Earticle

In 2005, Korean government created the Internet Personal Identification Number (i-PIN) for a new online personal identification system to protect citizens’ personal information against criminal abuse. However, i-PINs have not been widely in use over a decade. Although many people joined the i-PIN service, its actual use rate has been low. This study intends to identify the factors necessary to boost the continuous use of i-PINs. It was shown that government support and perceived security had a positive effect on the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the i-PIN, respectively. Perceived security also directly affected the continuous use intention of the i-PIN. The perceived ease of use significantly affected the perceived usefulness, but it did not affect the intention to continuously use the i-PIN. The factor that had the most significant influence on the continuous use intention of the i-PIN was perceived usefulness. To increase the i-PIN use rate, Korean government must reduce users’ anxiety through strict security functions, and must attempt to help people use the i-PIN easily.

블랙박스와 폐쇄회로(CCTV)를 통한 자동차 추적이 이루어지고 있다. 폐쇄회로(CCTV) 및 블랙박스 등에 촬영된 영상에 의 존하여 수사를 진행되는 시점에서 자동차 번호판은 범인을 특정하는 중요한 단서가 된다. 자동차 번호판을 원활하게 인식하기 위해 인공지능을 활용한 영상 기술 연구는 지속적으로 수행되고 있으며, 본 논문은 자동차 번호판 인식에 대한 연구의 학술적 고찰을 진행한 후 실제 수사에서 사용하는 자동차번호판 식별시스템을 Image Processing와 YOLO를 활용하여 개선하였으며, 추가적으로 OpenCV의 전처리 기능들을 사용하여 자동차 번호판을 인식하는 방식에 대한 실험 및 결과를 통해 데이터드리프트 가 자동차 번호판 식별 개선에 효과적이라는 점을 고찰하였다.

Vehicle tracking is being done using black boxes and closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs). When an investigation is con ducted relying on footage captured on CCTVs and black boxes, Number plates become important clues for identifying cri minals. Research on image technology using artificial intelligence to smoothly recognize license plates is continuously bein g conducted. This paper conducted an academic review of research on number plate recognition and then improved the pla te identification system used in actual investigations using Image Processing and YOLO. In addition, it examined that data drift is effective in improving license plate identification through experiments and results on a method of recognizing licen se plates using preprocessing functions of OpenCV.

Recently bank card number recognition plays an important role in improving payment efficiency. In this paper we propose a new bank-card number identification algorithm. The proposed algorithm consists of three modules which include edge detection, candidate region generation, and recognition. The module of ‘edge detection’ is used to obtain the possible digital region. The module of ‘candidate region generation’ has the role to expand the length of the digital region to obtain the candidate card number regions, i.e. to obtain the final bank card number location. And the module of ‘recognition’ has Convolutional deep learning Neural Network (CNN) to identify the final bank card numbers. Experimental results show that the identification rate of the proposed algorithm is 95% for the card numbers, which shows 20% better than that of conventional algorithm or method.

Automatic target-scoring system has great practical value in sports shooting competitions. From the needs of sports shooting competition point of view, this paper used image processing technology and studied a set of sport shooting competition ring number automatic identification system. In this system, the author firstly used the image registration algorithm based on SIFT and achieved accurate registration of two target images before and after shooting. And then OTSU thresholding algorithm was used to eliminate most continuous noise. Then the bullet hole image was intensified by image morphological operation. Finally, through differential operation of the edge features in two plots, the positions of bullet holes were obtained. Bullet holes in the final position by the geometric relationship with concentric circles and polar coordinates automatically identify the number of rings. Verified that the algorithm is faster time, adaptability, judgment precision can reach more than 80%, basically meet the actual needs of sports shooting competition.

Academic research on the contribution of the Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) and other determinants on tax revenue recovery optimization has gained significance these days. This paper aims at investigating the contribution of the TIN towards tax revenue recovery optimization in Cameroon. The period under review ranges from January 2014 to December 2020. Questionnaires were distributed to tax experts from the Directorate General of Taxation, the African Tax Administration Forum, and the Exchange Forum of Tax Administration. This research uses AHP as a decision-making tool for ranking tax revenue optimization criteria and sub-criteria. The results show that TIN significantly contributes to tax revenue optimization, even more than the tax rate. The quality and quantity of expected tax revenue collected depends on numerous factors such as broadening of the taxable base, curbing tax leakage loopholes, adoption of efficient tax rates, improvement of the business climate and ICT capacity, a higher level of tax education, and digital inclusion, according to the tax experts. The tax administration should also streamline organizational capacity and improve on the institutional responsiveness gearing towards a gradual transition into a Fine Tech-Based Intelligent Taxation system.

