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The place where models of Indonesian templed and sculpture remain in best condition is in central Java. Central Java was a center of culture from the 8th century to the 9th century. After the mid-10th century, a dynasty moved from central Java to eastern Java, because of frequent volcanic explosions and illness. Eastern Java became the center of politics and culture until the 16th century, when Islamic culture gained superiority. The classical temples of Indonesia before the rise of Islam are called ‘Candi’, which we can divide into the western Java period (?~8th century), the central Java period (8th~10th century), the eastern Java period (10th~16th century).

Amylomyces rouxii is commonly found as amylolytic fungi in tapai fermentation. However, its diversity is rarely reported despite being often used for food production in Southeast Asia. This research aims to analyze the genetic diversity and the distribution pattern of A. rouxii from Ragi tapai in Java Island, Indonesia. We isolated the fungus from samples obtained from Ragi tapai producing centers in Bandung, Sumedang, Muntilan, Blora, Yogyakarta, and Bondowoso. The obtained isolates were molecularly identified based on the ribosomal regions ITS1/ITS2 and D1/D2, then analyzed for phylogenetic tree reconstruction, genetic distance, genetic variation, and haplotype networking. Six isolates showed specific morphological traits of A. rouxii. However, phylogenetic tree reconstruction on the ribosomal genes showed that the isolates were grouped into two different clades related to two species. Clade A included BDG, SMD, and MTL isolates related to A. rouxii, whereas clade B included YOG, BLR, and BDS isolates related to Mucor indicus. The genetic distances between clades for ITS1/ITS2 and D1/D2 were 0.6145 and 0.1556, respectively. In conclusion, we confirmed the genetic diversity of molds from Ragi tapai in Java Island and showed that the isolates are not only related to A. rouxii as reported before.

Four species of Laboulbeniales collected from Java Island, Indonesia between August and September in 2006 are described. These species, which belong to the genus Coreomyces and were found on the family Corixidae of the order Hemiptera, were as follows; Coreomycus corixae Thaxter, Coreomyces micronectae Thaxter and Coreomyces orientalis Thaxter, which were found on Micronecta sedula Horvath, and Coreomyces recurvatus Thaxter, which was found on Micronecta sedula Horvath and Xenocorixa sp. C. corixae Thaxter and C. orientalis Thaxter were originally found on Micronecta, whereas C. recurvatus Thaxter was originally found on Xenocorixa. All species described herein are new to Java Island. The specimens were deposited in the Biological Herbarium, Division of Science Education, College of Education, Chosun University.

Approximately 13% of the world's active volcanoes are located in Indonesia. Indonesia has 129 active volcanoes those are scattered in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Sulawesi islands(1). Seventy-nine of them erupted in historical times (type A). In this study, case study on the volcanic eruption of Merapi on 2010 and Kelud on 2007 are presented. The present study investigates a brief of volcano eruption characteristics, conditions to high risks areas, volcanic activity and its impact, national and local response in term of preparedness during the disaster. It was found that crisis management team was well organized and strategic; however the results showed that crisis management that was not fully integrated with the way of life of the local communities at risk and that information, communication and trust were lacking. Therefore, beside knowledge and awareness, the participation of the community is necessary in responding to a disaster.

One new species of the genus Coreomyces was collected on Micronecta sedula from the island of Java; C. javanicus sp. nov. is very similar to and apparently closely related to C. corixae. This species is characterized by a receptacle that is bent towards one side with cell I, nearly rounded. The length of cell I is equal to that of cell II and the perithecia are longitudinal, elliptical or cylindrical. Thalli consistently occurred on the margin of the left elytron of the hosts.

The place where models of Indonesian templed and sculpture remain in best condition is in central Java. Central Java was a center of culture from the 8th century to the 9th century. After the mid-10th century, a dynasty moved from central Java to eastern Java, because of frequent volcanic explosions and illness. Eastern Java became the center of politics and culture until the 16th century, when Islamic culture gained superiority. The classical temples of Indonesia before the rise of Islam are called ‘Candi’, which we can divide into the western Java period (?~8th century), the central Java period (8th~10th century), the eastern Java period (10th~16th century).

강한 폭발 활동이 있는 활화산 지역은 종종 화재와 같은 이차적인 위험 현상에 영향을 준다. 본 연구는 위성영상을 활용하여 인도네시아 자바섬의 주요 화산 분화 지역인 메르라피, 브로모, 시나붕 화산의 분화가 식생에 미친 영향을 분석합니다. 이를 위해 피해 평가 체계 구축을 위한 ASTER 센서 위성 데이터를 수집하고, 원격탐사 기법을 적용해 화산 지역의 식생 피해를 정량적으로 평가합니다. 화산 분화 전후에 수집된 위성 데이터를 이용하여 정규화 차이 식생지수(NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)를 계산하였다. NDVI 변화는 피해 구역에서 식생 피복이 전반적으로 감소했음을 보여줍니다, 이는 주로 격렬한 분화에 의해 화재에 따라 발생하였다. 화산 분화에 화재로 인한 소실 면적을 정확하게 측정하기 위해, 분화 이전 및 이후 위성 영상을 획득하여 비교합니다. 화산분화 활동 이후 식생 반응을 정량화하면 토양 침식과 같은 지표 과정과 식생 간의 복잡한 관계를 명확히 하는 데 도움이 된다. 재난 후 상이한 경관은 자연스럽게 계층화된 환경을 제공하며 고품질의 위성 데이터 영상은 지속적이고 장기적인 관측 자료를 제공한다. Terra 위성의 ASTER 센서를 사용하여 화산 분화 흐름을 탐지하며 화재의 영향을 받은 지역을 확인하였다. 고밀도 위성 영상을 통해 인도네시아 자바섬의 주요 화산 분화의 NDVI를 조사해 피해 지역을 확인할 수 있었다. 위성 데이터를 기반으로 한 탐지 기법이 자연재해 모니터링과 위험 대비 체계 구축에 효과적으로 활용될 수 있음을 확인합니다. 이는 위성 기반의 화산 분화 지역에 식생의 존재 여부 확인에 기여할 수 있고, 향후 화산 피해 예측, 대응 전략 수립 등 기반 자료로 활용될 수 있습니다.

Regions with intense volcanic activity are often affected by secondary hazards such as wildfires. This study examines the impact of volcanic eruptions on vegetation in three major volcanoes on Java Island, Indonesia?Mount Merapi, Mount Bromo, and Mount Sinabung, using satellite imagery. To establish a damage assessment system, ASTER sensor satellite data were collected, and remote sensing techniques were applied to quantify vegetation damage. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated using satellite images obtained before and after the eruptions. Changes in NDVI indicated a significant decrease in vegetation cover in the affected areas, primarily due to severe eruptions and the resulting wildfires. The comparison of pre- and post-eruption images allowed for the accurate estimation of burned areas. Quantifying vegetation response following volcanic activity helps in understanding the complex interactions between surface processes, such as soil erosion, and vegetation dynamics. Post-disaster landscapes tend to form naturally stratified environments, and high-resolution satellite imagery enables consistent and long-term environmental monitoring. The ASTER sensor aboard the Terra satellite was used to detect volcanic flow paths and identify areas affected by wildfires. By analyzing NDVI from high-resolution satellite data, the extent of vegetation damage in volcanic areas on Java Island was effectively assessed. The study demonstrates the value of satellite-based monitoring for natural disasters and contributes to the development of hazard preparedness strategies. This approach provides critical data for identifying vegetation distribution in volcanic regions and serves as a basis for future prediction and response planning.