Earticle

During the maintenance period at Korean nuclear power plants, internal exposure of radiation workers occurred by theinhalation of 131I released to the reactor building when primary system opened. The internal radioactivity of radiation workers contaminatedby 131I was measured using a whole body counter. Intake estimation and the calculation of committed effective dose were also conductedconforming to the guidance of internal dose assessments from publications of International Commission on Radiological Protection.Because the uptake and excretion of 131I in a body occur quickly and 131I is accumulated in the thyroid gland, the estimated intakes showeddifferences depending on the counting time after intake. In addition, since ICRP publications do not provide the intake retention fraction(IRF) for whole body of 131I, the IRF for thyroid was substitutionally used to calculate the intake and subsequently this caused moreerror in intake estimation. Thus, intake estimation and the calculation of committed effective dose were conducted by manual calculation.In this study, the IRF for whole body was also calculated newly and was verified. During this process, the estimated intake and committedeffective dose were reviewed and compared using several computer codes for internal dosimetry.

Background: The use of agroindustrial by-products in ruminant nutrition to be an interesting alternative in order to reduce production costs and environmental impacts arising from the inadequate destination of residues. The initial step of beer production yields a large volume of wet brewer’s grains all year around, which is available at a low cost and has a high nutritional quality, and hence a big potential for animal production. Methods: Twenty-four Suffolk non-castrated male lambs, from simple parturition were kept in individual spots and allocated to four treatments constituted by four levels of substitution of sorghum silage by WBG (i.e.0; 33.5; 66.5 and 100% of substitution). It was used roughage: concentrate rate of 50:50, based on dry matter. Results: The ether extract intake increased while the acid detergent fiber intake decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.05). Substituion of sorghum silage by WBG did not change lambs’ feed DMI, daily weight gain and feed conversion. Conclusion: The substitution of sorghum silage by WBG as roughage showed to be a viable alternative from the productive and economic point of view for finishing of feedlot lambs.

The purpose of this study was to identify food sources for major minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and to evaluate the relationship between dietary intake of these minerals and serum lipids in healthy Korean adults. A total of 132 healthy men and women completed a physical examination and dietary record and provided blood samples for lipid profile analysis. Results showed the following daily average mineral intakes: 373.4 mg of calcium, 806.0 mg of phosphorous, 3685.8 mg of sodium, and 1938.3 mg of potassium. The calcium-to-phosphorus and sodium-to-potassium ratio was about 0.5 and 2.0, respectively. The primary sources for each mineral were: vegetables (24.9%) and fishes (19.0%) for calcium, grains (31.4%) for phosphorus, seasonings (41.6%) and vegetables (27.0%) for sodium, and vegetables (30.6%) and grains (18.5%) for potassium. The correlation analysis, which has been adjusted for age, gender, total food consumption, and energy intake, showed significantly positive correlations between Ca/P and serum HDL cholesterol levels, between Na intake and the level of serum total cholesterol, and between Na/K and the level of serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Our data indicates that the level of mineral consumption partially contributes to serum lipid profiles and that a diet consisting of a low Ca/P ratio and a high Na/K ratio may have negative impacts on lipid metabolism.

Lycopene is an antioxidant associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases common in women such as osteoporosis and cancer; however, no official recommendation for lycopene consumption exists, and intake data from Canadian women are limited. This study was designed to generate information about average lycopene intake in Canadian women of different ages. A cross-sectional study was conducted at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. One hundred one women, between the ages of 25 and 70 years, who were not on any medications, were recruited to record their diet for 7 days. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the types of lycopene-containing foods consumed, associations between intake of lycopene and macro/micronutrients, and whether participant characteristics, such as body mass index, could predict lycopene intake. Average lycopene intake was $6.14{\pm}5.35\;mg/day$, which is higher than reported in other countries. Intake was similar among age groups but was highly variable. Raw tomatoes were the most frequently consumed source of lycopene, while participants with the highest lycopene intake consumed more cooked/processed tomato products than those with lower intake (P < .005). Participants 25.49 years old consumed more dried/powdered tomatoes (P < .05), pizza (P < .002), and ketchup (P < .10) than 50.70 year olds. Lycopene intake could not be predicted by any participant characteristics. In older participants, lycopene intake was positively correlated with intake of calcium, niacin, and vitamins A, D, and K ($P\;{\leq}\;.05$). These findings are significant to women's health and may contribute to the establishment of nutritional and health recommendations regarding consumption of lycopene by Canadian women to prevent chronic diseases.

