Earticle

Accurate detection of small targets in aerial images is crucial but challenging due to the limited computational resources of UAVs. This paper presents an efficient approach based on YOLO-V5S for detecting and classifying distant vehicles in aerial scenes. Extensive ablation study is conducted to find the optimal YOLO architecture. The proposed method is efficient and effective, making it applicable for real-time deployment. A dataset of 1000 annotated images are developed to validate the proposed method's effectiveness. The proposed network outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in accuracy, speed, and resource efficiency, making it a promising solution for aerial vision-based applications.

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes following conservative treatment and arthroscopic repair in patients with a rotator cuff tear.Methods In this retrospective study, patients aged >50 years with a symptomatic rotator cuff tear were reviewed. The rotator cuff tendons were evaluated using ultrasonography, shoulder magnetic resonance imaging or MR arthrography, and the patients with either a high-grade partial-thickness or small-to-medium-sized (≤3 cm) full-thickness tear were included in this study. The primary outcome measures were a pain assessment score and range of motion (ROM) at 1-year follow-up. The secondary outcomes were the rate of tear progression or retear along with the rate of symptom aggravation after the treatments.Results A total of 357 patients were enrolled, including 183 patients that received conservative treatment and 174 patients who received an arthroscopic repair. The pain assessment score (p<0.001) and the ROM in forward flexion (p<0.001) were significantly improved in both groups. The ROM in internal rotation did not significantly change after conservative treatment and arthroscopic repair. The pain assessment score and ROM were not significantly different between the two groups. Retear was observed in 9.6% of patients who had an arthroscopic repair and tear progression was found in 6.7% of those who underwent conservative treatment. The proportion of aggravation for pain and ROM did not significantly differ between the two groups.Conclusion The effectiveness of conservative treatment is not inferior to arthroscopic repair for patients >50 years old with a less than medium-sized rotator cuff tear in a 1-year follow-up period. Further study is warranted to find the optimal combination of conservative treatment for a symptomatic rotator cuff tear.

통증은 매우 복합적인 기전과 다양한 상호 작용을 거쳐 인지된다. 통증에 관한 이전의 연구는 동물 실험 또는 분자 적 수준에서 통증 처리 과정을 규명하고자 하였다. 그러나 이러한 연구 결과들만으로는 복잡한 통증 정보 처리 및 조절 과정을 이해하기 어렵다. 통증의 다양한 특성을 이해하기 위해 통증 신호를 관장하는 다양한 대뇌 부위에 대한 연구가 필수적이다. 그 중 뇌섬엽 피질은 통증과 관련된 다양한 감각 및 정서적 측면을 처리하는 통증 관련 뇌 영역이다. 본 연 구는 뇌섬엽 피질을 통한 통증 정보 처리 및 조절 작용에 대해 알아보았다. 또한 이전의 다양한 연구를 통하여 통증 상태 에서 통증 조절과 관련된 분자적 변화가 뇌섬엽 피질에서도 나타나는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 연구들은 뇌섬엽 피질이 통증 정보 처리 및 조절에 밀접하게 관여하고 있음을 시사한다.

Pain is recognized through complex mechanisms and various interactions. Previous research had attempted to identify processes involving pain through animal experiments at molecular levels. However, these studies were unable to specify complex pain conditioning and information processes. To understand the various aspects of such pain processes, it is essential to study other cerebral regions that govern pain signals. In this review, we discussed previous studies to propose that the IC is involved in utilizing pain networks and connect with other areas of the brain. For research accuracy and efficacy regarding the functional significance of this cortical network, neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods are recommended. Also, we provided known molecular mechanisms underlying the changes of the pain modulation system to pain states in the IC. These studies suggest that the IC may be actively involved in the modulation and perception of pain. Our study may provide advisory contents for additional studies to aid researches in the quest for effective methods in modulating pain.

Background: Psoriasis is a persistent systemic inflammatory condition mediated by the inter- leukin (IL)-23/IL-17 signaling pathway. Existing murine models, including imiquimod (IMQ)- applied wild-type (WT) mice, may not reflect chronicity and systemic comorbidities of psoriasis, particularly gut-related manifestations linked to the gut?skin axis. Objective: To establish a murine model that more accurately reflects chronic psoriasis, its sys- temic comorbidities, and associated gut environment alterations. Methods: C57BL/6 IL-10-deficient (IL-10 knockout [KO]) and WT mice received topical IMQ or vehicle for 6 weeks. Subsequently, tissue samples from skin, colon, joints, kidneys, liver, abdom- inal aortas, lymph nodes, and spleens, as well as fecal and blood samples, were collected for histopathologic, immunologic, gut environment analysis. Results: IMQ-treated IL-10 KO mice developed prolonged psoriatic inflammatory responses with increased epidermal thickness and higher infiltration of CD45+, myeloperoxidase+, and IL-17+ cells. They also exhibited early-onset, severe colitis with marked weight loss, shortened colon length, and elevated colitis severity scores. While IMQ induced systemic inflammation in multiple organs, IL-10 KO mice did not show more severe joint, liver, or kidney involvement than WT mice. Elevated serum tumor necrosis factor alpha and plasminogen activator inhib- itor-1 levels, increased heart/body weight ratio, enhanced gut permeability, and distinct gut microbiota profiles were observed in IL-10 KO mice. Conclusion: The 6-week IMQ-applied IL-10 KO model may better reflect chronic and severe pso- riasis with gut-related comorbidities, offering a valuable platform to investigate the gut?skin axis.