To examine copy number variations among the Korean population, we compared individual genomes with the Korean reference genome assembly using the publicly available Korean HapMap SNP 50 k chip data from 90 individuals. Korean individuals exhibited 123 copy number variation regions (CNVRs) covering 27.2 mb, equivalent to 1.0% of the genome in the copy number variation (CNV) analysis using the combined criteria of P value (P ＜ 0.01) and standard deviation of copy numbers (SD ≥ 0.25) among study subjects. In contrast, when compared to the Affymetrix reference genome assembly from multiple ethnic groups, considerably more CNVRs (n = 643) were detected in larger proportions (5.0%) of the genome covering 135.1 mb even by more stringent criteria (P ＜ 0.001 and SD ≥ 0.25), reflecting ethnic diversity of structural variations between Korean and other populations. Some CNVRs were validated by the quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragment (QMPSF) method, and then copy number invariant regions were detected among the study subjects. These copy number invariant regions would be used as good internal controls for further CNV studies. Lastly, we demonstrated that the CNV information could stratify even a single ethnic population with a proper reference genome assembly from multiple heterogeneous populations.

Objective: Copy number variations (CNVs) are a major source of genetic diversity complementary to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in animals. The aim of the study was to perform a comprehensive genomic analysis of CNVs based on high density whole-genome SNP markers in Chinese Dongxiang spotted pigs. Methods: We used customized Affymetrix Axiom Pig1.4M array plates containing 1.4 million SNPs and the PennCNV algorithm to identify porcine CNVs on autosomes in Chinese Dongxiang spotted pigs. Then, the next generation sequence data was used to confirm the detected CNVs. Next, functional analysis was performed for gene contents in copy number variation regions (CNVRs). In addition, we compared the identified CNVRs with those reported ones and quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the pig QTL database. Results: We identified 871 putative CNVs belonging to 2,221 CNVRs on 17 autosomes. We further discarded CNVRs that were detected only in one individual, leaving us 166 CNVRs in total. The 166 CNVRs ranged from 2.89 kb to 617.53 kb with a mean value of 93.65 kb and a genome coverage of 15.55 Mb, corresponding to 0.58% of the pig genome. A total of 119 (71.69%) of the identified CNVRs were confirmed by next generation sequence data. Moreover, functional annotation showed that these CNVRs are involved in a variety of molecular functions. More than half (56.63%) of the CNVRs (n = 94) have been reported in previous studies, while 72 CNVRs are reported for the first time. In addition, 162 (97.59%) CNVRs were found to overlap with 2,765 previously reported QTLs affecting 378 phenotypic traits. Conclusion: The findings improve the catalog of pig CNVs and provide insights and novel molecular markers for further genetic analyses of Chinese indigenous pigs.

Osteoporotic fractures (OFs) are critical hard outcomes of osteoporosis and are characterized by decreased bone strength induced by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration in bone tissue. Most OFs cause acute pain, hospitalization, immobilization, and slow recovery in patients and are associated with increased mortality. A variety of genetic studies have suggested associations of genetic variants with the risk of OF. Genome-wide association studies have reported various single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations (CNVs) in European and Asian populations. To identify CNV regions associated with OF risk, we conducted a genome-wide CNV study in a Korean population. We performed logistic regression analyses in 1,537 Korean subjects (299 OF cases and 1,238 healthy controls) and identified a total of 8 CNV regions significantly associated with OF (p < 0.05). Then, one CNV region located on chromosome 20q13.12 was selected for experimental validation. The selected CNV region was experimentally validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The CNV region of chromosome 20q13.12 is positioned upstream of a family of long non-coding RNAs, LINC01260. Our findings could provide new information on the genetic factors associated with the risk of OF.

