Earticle

산림자원관리의 선진화를 위해서는 산림 관련 산업 종사자의 고령화와 인력 중심의 현장조사 체계 등의 문제해 결이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 과학적인 산림자원관리를 위해 최신 기술이 적용된 해외 산림공간정보 구축 및 활용 동향을 조사하여 국내 적용 방안을 파악하고자 하였다. 해외에서는 산림공간정보 구축 및 활용에 사진측량 및 LiDAR 기술이 활용되고 있었다. 사진측량의 경우 식생의 체적, 흉고직경, 수고 측정 등에 이용되었으며, LiDAR는 흉고직경 및 수고 측정에 적용된 사례가 있었다. 해외 사례에 대한 분석을 통해 사진측량 및 LiDAR를 활용한 산림공간정보 구축 방안을 파악하였으며, LiDAR가 사진측량에 비해 높은 정확도를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 향후 다양한 LiDAR 센서를 이용한 산림공간정보의 구축을 수행하고, 정확도 및 작업 효율에 대한 분석이 이루어진다면 국내 산림공간정보 구축에 있어 새로운 기술의 활용 가능성을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

In order to advance forest resource management, it is necessary to solve problems such as the aging of forest-related industry workers and the field investigation system centered on manpower. Therefore, in this study, the trend of establishment and utilization of overseas forest geospatial information applied with the latest technology for scientific forest resource management was investigated to identify the domestic application plan. Overseas, photogrammetry and LiDAR technologies were being used to construct and utilize forest geospatial information. In the case of photogrammetry, it was used to measure the volume of vegetation, diameter, and tree height. And LiDAR technology has been applied to the measurement of diameter, and tree height. Through the analysis of overseas cases, it was identified how to construct forest geospatial information using photogrammetry and LiDAR, and it was found that LiDAR showed higher accuracy than photogrammetry. In the future, if the construction of forest geospatial information using various LiDAR sensors are performed and the accuracy and work efficiency are analyzed, it will be possible to present the possibility of using new technologies in the construction of forest geospatial information in Korea.

Biodiversity, referring to the variety and abundance of species, their genetic composition, and the communities, ecosystem, and landscapes, is essential to maintain healthy and productive forests, and to provide useful hedge against the future uncertainties in conditions of the environment and natural resources. To realize the long-term sustainability for forest production of goods and services is dependent upon maintaining and enhancing the biodiversity in the forest ecosystem. Because we can not always recognized which portion of biodiversity is essential to maintain the stability and sustainability of the natural system, conserving biodiversity is even unconditionally important. Even though the activities of forest resource management may have a variety of negative impacts on biodiversity by modification of the natural ecosystem into economically effective artificial ecosystem, forest professionals have been developing intelligent scheme to coexist management and conservation. However, conservation of biodiversity must be a complex problem encircled by ecological, economical, and social considerations. There seems to be no such a simple and easy solution. Strategies for ecologically deliberated forest resource management, which could play an important role to conserve biodiversity, were discussed.

본 연구에서는 주요 산림 선진국인 오스트리아, 일본, 뉴질랜드, 인도네시아의 산림 정책 및 레이저 스캐닝 기술 을 활용한 산림자원조사 사례를 조사하고, 레이저 스캐닝을 통해 취득되는 포인트클라우드 데이터의 산림자원조사 적용 가능성을 파악하였다. 연구를 통해 선진국의 산림정책은 지속 가능한 산림의 보전 및 관리와 일자리 창출, 목재 생산성 향상을 목적으로 추진되고 있으며, 새로운 기술 연구 및 실제 사업에서의 적용이 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 우리 나라는 주요 산림 선진국과 비교했을 때 국토면적에 비해 높은 산림 비율을 가지고 있지만 임목축적은 상대적으로 낮게 나타나 임목축적의 향상을 위한 과학적인 산림관리가 필요한 시점이라 할 수 있다. 레이저 스캐닝 기술의 적용 가능성 파악을 위해 포인트클라우드 데이터를 이용한 산림자원조사 실험을 수행하였으며, 흉고직경, 수고, 단위면적당 본수를 산출하고, 수관의 형태를 파악하였다. 향후 다양한 레이저 스캐닝 기술을 적용한 현장 실험과 정확도 평가가 이루어진다 면 포일트클라우드를 이용한 산림자원조사의 정량적인 업무 개선정도를 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, items for forest policy and forest resource research in Austria, Japan, New Zealand, and Indonesia, which are major forest advanced countries, were investigated, and the applicability of point cloud data acquired through laser scanning was identified. Through the study, it was found that forest policies in developed countries are being pursued for the purpose of sustainable forest conservation and management, job creation, and timber productivity improvement, and that new technologies are being researched and applied to actual projects. Korea has a high proportion of forests compared to the national land area compared to major forestry developed countries, but the accumulation of trees is relatively low, so it is a time for scientific forest management to improve the accumulation of trees. To understand the applicability of laser scanning technology, a forest resource survey using point cloud data was conducted, and the diameter of breast height, height, number of trees per unit area were calculated, and the shape of the crown was identified. If field experiments and accuracy evaluations applying various laser scanning technologies are carried out in the future, it will be possible to present the quantitative improvement of forest resource survey using foil cloud.

