Earticle

There is no universally agreed classification of human error, nor is there one in prospect. Thus, a taxonomy is usually made for a specific purpose. To seek the types of human errors in the environment of man-machine interface under the railway industry, we develop a cognitive information processing model incorporating the human's mental states. Using the model, this study investigates the types of human errors about the railway workers. Thus, a survey is conducted for railway safety personnel-locomotive engineers, station employees, and train commanders- in Korean railway company. Through the survey that is designed to investigate four types of human errors from the Questionnaires composed of thirty Questions, we analyze the types of human errors related to railway safety according to affiliated offices, operation shifts, age, and working years. Finally, from the insights of the results some guidelines for the railway safety management are presented.

The goal of this paper is to provide a Graphic man-machine interface that can be used to control multiple robots simultaneously. The proposed GUI scheme gave emphasis on making multiple robots Perform the cooperative works, maintaining a given formation. It controls multiple robots in two different modes. : a group mode and a individual mode. In the group mode, a common goal position and formation are delivered to individual robots at the same time, and in the individual mode one robot is selected. o increase the efficiency of the interface, a time scheduler is provided. The experimental results are included.

In dismantling factories for recycling, it is important to input actual working data to a personal computer (PC) in order to monitor the work results and related recycling rate of the inputs. This should be performed with a keyboard, a mouse, or other devices. But when a worker is working in the factory, it could be bothersome or time consuming to go to the PC. Especially, workers who works at dismantling factories have a generally low education level are scared to use a PC, which could be used as a pretext for not using the PC. In some cases, data input is performed by a worker after the day's job. In this case, it could take additional time, the worker can make more mistakes, and the data could be unreliable. In this study, we developed a man-machine interface (MMI) device using a safety helmet. A joystick-like device, pushbuttons, and a radio frequency (RF) device for wireless communication is equipped in a safety helmet. This MMI device has functions similar to a PC mouse, and it has a long communication distance. RF is used because it consumes less battery power than Bluetooth. With this MMI device, workers need not go to a PC to input data or to control the PC, and they can control the PC from a long distance. The efficiency of PCs in a factory could be increased by using the developed MMI system, and workers at the dismantling factories could have less reluctance in using the PC.

EDAS_P 시스팀은 사용자와 컴퓨터간에 정보의 교환이 빈번히 일어난다. 그러므로 CAE시스팀은 사용자가 쉽고 자연스럽게 작업할 수 있도록 설계하여야 한다. 본고에서는 interactive graphic 시스팀에 man-machine interface문제를 기능별로 분류하면서, 전자회로 설계용 CAE 시스팀인 EDAS_P에서 응용한 기술을 예로 설명 한다.

This paper shows that a static redundancy excitation system for thermal power plant. The detailed contents are system explanation and MMI(Man-Machine Interface) integration, operation mimic graph.

The industrial processes have become complicated on a large scale bacause of improvement of productivity, research of efficiency, and shortage of locations to be suited for foundation of factories. Consequently, the instrumentation and control systems for operating these industrial processes have also been highly improved with the development of mass information means. In order to operate these large-sized and complicated industrial processes safely, the man-machine interface for correspondence between man and machines and the instrumentation system regarding process fault processing are playing an important role increasingly. This paper describes recent instrumentation system in the water purifying plant as an example of these industrial processes, and covers both man-machine interface and process fault processing. The annual water supply quantity and diffusion were 2, 000, 000, 000m$^{3}$ and 25.0% in 1950 inJapan, but they amounted to 12, 000, 000, 000m$^{3}$ and 86.7% in 1974, respectively. The demands of water will increase incessantly, while it becomes gradually difficult to secure water sources. Accordingly, local self-governing bodies such as municipal cooperation, towns, and villages often construct a large-scale water purifying plant at one place in common, as required, without constructing respective plants independently. It is an absolute requirement for the water purifying plant to avoid stopping water supply to fullfil its social responsibility from the viewpoints of its public utility enterprise, and also it has gradually become difficult to secure skilled operators enough to cover such water purifying plants that are additionally provided in various districts. Thus, the importance of the man-machine interface for assuring safety operation of the water purifying plant irrespective of unskillfulness of operators as well as the instrumentation system regarding process fault processing, or, safety instrumentation, is more and more increasing as the water purifying plants are on a large scale.