Objective: Three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a meta-analysis of GWAS were conducted to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying variation in pig teat number. Methods: We performed three GWAS and a meta-analysis for teat number on three pig populations, including a White Duroc${\times}$Erhualian $F_2$ resource population (n = 1,743), a Chinese Erhualian pig population (n = 320) and a Chinese Sutai pig population (n = 383). Results: We detected 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that surpassed the genome-wide significant level on Sus Scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 1, 7, and 12 in the $F_2$ resource population, corresponding to four loci for pig teat number. We highlighted vertnin (VRTN) and lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B) as two interesting candidate genes at the loci on SSC7 and SSC12. No significant associated SNPs were identified in the meta-analysis of GWAS. Conclusion: The results verified the complex genetic architecture of pig teat number. The causative variants for teat number may be different in the three populations

The acoustic parameters of nine Korean numbers were analyzed by Praat, a speech analysis software, and synthesized by SenSynPPC, a Klatt formant synthesizer. The overall intensity, pitch and formant values of the numbers were modified dynamically by a step of 1 dB, 1 Hz and 2.5% respectively. The study explored the sensitivity of listeners to changes in the three acoustic parameters. Twelve subjects (male and female) listened to 390 pairs of synthesized numbers and judged whether the given pair sounded the same or different. Results showed that subjects perceived the same sound quality within the range of 6.6 dB of intensity variation, 10.5 Hz of pitch variation and 5.9% of the first three formant variations. The male and female groups showed almost the same perceptual ranges. Also, an asymmetrical structure of high and low boundary was observed. The ranges may be applicable to the development of a speaker identification system while the method of synthesis modification may apply to its evaluation data.

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping can be applied to detect chromosomal locations that control economic traits in farm animals. Teat number has been considered as one of the most important factors to evaluate mothering ability of sow. Especially, teat number is more important when the number is less than the litter size. This study was conducted to identify QTL affecting teat number in the Korean native pig${\times}$Landrace resource family. A total of 240 animals was genotyped for 132 polymorphic microsatellites covering the 18 pig autosomes. Mean and standard deviation of teat number in $F_2$animals is 13.46${\pm}$1.40. QTL was analyzed using F2 QTL Analysis Servlet of QTL express. A QTL for teat number on SSC9 was significant at the 1% chromosome-wide level and three suggestive QTL were detected on SSC3, 7 and 14. All QTL detected in this study had additive effect and Landrace alleles were associated with higher teat number in comparison with Korean native pig for three of four QTL.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients frequently fail to respond to treatment and experience disease progression because of their clinical and biological diversity. In this study, we identify a prognostic molecular signature for predicting the heterogeneity of NMIBC by using an integrative analysis of copy number and gene expression data. We analyzed the copy number and gene expression profiles of 404 patients with bladder cancer obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium. Of the 14 molecules with significant copy number alterations that were previously reported, 13 were significantly correlated with copy number and expression changes. Prognostic gene sets based on the 13 genes were developed, and their prognostic values were verified in three independent patient cohorts (n=501). Among them, a signature of CCNE1 and its coexpressed genes was significantly associated with disease progression and validated in the independent cohorts. The CCNE1 signature was an independent risk factor based on the result of a multivariate analysis (hazard ratio=6.849, 95% confidence interval=1.613?29.092, P=0.009). Finally, gene network and upstream regulator analyses revealed that NMIBC progression is potentially mediated by CCND1-CCNE1-SP1 pathways. The prognostic molecular signature defined by copy number and expression changes of CCNE1 suggests a novel diagnostic tool for predicting the likelihood of NMIBC progression.