We analyzed the landuse change, quantify the area covered by majors food crops (Paddy, Wheat, Barely, Maize, Millet and Potato) and their productivity trends in Terai, Nepal from 1987 to 2006. We used series of area covered by each single crop and production data published by Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Our results indicated that the agriculture land has increased by about 47% while forest has decreased by 32% between 1964 and 2001 in Terai. Whilst the total cropped area has increased by 19% between 1987 and 2006. The highest incremental change has observed in Potato by 234% followed by Wheat 31%, Maize 20% and Paddy 12% and so on. However, data revealed with very low crops productivity and it showed less than half of its potential except in Potato. The average yield of food crops /hectare /year during last 20 year has found only 3.094 metric tons. Only Potato has gained high average yield by 10.34 metric tons. While others crops yielded entirely low. 3 periods moving average depicted that the productivity trend of Barely and Millet has stagnant while others crops showed slightly up and down and increasing steadily over time. Further study is needed to comprehend the linkage of food productivity in the present food supply to demand and food security system in Terai, Nepal.

효율적인 산림관리와 경영이 이루어지기 위해서는 일정한 공간단위를 가지는 산림의 구획(Zoning)이 정의되어야 한다. 현재 국유림은 임･소반 기준으로, 공･사유림은 필지 단위를 기준으로 공간을 구획하여 활용하고 있다. 이러한 이원적인 공간구획체계는 통일된 산림계획, 경영, 관리가 어려우며 장기적인 공간단위의 정보 구축과 생성, 관리에도 어려움을 끼칠 수 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 DEM(Digital Elevation Model) 기반으로 추출한 산줄기 유역을 소개하고 활용성 검토를 위해 현재 산림관리 단위인 임･소반도, 경영계획구, 산지/산림 관련 주제도와 중첩 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 표준산림관리단위의 대안으로 제안한 각 규모별 산림유역 단위의 공간적 적합성을 검토하고 산림관리, 산림 디지털 공간자료 구축 및 관리 등의 분야에서 산줄기 내포 유역 기반 표준산림관리단위의 활용 방안을 제안하였다.

For efficient forest management, forest zoning methods must be defined with a certain spatial unit. Currently, national forests are divided into compartment and sub-compartment, and public and private forests are divided into parcel units. This dual spatial division system is not efficient in terms of unified forest planning and management. It can also lead to difficulties in creating and managing spatial forest information in the long-term perspective. In this study, we introduced forest zoning system based on mountain ridge watersheds and conducted an overlapping analysis with the current forest zoning system such as compartment and sub-compartment, working plan area, and forest thematic maps for utilization. As a result, we examined the spatial suitability of each scale of forest watershed unit proposed as a standard forest management unit and proposed the utilization of mountain ridge watershed-based standard forest management units for forest management and forest digital spatial data construction.

산림자원의 효율적인 관리를 위한 정보획득을 위해서는 서로 다른 센서를 장착한 다수의 무인항공기가 동시에 운영되어야 한다. 이에 따라 지상제어국 안테나는 지속적으로 대국에 대한 추적을 수행해야 할 뿐만 아니라 타 무인항공기에 대한 전파간섭 영향을 억제해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 위상배열안테나 시스템을 기반으로 구축된 지상제어국에 있어, VPR 알고리즘을 기반으로 지속적인 추적 및 전파간섭 억제를 위한 빔 형성 기법에 관하여 연구하였다. 다양한 무인항공기 운영 환경에 대한 모의실험 결과, 제시된 기법을 기반으로 운항중인 무인항공국에 대한 지속적인 추적을 할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 다수의 전파간섭원에 대해 지속적인 패턴 널을 형성하여 전파간섭을 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

To efficiently manage forest resources, it is essential to deploy multiple unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with various sensors simultaneously. Consequently, the ground control station antenna should not only maintain continuous tracking of the target station but also minimize the impact of radio interference on other unmanned aerial vehicle stations. In this paper, we presented beam forming techniques based on the VPR algorithm within a ground control station constructed using a phased array antenna system. Through simulation experiments in diverse unmanned aerial vehicle operating environments, it was demonstrated that the presented method enables not only the continuous tracking of operational unmanned aerial vehicles but also the suppression of radio interference by establishing a continuous pattern null for multiple operational radio interference sources.