This study aimed to determine the fluoride intakes in 120 preschool children aged 3 to 6 residing in Jumunjin (community water fluoridation area) and Gangneung (non-fluoridation area). The parents were asked to collect 24-hour urine samples and to duplicate the samples of all the diets that their children ingested in the day of urine collection. The acid-diffusible fluoride in the food and non-carbonate beverages were isolated by the acid-diffusion technique and then measured with a fluoride electrode. The fluoride in carbonate beverages, drinking waters and urine samples were measured directly with a fluoride electrode. The geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of daily fluoride intakes from all kinds of diet was 5.99 (2.27) $\mu$g/kg/day in the children in Gangneung and that of the children in Jumunjin was 18.36 (2.69). The amount of fluoride intake by food and drinking water in fluoridation area were significantly larger than that in non-fluoridation area but the statistical difference of fluoride intake by beverages between two areas was not observed. The GMs (GSDs) of daily fluoride excretion by urine of children in non-fluoridation area and in fluoridation area were 8.39 (1.73) and 18.62 (1.77) $\mu$g/kg/day, respectively. The correlation between fluoride intake from diet excluding beverage and urinary excretion was statistically significant. It is concluded that the amount of fluoride intake of children living in fluoridation area did not exceed the upper intake level to avoid the risk of dental fluorosis (2.2 mg/day in 4- to 8-year-olds) and urinary excretion of fluoride was good indicator of fluoride intake from diets.

Zinc intake and status of South Koreans from rural, urban and metropolitan areas were investigated. The dietary habits of 760 healthy male and female adult subjects with a mean age of 54 were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and were verified using 24 h dietary recall. Daily Zn intakes for men and women were 7.4$\pm$5.4 mg and 7.0$\pm$5.4 mg, respectively, which were 62% and 70% of the Korean RDA. The phytate : zinc and phytate ${\times}$ calcium : zinc molar ratios were 38 and 398, respectively. Both the low intake of zinc and the high extremely phytate and phytate ${\times}$ calcium ratios with Zinc suggest that South Koreans may be at risk of zinc deficiency. Plasma zinc (86$\pm$61 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL), urinary zinc (33$\pm$27 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL) and plasma alkaline phosphatase (102$\pm$52 mU/mL) levels within the normal range did not however suggest marked Zinc deficiency in these subjects. However, conventional zinc biomarkers aye known to be unreliable for assessment of marginal zinc deficiency. Based on zinc intake alone, it is likely that at least a proportion of these subjects were marginally zinc deficient and the wider consumption of zinc rich, phytate deficient foods, particularly in rural areas, would be beneficial.

This study investigated the effect of sleep duration on food and nutrient intake among adult Koreans. The effects of sleep duration on dietary patterns was studied in 7,370 Korean adults, aged 20 and older, who participated in the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey in which the 24 hour recall method was used to estimate dietary intake. Sleep duration data from individual subject were collected by interview as a part of a behavior survey. Analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test were used to test the differences in food and nutrition intake and sleep duration. Food intakes of the male subjects were not significantly different among three groups. However, there were significant differences observed in intakes of beverage and alcohol among female subjects among the three groups. There were no significant differences observed for nutrient intake by sleep duration for either gender. Unlike the observation from European and American studies, food and nutrient intake of Korean subjects, in general, were not greatly affected by duration of sleep. This result may suggest that dietary habits of Koreans, as affected by sleep, are quite different from those of Europeans & Americans.

Background: Despite all the research that has been conducted so far on the correlation between sodium intake and hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke, the results thereof have no consistency. Methods: By utilizing the data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we carried out a more systematic investigation on sodium intake and prevalence rates in Korean adults. Sodium intake per kilogram, on which sodium intake is divided by weight, was applied to a model as a variable and the data has been separately analyzed according to sex. The total number of observed values after outlier elimination was 27,346, including 10,936 men and 16,410 women. Results: It was found that there is a positive correlation between sodium intake and prevalence rates of coronary heart disease, while potassium intake has a negative correlation with prevalence rates of hypertension and stroke. Conclusion: In order to control the effect of sodium on diseases, attention must also be paid to the influence of potassium on diseases as a covariate, and it is considered that additional research should be made regarding the role of potassium in studying the impact of sodium on health in the future.