Background/Aims: Patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) typically have a poor prognosis; however, no effective treatment is available. In recent years, several retrospective studies have suggested the clinical benefits of direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B?immobilized fiber column (PMX-DHP) in patients with AE-IPF. Herein, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of PMX-DHP treatment in patients with AE-IPF. Methods: Patients diagnosed with AE-IPF (n = 10) with a partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspiratory oxygen ratio (P/F ratio) > 100 were prospectively enrolled at a single center. PMX-DHP was performed twice for 6 hours (at 24-h intervals) at a flow rate of 80?100 mL/min, and steroid pulse therapy was concurrently administered (500 mg of methylprednisolone for 3 d). Results: The mean patient age was 67 years, and 80.0% were male. During the follow-up (median, 42.5 d; interquartile range, 16.0?174.0 d), seven (70.0%) patients died (including two who underwent transplantation); the in-hospital mortality rate was 70%, while the 30- and 90-day mortality rates were 50.0% and 70.0%, respectively. After 48 hours of PMX-DHP treatment, the P/F ratio improved (mean, 160.0 vs. 229.0; p = 0.054) and C-reactive protein level decreased (mean, 8.3 mg/ dL vs. 3.5 mg/dL; p = 0.012). During hospitalization, no PMX-DHP?associated adverse events were observed. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PMX-DHP treatment may be useful at improving oxygenation and reducing inflammation in patients with AE-IPF with acceptable safety profiles, however without affecting their prognosis.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the incidence and clinical significance of transient versus persistent acute kidney injury (AKI) on acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Materials and Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort of 855 patients with STEMI. AKI was defined as an increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL in creatinine level at any point during hospital stay. The study population was classified into 5 groups: 1) patients without AKI; 2) patients with mild AKI that was resolved by discharge (creatinine change less than 0.5mg/dL compared with admission creatinine during hospital stay, transient mild AKI); 3) patients with mild AKI that did not resolve by discharge (persistent mild AKI); 4) patients with moderate/severe AKI that was resolved by discharge (creatinine change more than 0.5 mg/dL compared with admission creatinine, transient moderate/severe AKI); 5) patients with moderate/severe AKI that did not resolve by discharge (persistent moderate/severe AKI). We investigated 1-year all-cause mortality after hospital discharge for the primary outcome of the study. The relation between AKI and 1-year mortality after STEMI was analyzed. Results: AKI occurred in 74 (8.7%) patients during hospital stay. Adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was 3.139 (95% CI 0.764 to 12.897, p=0.113) in patients with transient, mild AKI, and 8.885 (95% CI 2.710 to 29.128, p<0.001) in patients with transient, moderate/severe AKI compared to patients without AKI. Persistent moderate/severe AKI was also independent predictor of 1 year mortality (hazard ratio, 5.885; 95% CI 1.079 to 32.101, p=0.041). Conclusion: Transient and persistent moderate/severe AKI during acute myocardial infarction is strongly related to 1-year all cause mortality after STEMI.

Background : Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis. An increased expression has been implicated in the development and progression of human gastric cancers and colorectal adenomas and cancers. This study aimed to determine the involvement and association of COX-2 and Bcl-2 in precancerous gastric adenomas. Methods : Seventy-nine gastric polyps were obtained by endoscopic mucosal resection or polypectomy from January, 2000 to July, 2003. Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 and Bcl-2 was observed, and their relationships with various clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Results : Histologically, 13 hyperplastic polyps and 66 tubular adenomas, of which 17 showed high-grade dysplasia, were observed. Increased COX-2 expression was observed in low-grade and high-grade tubular adenomas compared to hyperplastic polyps (p=0.004 and p=0.001, respectively). COX-2 expression was significantly higher in larger (>1 cm) compared with smaller (≤1 cm) tubular adenomas (p=0.034), but no relation was observed in hyperplastic polyps. While Bcl-2 expression differed significantly according to histology, increased Bcl-2 expression was observed especially in COX-2 positive low-grade tubular adenomas. Conclusion : COX-2 expression increased in a size-dependent manner in tubular adenomas, suggesting a role in polyp growth. The increased expression of Bcl-2 in tubular adenomas, especially in COX-2 positive tubular adenomas, suggests that COX-2 action may be related to Bcl-2 expression.