As computer systems get complex more and more, the powerful but easy-to-use man machine interfaces are required. This paper describes the man machine interface in the TDX-10 switching system currently being developed at ETRI. The man machine interface in TDX-10 provides a reliable and user-friendly system interface through which system operators can manage the system in a convenient way. It incorporates the window, menu, form, on-line help, history recording, command file batching and color graphics capabilities.

최근 원전의 안전성과 경제성 향상을 위해 신형원자로(APR1400)가 개발되어 왔다. 신형원전은 운전원의 부담과 오류를 감소시키기 위해 첨단형 중앙제어실을 채택하였고 디지털 제어설비를 채택한 계측제어계통을 도입해 설비를 단순화하였다. 종래의 독립적인 핵증기공급계통과 기타 보조설비의 제어계통을 하나의 플랫폼과 네트워크로 통합해 캐비닛 수를 감소시키고 계통의 성능과 정비성을 향상시켰다. 신형 원전의 첨단형 제어실에는 소형 워크스테이션과 대형표시장치를 설치하고 운전원은 좌식으로 모든 발전소의 감시와 제어가 가능하고 워크스테이션이 완전히 상실된 경우에도 운전원은 안전콜솔에서 발전소의 안전정지 상태의 유지가 가능하다. 발전소 운전의 고장 극복 능력 향상을 위해 중요한 안전기능감시, 성공경로감시 및 비상운전절차서 수행단계 감시와 같은 자동화된 안전감시기능이 제공된다. 또한 이들 첨단형 인간-기계 연계 설계는 분리 및 독립성 요건과 같은 원자력 안전성을 보장하기 위해 요구되는 모든 법규와 표준을 만족하여야한다. 본 논문에서는 신형원전의 인간-기계 설계 개면과 설계특징을 검토하고 컴퓨터기반 소형 워크스테이션 설계에서 핵심적인 현안인 공통모드고장 및 통신의 독립성에 관한 안전성 요건의 충족여부를 분석한다. 신형원전 설비는 종래의 제어실 설비보다 감시, 제어 및 진단업무를 더 양호하게 지원할 것으로 기대되어 차세대 원전에 성공적인 설치가 기대된다.

For last 10 years, the standard design of Advanced Power Reactor 1400(APR1400) has been developed to enhance the safety and cost effectiveness of nuclear power plant so that nuclear power can remain more competitive than other energy sources. APR1400 adopts the advanced control room that contributes to the reduction of human errors through minimization of operator's burden and detection/recovery of operator errors and employed the integrated digital I&C equipment which contribute to the simplification of I&C facility by adopting multi-loop controllers, multiplexing, and DCS. The NSSS/BOP control systems, which have been traditionally independent, are integrated into one DCS platform and one network to reduce the number of cabinets and improve the system performance and maintainability. The APR1400 advanced control room features compact workstations and large display panel. Operator can perform, in a seated position, all plant monitoring and control tasks at any one of the workstations. A safety console is provided in the main control room so that plant safety shutdown condition can be achieved and maintained through the safety console upon total failure of workstations. Automation of safety monitoring functions such as critical safety function monitoring, success path monitoring, and emergency operating procedure step monitoring was implemented to enhance the fault tolerance of plant operation. These advanced MMI design features must be designed while meeting all codes and standards required for ensuring the nuclear safety such as separation and independence requirements. In this paper APR1400 MMI design concept and design features are reviewed and design approaches to meet the some of key issues of a computer-based compact workstation design such as common mode failure and communication independence are analyzed to confirm the conformance to the nuclear safety rules. APR1400 control room features are expected to support monitoring, control and diagnostic tasks better than conventional control room facility will be successfully implemented in next generation nuclear facilities.