주민등록번호란 주민등록법에 의해 부여되며, 대한민국에서 대한민국에 거주하는 모든 국민에게 발급하는 주민등록증에 적혀있는 국민식별번호 제도이다. 우리나라와 같이 국민식별번호를 두고 있는 나라는 사실상 극히 드믄 경우에 속한다. 우리나라는 1968년 11월 21일부터 편리한 간첩 식별 등의 목적으로 주민등록증을 발급하고 그 주민등록번호(Resident Registration Number, RRN)를 부여하였다. 이러한 주민등록번호 체계는 처음 만들어진 이래 큰 변화 없이 계속 사용되어 왔으나, 잇따른 개인정보 유출 사고로 인해 개인정보에 관한 문제가 심각한 사회문제가 되었으며, 특히 현재까지 개인식별 및 본인확인을 위한 중요한 수단으로 활용되었던 주민등록번호체계에 관한 문제점등이 논의되기 시작했다. 실제로 우리나라에서 운용하는 주민등록번호와 같은 전국민을 상대로 한번 발급되면 변경이 사실상 불가능한 일률적인 국민식별번호를 운영하는 국가는 거의 없다. 미국은 사회보장번호를 활용하고 있으며, 독일은 신분증일련번호가 있지만 발급 시마다 번호가 새로 부여되고 있으므로 우리의 주민등록번호와는 본질적으로 다르다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 최근 일본에서는 우리의 주민등록번호 제도와 유사한 ‘행정절차에 있어서 특정개인을 식별하기 위한 번호의 이용 등에 관한 법률’(行政手続における特定の個人を識別するための番号の利用等に関する法律)을 통해 My Number System를 제정하였다. 일본의 개인번호제도는 행정 사무의 처리에서 개인 또는 법인 기타 단체에 대한 정보 관리를 더욱 간소화하고, 해당 사무의 대상자를 특정하는 간단한 절차를 마련하여 행정 운영의 효율화 및 국민의 편의성 향상을 위해 제정되었다. 그러나 개인번호를 이용하여 수집되거나 정리 된 개인정보가 법령에 정해진 범위를 초과하여 이용되거나 유출되지 않도록 그 관리의 적정을 확보 하여야 한다.

A resident registration number is a 13-digit number issued to all residents of the Republic of Korea. Similar to national identification numbers in other countries, it is used to identify people in various private transactions such as in banking and employment. It is also used extensively for online identification purposes. The Social Security and Tax Number System applies to foreigners who have legally resided in Japan for more than three months and have an address in Japan (i.e., if any one of the following classifications applies). Under the Social Security and Tax Number System, mayors issue a single Individual Number to each and every person holding a resident record who resides in their municipalities. In principle, once an Individual Number has been issued, it does not change for the duration of the recipient's life. Individual Numbers will be used by central government organizations, local governments, and others in the areas of social security administration, taxation, and disaster response. A Specific Personal Information Protection Assessment is an assessment of risks and effects to be generated by leaks of Specific Personal Information (personal information that includes an Individual Number) that is conducted by a body that intends to possess a Specific Personal Information File (a personal information file that includes an Individual Number)

주민번호대체수단은 주민번호를 대체하기 위한 본인확인정보로서, 5 개의 민간기업이 운영하는 민간 i-PIN과 행정안전부가 운영하는 공공 i-PIN이 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 하지만 주민번호대체수단이 더욱 활성화되기 위해서는 기존에 제시된 보안성, 편의성 문제를 해결해야 한다. 본 논문은 신원 선택기를 추가하여, i-PIN의 프로토콜을 변경하지 않는 범위 이내에서 i-PIN의 단점으로 지적되는 로그인 번거로움, i-PIN 사이트 기억 문제, 피싱을 비롯한 보안 문제를 해결하는 방안을 제시하였다. 제안하는 방법은 사용자가 가입한 i-PIN 제공자에 접근하는 단계, i-PIN 제공자에 id 와 비밀번호를 입력하는 단계를 없애고, 신원 선택기를 통해 사용할 신원 정보를 선택하는 것만으로 처리되도록 하였다. 본 기술은 ETRI 에서 개발중인 전자 ID 지갑 솔루션을 통해 구현되었으며, 해당 서비스는 2009 년 중에 민간 i-PIN 제공자를 통해 시범 도입될 예정이다.

IT 정보통신 기술의 발달로 인하여 차량통신분야쪽에서 정보, 전자, 통신기술이 융합된 지능형 교통 시스템의 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. VANET환경에서는 주로 차량과 차랑간의 통신, 차량과 기반 시설간의 통신을 하고 있으며 교통의 편의성 및 안전성을 제공하고 있다. 효율적인 지능형 차량통신을 구축하기 위해서는 보안 기술이 정립되어야 하고, 정적인 네트워크 환경과는 달리 동적인 고속의 이동성을 가지는 VANET환경에서는 차량 통신간의 무선 보안 위협과 많은 취약점이 존재한다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 VANET 환경에서 차량의 차대번호를 사용하여 이를 신원기반 암호기술로 암호화 하여 안전한 메시지 통신 프로토콜을 설계한다. 제안하는 프토로콜은 차량의 차대번호와 RSU의 일련번호를 활용하여 차량을 등록하고, 신원기반 암호화 방식의 안전한 통신 프로토코을 설계한다. 성능 평가부분에서는 기존의 VPKI 기술과 비교하여 속도적인 측면에서 약 44%의 감소하였으며, 안전성에서는 인증, 메시기 기밀성 및 프라이버시 위협등을 분석하였다.