The Cypress Forest in Chungryungsan, Jangseong is the largest successful afforestation in South Korea. Since it was designated as a Cypress Healing Zone in 2016, the afforestation project has entered a period of stagnation due to local conflicts, low resident participation, and the lack of commercial value. Thus, this study paid attention to the influence of local residents’ attitude, subjective norms, perceptual behavior control, and community awareness on cypress forest management intention for the sustainable use and management of cypress forest. The study results showed that community awareness, in addition to attitude, norms, and perceived behavior control identified in previous studies also influenced resource management intention. This study also found that differences in management intentions between groups related to real estate ownership, experience of holding a village job, and participation in village project were significant. While Jangseong Cypress Forest may be of interest to the local government's tourism policy, it is desirable to execute the project based on the factors such as community awareness, attitude, norms, and perceived behavior control of the Cypress Forest rather than excessive business promotion.

본 연구는 서남해 도서와 해안지역의 산림유전자원보호구역에 대한 임분 관리와 유전자원의 효율적 보전을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 전남 지역에 산재한 산림유전자원보호구역의 현황을 살피고, 이 지역을 대표하는 천관산 동백나무림(장흥군 소재)을 대상으로 산림군집구조를 분석하였으며 이를 바탕으로 임분의 지속가능 방안을 제시하였다. 연구 결과, 전남지역에 지정된 산림유전자원보호구역의 면적은 78개소 2,411 ha로 나타났다. 이중 내륙지방은 전체 면적의 12.1 %인 291 ha에 불과하였으나, 완도, 신안, 진도(조도) 등 도서지역이 87.9 %인 2,119 ha를 차지하고 있었다. 천관산 산림유전자원보호구역은 국내는 물론 해외에서도 보기 드문 동백나무 순림이 약 20 ha에 걸쳐 형성되어 산림유전자원으로서의 보전가치가 높은 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 해발 200 m를 기준으로 산록부와 산복부에 분포하는 동백나무의 입목밀도, 평균 성장량, 종 구성에서 차이가 나타나는데, 산록에 비해 산복에서 입목밀도가 낮고 종 구성이 단순한 반면, 수고와 경급 성장량이 높았다. 해발 200 m 미만 임분의 아교목층 중요치는 동백나무(169.76), 산벚나무(21.26), 참식나무(16.06), 때죽나무(14.60), 자귀나무(13.75)의 순이었으며, 해발 200 m 이상 임분에서는 동백나무(243.96), 참식나무(24.65), 합다리나무(15.73), 예덕나무(15.65)의 순으로 분석되어 전형적인 순림의 임상을 나타내고 있었다. 그러나 해발 200 m 미만 관목층 중요치는 동백나무(82.46), 참식나무(66.37), 조록싸리(19.76), 산초나무(17.88)의 순으로, 해발 200 m 이상에서는 참식나무(164.52), 동백나무(47.89), 고추나무(25.46), 산초나무(19.39)의 순으로 오히려 참식나무의 중요치가 더 높게 나타나 산림유전자원의 보전을 위해서는 산복부의 하층식생관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 이처럼 해발고도에 따른 임상 변화는 산림유전자원보호구역과 인접한 마을 주민들의 산림이용활동이 주된 원인인 것으로 파악되며, 향후 이 숲을 보전하기 위한 정책 방향, 시업 기술의 적용 등 관리계획을 수립하는데 중요한 판단 기준을 제공할 것이다.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for the effective management and conservation of protected areas within the Forest Genetic Resource Reserve. The study was based on the community structure of Camellia japonica L. stand in Mt. Cheongwan, Jangheung-gun. The area of Forest Genetic Resource Reserve in Jeollanam-do Province was found to be 78 points 2,411 ha. This constituted only 12.1 % of the inland area, but the coastal and island areas such as Wando, Shinan and Jindo accounted for 87.9 % of Jeollanam-do Province area. The mean DBH was 15.3 cm, and average height was 5.4 in altitude of over 200 m. In contrast, the mean DBH was 7.7 cm, and average tree height was 4.9 cm in altitude of less than 200 m. According to the importance value, the subtree layer that showed an altitude of less than 200 m, was Camellia japonica L.(169.76), Prunus sargentii Rehder(21.26), Neolitsea sericea BL(16.06), Styrax japonica Siebold & Zucc.(14.60), Albizia julibrissin Durazz(13.75). The subtree layer whose altitude was over 200m was Camellia japonica L.(243.96), Neolitsea sericea BL.(24.65), Meliosma oldhamii Maxim.(15.73), Mallotus japonicus (L.f.) Mull.Arg(15.65). The species uniformity and diversity was high in the side of the mountain compared to the bottom, while dominance showed high in the bottom of a mountain rather than the side. Camellia japonica L. stand dominated in the study site but if forest gap was to occurred, Neolitsea sericea BL. was judged to have high growth potential in the crown canopy through competition with Camellia japonica L.. In short, the results of this study can be used to provide an important criterion that can build a management plan to preserve this forest.