Due to data limitations, however, this study focused on the central and local governments; the diverse factors of public officials’ capacity were not included in the analysis.

개항기 조선과 미국의 지식인이 상호 타자를 어떻게 인식했는지 유길준․로웰․모스를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이 세 사람은 서로 밀접한 인간관계를 맺고 있었고, 또 상대에 대한 저술을 남겼다. 이 글에서는 저술의 공통부분에 해당하는 문화적인 측면을 중심으로 상호인식의 실상에 접근하고자 했다. 유길준은 일본과 미국 유학 이후 조선 근대화의 방향을 미국 및 서양보다는 일본 근대화의 성과를 참조하여 주체적 절충적으로 모색했다. 문화적인 측면에서 볼 때 유길준은 미국의 관습과 풍속, 그리고 종교에 대해 가치중립적인 태도를 취했다. 그렇지만 미국인들과의 밀도 있는 접촉과 견문을 통해 서양문화에 동화되거나 서양문화를 수용하지는 않았다. 오히려 전통문화에 대한 자부심을 강화했다. 로웰은 문화상대주의적 자세를 취하면서 조선문화의 이면에 숨겨져 있는 원리와 의미를 포착하려 애썼다. 그는 여러 문화적 요소에 대한 개별적인 관찰과 해석에 그치지 않고 조선문화의 성격을 종합적으로 담론화 하고자 했다. 그는 조선문화의 특성을 일본문화에서도 발견하고 이들을 통합하여 동아시아 전통문화의 특성으로 이론화했다. 서구문화에 대비한 동아시아문화의 후진성 또는 정체성을 포착했지만 그것을 특정한 민족의 결점으로 낙인하지는 않았다. 모스는 일본문화 이해를 위해 유길준과의 인터뷰를 통해 조선문화의 내용과 그 특성을 찾아보려 했다. 그는 일본문화를 이해하기 위해 현장조사 등 인류학적 방법을 취했지만 조선에서는 그럴 기회를 얻지 못했다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그는 일본문화의 우수성을 포착하기 위해 애쓴 반면 조선문화에서는 후진성을 찾아내려 했다. 유길준을 통해 인터뷰한 사실들을 편파적인 인상비평의 재료로 삼아 문명의 나라 일본과 야만의 나라 조선으로 대비했다. 그러한 그의 인식에는 청일전쟁의 결과가 영향을 미쳤다. 인간관계와 상대인식은 직접적인 함수관계를 나타내지 않는다. 세 사람 사이에 상대문화를 이해하는 방식이나 그 결과에 차이가 나타나는 것은 당연하다. 밀접한 인간관계를 통해 보다 실질적인 정보를 얻어 정확하고 객관적인 이해에 도달하는 길을 모색할 뿐이다.

This study examined the mutual perception of Joseon and American intellectuals during the port-opening era with a focus on the relationships among Yu Kil-Chun, Percival Lowell, and Edward Morse. These three maintained close relationships with one another and left writings about each other’s countries and cultures. This study intended to approach the reality of their mutual perception by focusing on cultural descriptions commonly found in their writings. Yu sought independent and eclectic ways for the modernization of Joseon based on Japan's success in modernization rather than that of the United States and other Western nations after studying in these two countries. In terms of culture, he took a value-neutral attitude toward American customs, folkways, and religions. Nevertheless, he did not assimilate into or accept Western culture while sharing close interactions and insights with Americans. Rather, he strengthened his pride in Joseon’s traditional culture. Lowell tried to capture the principles and meanings hidden behind the culture of Joseon from a cultural relativist viewpoint. In addition to individual observations and interpretations of various cultural elements, he attempted to incorporate the various aspects of the nature of Joseon culture into a comprehensive discourse. Lowell had also discovered the characteristics of Joseon culture in Japanese culture and integrated them into the features of East Asian traditional culture, developing his findings into a theory. He identified the backwardness or identity of East Asian culture in comparison with Western culture, but did not stigmatize it as a defect of a particular nation. Morse strove to figure out the elements and characteristics of Joseon culture through interviews with Yu in order to enhance his understanding of Japanese culture. He took anthropological approaches such as field surveys to understand Japanese culture, but did not have the same opportunity in Joseon. Nevertheless, while he sought to identify the excellence of Japanese culture, he only tried to point out the backwardness of Joseon culture. He used the information gained from the interviews with Yu as sources for his biased impressionistic criticism, to contrast Japan as a civilized country and Joseon as a barbaric one. Such a perception seemed to have been influenced by the outcome of the Sino-Japanese War. Personal relationships and mutual perceptions do not always have direct functional relations. It is natural that there are differences in the ways the three understood each other's cultures and in the respective consequences. Close personal relationships only serve as a means to reach a more accurate and objective understanding based on practical information attained from such interactions.