The Rolling Stock pursues more safe, speedy and accurate operation on the increment of the passenger and the short headway. Signalling system is providing an assurance on safety and reliability of the system, which is based on fail-safe concept. Therefore we are willing to study up on MMI device for new onboard ATP/ATO equipment which is used for driver to recognize train status and fault more quickly and to solve any problem more rapidly, which can maximize the stability and reliability of the system.

음성 및 문자를 통한 컴퓨터와의 정보 교환을 위한 통합 사용자 인터페이스 (Intelligent Man- Machine interface) 시스템의 일환으로 한국어 단모음의 인식을 위한 시스템을 인공 신경망 모델을 사용하여 구현하였으며 인식시스템의 상위 접속부에 필요한 단어 인식 모듈에 있어서의 인지 실험도 행하였다. 모음인식의 입력으로는 제1, 제2, 제3 포르만트가 사용되었으며 실험대상은 한국어의 [아, 어, 오, 우, 으, 이, 애, 에]의 8 개의 단모음으로 하였다. 사용한 인공 신경망 모델은 Multilayer Perceptron 이며, 학습 규칙은 Generalized Delta Rule 이다. 1 인의 남성 화자에 대하여 약 94%의 인식율을 나타내었다. 그리고 음성 인식시의 인지 현상 실험을 위하여 약 20개의 단어를 인공신경망의 어휘레벨에 저장하여 음성의 왜곡, 인지시의 lexical 영향, categorical percetion등을 실험하였다. 이때의 인공 신경망 모델은 Interactive Activation and Competition Model을 사용하였으며, 음성 입력으로는 가상의 음성 피쳐 데이타를 사용하였다.

본 논문에서는 Error Back Propagation 학습을 이용해 한글 문자를 On-Line 인식하는 시스템을 제안한다. Pointing device의 궤적을 추적해 입력 패턴의 특징(feature)을 추출해 신경 회로망 입력으로 준다. 이때 사용하는 특징은 기본 획 (stroke)의 종류 및 획간의 상대적 위치 관계이다. 학습과정에서는 자소의 정의를 읽어 초성, 중성, 종성에 대해 각 획수마다 정의된 신경회로망의 weight를 조정한다. 인식 과정에서는 초성, 중성, 종성의 순으로 에러가 최소인 획수의 신경회로망 출력을 택하여 2 바이트 조합형 코드로 완성한다. 이로써 Intelligent Man-Machine Interface 시스템중 위치 및 크기에 무관한 전필 입력 시스템을 구현한다.

디지틀 중심의 원자로 제어시스템 설계에서 소프트웨어 안전성이 중요한 현안으로 부각되고 있다. 컴퓨터기반의 디지틀시스템으로 설계되는 일체형원자로 MMIS에 적용하기 위한 소프트웨어 개발 계획은 이러한 현안을 만족하기 위해 개발할 필요가 있다. 본 논문은 소프트웨어 개발 계획을 소프트웨어 수명주기 설정, 정형화 기법 적용, 위해서도 분석 수행, 소프트웨어 시험 방법을 제시하였다. 본 논문에서 제시된 소프트웨어 개발 계획은 고품질의 소프트웨어 생산을 보장하며, 원자력 규제기관에서 요구하는 소프트웨어 안전성 보장 계획에 대한 규제사항을 만족한다. 본 논문의 소프트웨어 개발 계획을 바탕으로 추후 구체적인 수행방법, 지침, 절아, 문서화 등의 점차적으로 개발되어 일체형원자로 MMIS 소프트웨어 개발시 적용할 예정이다.

This paper introduces the MMI software for Central Control System in the Distribution Automation System. It provides remote monitoring and real-time control of distribution through the use of remote terminal units(RTUs) graphically. Our MMI software for distribution automation displays a circuit operating map based on the distribution automation database, and overlays it with outage information from the feeder Automation software.

In this paper, a new method of Eye Movement Pattern Encoding (EMPE) which is based on electrooculography(EOG) was suggested for the purpose of effective communication between man and machine, instead of Point-Of-Regard-Selection (PORS) method. Also, ocular interface is designed and the typing aid, eye-pattern writer, was constructed for the test of theoretical validity and its practical aspect. Effect of eye fatigue on the performance of ocular interface was quantified through fatigue test.