This study surveyed dietary intake and adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines in Korean adolescents. To elucidate basic data for use in nutrition education, which aims to improve adolescent compliance with the national dietary guidelines and to increase the intake of dietary fiber, we evaluated the sources of fiber in adolescent diets. This study included 182 male and 212 female students from 2 middle schools in the Jeonju province. From November 15~20, 2011, we surveyed the students for general characteristics, adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines, and dietary intake. Dietary fiber intake was $16.57{\pm}6.95$ g/day for male students and $16.14{\pm}7.11$ g/day for female students. The food groups that contributed most to dietary fiber intake were (in descending order) cereals, vegetables, seasoning, and fruits. The fiber-containing food items consumed most were cabbagekimchi, cooked rice, instant noodles, and cabbage. Based on adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines, the vegetable-based intake of dietary fiber in groups 1 (score 15~45), 2 (score 46~52), and 3 (score 53~75) were $4.41{\pm}2.595$ g/day, $4.12{\pm}2.692$ g/day, and $5.49{\pm}3.157$ g/day, respectively (p 0.001). In addition, the total intake of dietary fiber varied significantly among the three groups (p 0.001) as follows: Group 1, $14.99{\pm}6.374$ g/day; Group 2, $15.32{\pm}6.772$ g/day; and Group 3, $18.79{\pm}7.361$ g/day. In this study, we discovered that adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines correlates with improved intake of dietary fiber. Therefore, marketing and educational development is needed to promote adherence to the Korean national dietary guidelines. In addition, nutritional education is needed to improve dietary fiber consumption through the intake of vegetables and fruits other than kimchi.

We located a group of healthy young males (aged $20{\sim}30$) who had been taking a high dose (more than 5 g) of vitamin C daily for more than one year. We observed that this vitamin C group had plasma levels of vitamin C that were more than three times that of the control group. The control group had not taken any additional vitamin C except for that included in their diets. But the vitamin C group showed significantly lower amounts of Cu/ZnSOD, catalase and glutathione-s-transferase and lower activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in erythrocyte lysates than the control group. However, there was no difference in the plasma levels of lipid peroxides between the two groups. These results suggest that vitamin C offsets its own contribution to anti-oxidant activity by repressing the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes and also excludes the possibility that vitamin C acts as a pro-oxidant in vivo.

The achievement of maximal peak bone mineral density (BMD) in early life is one of the most important strategies for the prevention of osteoporosis, which is affected by nutritional status. However, it has been reported that young Korean women do not consume the optimal levels of nutrients because of the frequent practice of body weight reduction. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nutrient intakes and BMD in young Korean women. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Information on health status, lifestyle and physical activity was obtained by questionnaire. Dietary intake was ascertained from a 3-day dietary record. The study sample included 112 Korean women aged 20$\sim$39 yr. In accordance with the energy intake of subjects, individuals who had an energy intake that was greater than 80% of the Korean Dietary Reference Intake (KDRI) were assigned to the control group (Control), while those who had an energy intake lower than 80% of the KDRI were assigned to the low intake group (LI). The intake of all nutrients in the LI group was significantly lower than that of the Control. Control subjects also showed nutrient intakes higher than the KDRI, except for Ca and folate. However, LI subjects showed intakes of energy, fiber, Ca, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and folate that were lower than the KDRI. The BMD of the lumbar spine in LI subjects was significantly lower than that of the Control subjects. These results suggested that lower nutrient intake has a negative impact on BMD in young women.

The purpose of this study was to develop the dietary enhancement program for rural elderly. The subjects consisted of 71 normal healthy elderly aged over 60 living in rural and senior citizen center. Daily supplementation of 20g soybean powder of 3 months revealed no statistically significant elevation in serum parameters of the elderly, but resulted in the increment in the number of the subject with normal range of serum parameters and the improvement in perceptions of health status by CMI score, even though the nutrients intake had constantly lowered. The nutrients intake of rural elderly was very low: energy intake was 59-68% of RDA, that of protein 47~59%, and clacium 21~60% only. Supplementation of 20 g soybean powder per day for 3 months, did not enhance nutrients intake of rural elderly. We can recommended that constant nutrients supplementation program as well as dietary enhancement program are needed to improve the quality of life of rural elderly.