본 연구는 어머니의 유관조절행동의 경향을 알아보고 자녀의 인지적 능력에 대한 어머니의 인식, 양육효능감, 유아의 인지 능력, 어머니와 유아가 공유하는 정서와 어머니의 유관조절행동과의 관계는 어떠한지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 대전광역시에 거주하는 만 5세 유아와 어머니 40쌍을 대상으로 가정에서 블록 쌓기와 상자에 조각넣기 과제를 수행하였고 비디오로 촬영하였다. 연구결과 어머니는 비유관조절행동보다 유관조절행동을 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다. 자녀의 인지적 능력에 대한 어머니 인식의 정확성, 양육효능감, 유아의 인지 능력, 어머니와 유아가 공유하는 정서는 변화 크기가 0과 1인 유관조절행동과 유의한 상관관계가 있었으며, 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 변인 중 영향을 가장 많이 미치는 것은 자녀의 인지적 능력에 대한 어머니 인식의 정확성이었으며, 양육효능감, 어머니와 유아가 공유하는 정서 순으로 나타났다.

This study investigates the relationship between mothers' contingent shift behaviors and the following variables: mothers' perceptions parenting self-efficacy, children's cognitive abilities, and mother-child mutual affect. Participants were all from Taejeon and consisted of 40 pairs of 5 years old children and their mothers. To collect the data, mother-child interactions at home were observed and videotaped during task performed with building-blocks and task performed with putting the pieces in the box. The results of this study can be summed up as follows. 1. Mothers showed more contingent shift behaviors than they did noncontingent shift behaviors. 2. Mothers' perceptions of their children's cognitive abilities, parenting self-efficacy and children's cognitive abilities positively correlated with mothers' contingent shift behaviors and contingent shift behaviors at level differences of 0 and 1. The mothers' perceptions, their parenting self-efficacy and their children's cognitive abilities were significant predictors of the mothers' contingent shift behaviors at level differences of 0 and 1 3. Mother-child mutual affect positively correlated with mothers' contingent shift behaviors at level differences of 0 and 1. Mother-child mutual affect was a significant predictor of the mothers' contingent shift behaviors at 0 and 1 level differences. 4. The mothers' perceptions were the most significant predictors of their contingent behaviors.

본 연구는 경찰공무원의 감성역량과 조직유효성, 조직시민행동 간의 관계 및 상호 영향력을 살펴보았으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경찰공무원의 감성역량, 조직유효성, 조직시민행동 간은 유의미한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났는데 경찰공무원의 감성역량이 높을수록 조직유효성과 조직시민행동이 높다는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 둘째, 경찰공무원의 조직유효성과 조직시민행동이 감성역량에 미치는 상대적 설명력을 분석한 결과 경찰공무원의 조직유효성, 조직시민행동이 감성역량에 대한 회귀모형 적합도가 유의미하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 조직유효성과 조직시민행동이 경찰공무원의 감성역량을 의미 있게 예측하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

The study was focused on examining relationships among emotional competence, organization effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior of the police as well as mutual effects, and the results of the research is as follows. First, it turned out that there were significant correlations among emotional competence, organization effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior of the police, and it is interpreted that the stronger emotional competence, the higher organization effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior. Second, as a result of analyses on relative explanatory effects of organization effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior of the police on emotional competence, it turned out that the suitability of regression model of the emotional competence was significant with regard to organization effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior of the police. The result indicates that organization effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior can significantly predict the emotional competence of the police. In this regard, the study suggested followings in order to strengthen relationships among emotional competence, organization effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior based on the result of the research. First, it is necessary to come up with a tool that can diagnose emotional competence at a time of recruiting police officers. Second, training needs to be provided to enhance emotional competence, and an educational process needs to be established and operated. Third, organizational citizenship behavior needs to be included in personal evaluation and compensation items. Last but not least, it is necessary to develop emotional competence techniques and create desirable organizational culture in an effort to induce organizational citizenship behavior from employees who suffer a lack of emotional competence.