With the development of IT Info-Communications technology, the vehicle with a combination of wireless-communication technology has resulted in significant research into the convergence of the component of existing traffic with information, electronics and communication technology. Intelligent Vehicle Communication is a Machine-to-Machine (M2M) concept of the Vehicle-to-Vehicle. The Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communication consists of safety and the ease of transportation. Security technologies must precede the effective Intelligent Vehicle Communication Structure, unlike the existing internet environment, where high-speed vehicle communication is with the security threats of a wireless communication environment and can receive unusual vehicle messages. In this paper, the Vehicle Identification number between the V2I and the secure message communication protocol was proposed using hash functions and a time stamp, and the validity of the vehicle was assessed. The proposed system was the performance evaluation section compared to the conventional technique at a rate VPKI aspect showed an approximate 44% reduction. The safety, including authentication, confidentiality, and privacy threats, were analyzed.

As internet is wide spread, the number of internet service provider is increased. Internet service providers gather the personnel information with inhabitants registration identification number for the user management and the adult authentication. The personnel information is spreaded thorough the Internet by the system hacking, mismanagement and malicious resale. And the personnel information is used for spam email, phishing scams, etc. by malicious others. So the Ministry of Information and Communication Republic of Korea developments I-PIN system of the personnel identification. But, I-PIN has some problem the guideline for it and the method of 5 I-PIN services. In this paper, we analyze the problem about the guideline for I-PIN and the method of 5 I-PIN services. And we propose the countermeasure about the problem.

지번은 한국의 행정업무에 있어서 중요한 개념이며, 이를 효과적으로 관리하고 효율적으로 전산정보화하는 것이 행정업무능률향상에 중요하고, 한국형 토지정보체계구축의 관건이라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로, 본 연구의 목적은 한국에서의 지번의역할을 외국과 비교하교, 한국실정에 맞는 지번의 전산정보설계(database design)구축에 있어서 문제점을 제시하며, 이에 대한 부분적인 해결책을 모색하는데에 있다. 이와 같은 지번을 한국형토지정보체계에서 효율적으로 활용되기 위해서는(1) 토지 행정에 효율적으로 대처하는 효과적인 지번관리체계 구축 (2) 현재의 도로지번은 과세목적으로 관리되는 일반 대지와 같이 구체적으로 분류되어 있지 않으므로, 도로관리를 위한 도로 지번체계 부여 (3) 3차원 지번 관리의 필요등을 해결해야 하며, 아울러 국가측지망에 의한 정확한 좌표체계 수립이 필수적이다.

This study examines the unique characteristics of the parcel identification number especially in developing the Korean land information system(KLIS). There are several limitations in establishing KLIS in terms of the location identification. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the appropriate parcel identification number system in Korea including the road identification systym and the three dimensional parcel identification system. The exact parcel bounary also needs accurate surveying and registration.

대부분의 온라인 전자거래업체는 사용자의 신원을 확인하기 위해 주민등록번호를 요구하고 있다. 그러나 최근 발생하고 있는 대규모 개인정보 유출사고 등으로 주민등록번호가 노출되는 사례가 빈번하며, 주민등록정보를 타인이 도용하여도 효과적으로 확인 및 제어하는 수단이 없다는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 주민번호대체수단이 제안되었으나, 최근 공공 i-PIN 과 민간 i-PIN 으로 구분되는 기술들의 연동 문제로 인해 적극적인 도입이 우려되는 상황이다. 따라서 본 논문은 최소한의 수정으로 이들 주민번호대체수단이 연동할 수 있는 방안을 제시한다. 기존의 민간 i-PIN 연동 프로토콜을 공공 i-PIN 에 적용하며 프로토콜 간의 연동 모듈을 두어 각 프로토콜을 처리한다. 제안된 기술은 공공 i-PIN 에 적용되어 현재 전국적으로 구축 중이다.