Purpose: This study's purpose was to identify the relationship between daily vitamin intake and blood glucose in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and identify factors affecting blood glucose. Methods: This descriptive study included 134 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at a university hospital. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent T-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 27.0 version. Results: The average blood glucose of the subjects was 128.13±37.34 mg/dL and 30.6% of the subjects had readings of over 140 mg/dL. Blood glucose varied significantly by sex, age, education level, exercise frequency, and comorbidity. Vitamins A, E, and C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, and biotin were negatively correlated with blood glucose. Factors affecting blood glucose were exercising 7 times a week (β=-.61, p<.001), 4 to 6 times a week (β=-.41, p<.001), 1 to 3 times a week (β=-.38, p<.001), age (β=.18, p=.016), and vitamin A intake (β=-.16, p<.043), with a total explanatory power of approximately 31.5%. Conclusion: Nurses should provide patients undergoing chemotherapy with lifestyle interventions including exercise at least 3 days a week and appropriate vitamin A intake, especially for older patients, to prevent hyperglycemia.

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between omega-3 fatty acid intake and blood lipid levels among rural older adults in Korea. Methods: Using data from the 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 269 older adults aged 65 and above from rural areas. We analyzed variables such as omega-3 fatty acid intake, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and lifestyle factors. Results: Omega-3 fatty acid intake significantly reduces triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levelsbut does not affect HDL cholesterol. The low omega-3 intake observed among these rural older adults may contribute to poorer cardiovascular health, highlighting the need for dietary interventions. Conclusion: To enhance cardiovascular health in rural areas, customized nutritional interventions and public health policies are essential. Community programs promoting omega-3 intake can help bridge the health gap between rural and urban older adults and support healthy aging in rural populations.

This study examined the effects of Korean red ginseng (RG) on muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. Eighteen college male students were randomly assigned to either the RG group or the placebo group (P). The RG group ingested RG extract at 20 g/day (mixed with 200 mL of water) for 7 days prior to performing a downhill treadmill exercise and for 3 days after performing the downhill treadmill exercise, while the P group ingested 200 mL of water containing Agastachis Herba for 7 days prior to and 3 days following a downhill treadmill exercise. All subjects performed 2 bouts of a downhill treadmill exercise (6 km, -14 degree slope, 12 km/hr speed) with a 5 minute resting interval between bouts. Blood samples were drawn immediately before and after exercise, and at 1 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr. Two-way repeated ANOVA documented that creatine kinase (CK) levels in the RG group were significantly reduced at 48 hr after exercise, as compared with P group, and remained constant until 72 hr after exercise. Lactate levels in the RG group were also significantly lower at 24 hr and 72 hr after exercise as compared to the P group. We conclude that supplementation of RGreduces CK levels and may prevent muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise.

This study was purposed to provide basic information on the correct application of a wheelchair's backrest angle by investigating the change in cardiopulmonary function according to backrest angle during propulsion. This study examined the effects of the wheelchair's backrest angle on the cardiopulmonary function by varying the angle to $0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ and $20^{\circ}$ with a propulsion velocity of 60 m/min. The experimental parameters were respiration rate, oxygen consumption rate and oxygen consumption rate/kg which were measured by a portable wireless oxygen consumption meter (COSMED, $K4b^2$). The results of the study were as follows: 1) There were no statistically significant differences in respiration rates due to changes in the wheelchair backrest angle (p>.05). 2) There were statistically significant differences in oxygen consumption rates due to changes in the wheelchair backrest angle (p<.05). 3) There were also statistically significant differences in the oxygen consumption rate/kg due to changes in the wheelchair backrest angle (p<.05). In conclusion, changes in the backrest angle of wheelchairs during propulsion influences oxygen consumption rates and heart rates, while respiration rates are not affected. Therefore, a training program for good seating and posture needs to be provided, and the wheelchair seating system should be equipped with the unadjustable-angle wheelchair to reduce the functional load on the cardiopulmonary system.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental urea withdrawal on characteristics of digestion(Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) of feedlot cattle during the last 40 days on feed. Treatments consisted of asteam-flaked corn-based finishing diet supplemented with urea to provide urea fermentation potential (UFP) of 0, 0.6,and 1.2%. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers (160 ± 10 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used ina replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Decreasing supplemental urea decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) ruminalOM digestion. This effect was mediated by decreases (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) in ruminal digestibility of NDF andN. Passage of non-ammonia and microbial N (MN) to the small intestine decreased (linear effect, P = 0.04) withdecreasing dietary urea level. Total tract digestion of OM (linear effect, P = 0.06), NDF (linear effect, P = 0.07),N (linear effect, P = 0.04) and dietary DE (linear effect, P = 0.05) decreased with decreasing urea level. Treatmenteffects on total tract starch digestion, although numerically small, likewise tended (linear effect, P = 0.11) to decreasewith decreasing urea level. Decreased fiber digestion accounted for 51% of the variation in OM digestion. Ruminal pHwas not affected by treatments averaging 5.82. Decreasing urea level decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) ruminal N-NHand blood urea nitrogen. In Trial 2, 90 crossbred steers (468 kg ± 8), were used in a 40 d feeding trial (5 steers/pen, 6pens/ treatment) to evaluate treatment effects on final-phase growth performance. Decreasing urea level did not affectDMI, but decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.03) ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE. It is concluded that in addition toeffects on metabolizable amino acid flow to the small intestine, depriving cattle of otherwise ruminally degradableN (RDP) during the late finishing phase may negatively impact site and extent of digestion of OM, depressing ADG,gain efficiency, and dietary NE.

Earlier research regarding immigrants has shown that lifestyle and environmental factors are of importance for the risk of developing certain diseases. Food habits are one of these factors. As there is little research concerning immigrants and food habits, the aim of the present paper was to explore food habits operationalised as meal frequency and vegetable intake among a group of older immigrants in Sweden. Specifically, the following questions were explored: changes in food habits when migrating, missing food from the native country, gender differences in food habits and association between food habits and self-rated health and well-being.A total of 131 persons from the health-promoting study “Promoting Aging Migrants’ Capabilities” (PAMC) conducted in Gothenburg, Sweden, 2011?2014, were included in this exploratory secondary analysis of questionnaire data. Participants were 70?years or older, cognitively intact, and living in ordinary housing. They had all migrated to Sweden from Finland or the Western Balkan Region (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia). Descriptive statistics as well as binary logistic regression were used to answer the research questions. Forty-eight percent of the participants in PAMC reported that they had changed their food habits when migrating, and 17% considered that they missed certain foods from their native country. Most of the participants migrated to Sweden more than 20?years ago. There was a significant difference in self-rated health in favour of the male participants ( p =?0.02), but food habits, operationalised as meal frequency and vegetable intake, were not associated with self-rated health or life satisfaction. Men rated their health as better than women did, but food habits operationalised as meal frequency or vegetable intake, were not associated with self-rated health or life satisfaction. Results from this secondary analysis were affected by methodological shortcomings. Further studies to understand the role of food habits in relation to health in a migration context are desired. Trial registration : NCT01841853, Registered April 29, 2013. Retrospectively registered.

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effects of a fluid intake intervention on increasing fluid intake and ameliorating dehydration status in elders admitted to long-term care hospitals. Methods: A nonequivalent control group, pretest and posttest design was used. The experimental group of 39 participants received the 4-week intervention while the control group of 38 participants received routine care. Outcome variables were daily fluid intake and physiological indexes such as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine ratio (BUN/Cr), urine specific gravity (USG), and urine color. Results: After the intervention to increase fluid intake, there were statistically significant increases in daily fluid intake, normal BUN/Cr, and USG in the experimental group. However, a statistically significant improvement in normal urine color was not found for either group. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that the fluid intake intervention improved hydration status of the experimental group participants. Consequently, it was confirmed that the intervention is considered to be effective in preventing dehydration which occurs frequently in older adults in long-term care facilities and, thus this intervention may contribute to preventing various health issues resulting from dehydration.

The skin, the largest organ in the body, undergoes age-related changes influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The primary external factor is photoaging which causes hyperpigmentation, uneven skin surface, deep wrinkles, and markedly enlarged capillaries. In the human dermis, it decreases fibroblast function, resulting in a lack of collagen structure and also decreases keratinocyte function, which compromises the strength of the protective barrier. In this study, we found that treatment with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had no toxicity to skin fibroblasts and GABA enhanced their migration ability, which can accelerate skin wound healing. UVB radiation was found to significantly induce the production of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), but treatment with GABA resulted in the inhibition of MMP-1 production. We also investigated the enhancement of filaggrin and aquaporin 3 in keratinocytes after treatment with GABA, showing that GABA can effectively improve skin moisturization. In vivo experiments showed that oral administration of GABA significantly improved skin wrinkles and epidermal thickness. After the intake of GABA, there was a significant decrease observed in the increase of skin thickness measured by calipers and erythema. Additionally, the decrease in skin moisture and elasticity in hairless mice exposed to UVB radiation was also significantly restored. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of GABA as functional food material for improving skin aging and moisturizing.