Earticle

The purpose of this study was to define the influence of amount of physical activity and exercise participation factors of elementary school children on their happiness. The subjects were 1,553 elementary school children(boys:765, girls: 788) in Gwangju city and Chunnam province. This study used Lyubomirsky & Lepper(1999)'s Subjective Happiness Scale and Godin & Shephard's sport participation scale. As the results , first there were no difference between groups according to gender and school grades. Second, the boys who lived in the city higher happiness than the other boys who lived in rural. Third, exercise participators show higher happiness than that of non participators. The students to participate soccer and jump rope showed highest happiness other students to participate any other sports. The students to participate badminton, Taekwondo, and other sports showed higher happiness than that of non-participators. Forth, there were significant correlated between frequence of athletic participation, time of participation and fitness of students and happiness. In analyis of regression, The frequence of athletic participation, fitness, and time of participation influenced on their happiness.

The demand for personal training (PT), through which high exercise effects can be achieved within shortterm, has recently increased. PT can achieve an exercise amount improvement effect, only if accurate postures are maintained upon performing PT, and exercise with inaccurate postures can cause injuries. However, research is insufficient on exercise amount comparisons and judging exercise accuracy on PT. This study proposes an exercise accuracy measurement algorithm and compares differences in exercise amounts according to exercise postures through experiments using a respiratory gas analyzer. The exercise accuracy measurement algorithm acquires Euler angles from major body parts operated upon exercise through a motion device, based on which the joint angles are calculated. By comparing the calculated joint angles with each reference angle in each exercise step, the status of exercise accuracy is judged. The calculated results of exercise accuracy on squats, lunges, and push-ups showed 0.02% difference in comparison with actually measured results through a goniometer. As a result of the exercise amount comparison experiment according to accurate posture through a respiratory gas analyzer, the exercise amount was higher by 45.19% on average in accurate postures. Through this, it was confirmed that maintaining accurate postures contributes to exercise amount improvement.

Background: Exercise is necessary for the health of companion dogs. It is necessary to determine the relationship between height, weight, age and amount of exercise for the purpose of companion dog's health. Objectives: A survey was conducted in this study to small-dog owners living in Yongin city, Gyeonggi-do about their canine healthcare awareness. Design: Questionnaire design. Methods: The questionnaire was composed of exercise amount, type of exercise, and the necessity of exercise, general health condition, and environment. A total of 139 survey results were obtained. The average value of each item was analyzed and expressed in terms of frequency and percentage. Then, Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to find the relationship between these items. Results: The weight and height were not shown to have a significant difference in the amount of exercise in the results. The weight had a weak positive correlation with "exercise time of canine per day". The age had a weak negative correlation with "the number of canine exercise per week" and "frequency of canine exercise per day", while it had a weak positive correlation with "self-assessment of canine lack of exercise". Conclusion: Based on this study, it is believed that in the future, various environments where dogs can exercise are believed to be necessary for the era of convergence.

The present study was planned to investigate the effects of cool exposure by reducing amount of wearingduring exercise on human thermoregulatory responses. Nine men in the twenties participated in either Experimentalgroup (Exp.G, short-sleeve shirts, short pants) or Control group (Con.G, long-sleeve shirts, long pants, and jumper). Both groups performed treadmill exercise for an hour at a speed of 3.2 mph (5.12 km/h) in cool condition(15±0.3oC,40±3%RH), three times a week for three weeks. Rectal temperature, skin temperature, temperature inside clothing andsubjective sensation were measured. The results showed that rectal, forehead, hand temperature did not show significantdifference between Exp.G and Con. G but abdomen, arm, thigh, calf, mean skin temperature show significant difference. The level of rectal temperature, abdomen, arm, thigh, calf, mean skin temperature, temperature inside clothing andsubjective sensation were not notable difference between the initial period of Training (IT) and the last period ofTraining (LT). Only forehead temperature and hand temperature showed significant change according to the training. Forehead temperature increased in LT than in IT on Con.G (p = 0.057). Hand temperature increased in LT than in ITon Exp.G (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there was a significant impact on Exp.G’s hand temperature but it was not sufficientfor regarding as an appreciable change on thermoregulatory responses. The strength of cold stimulus in this study wasnot enough to effect thermoregulatory responses. So it'll be necessary to reduce the amount of wearing or exerciseintensity for promoting cold tolerance without cold stress by heat production through a exercise.

The purpose of this study was to help the women with stress urinary incontinence lead more comfortable life, by letting them to do pelvic muscle exercise and to learn by direct experience the effect that urinary incontinence is controlled. The research design was a one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 16 middle-aged women(over 38) with stress urinary incontinence. The study was conducted from August 1, to October 11, 1999. Women trained themselves for muscular strength and endurance, every the other day for each exercise for six weeks at home(that means each exercise for more than three days a week) in the pelvic muscle exercise program which was developed by Dougherty et al., and filled out exercise participation card every week. They visited laboratory once a week to get visual feedback, by means of Perineometer, of how the pelvic muscle exercise was going on. Stress Urinary Incontinence Scale that Lee, Young-Sook revised and supplemented Hendrickson's original scale was used for measuring the frequency and situation scores of urinary incontinence, "30 minute pad test" was carried out for measuring the amount of urinary incontinence, and Perineometer was used for measuring maximum vaginal contraction pressure. Percentage, mean, standard deviation and Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used for data analysis by means of SPSS/PC+ WIN 9.0 program. The results were summarized as follows : The hypothesis 1 that after carrying out pelvic muscle exercise program on women with stress urinary incontinence, the weekly degree of urinary incontinence would reduce compared to before the exercise was supported. The hypothesis 1-1 that after carrying out pelvic muscle exercise program on women with stress urinary incontinence, the weekly frequency of urinary incontinence would reduce compared to before the exercise was supported (p=.003). The hypothesis 1-2 that after carrying out pelvic muscle exercise program on women with stress urinary incontinence, the situation scores of urinary incontinence would reduce compared to before the exercise was supported(p=.044). The hypothesis 2 that after carrying out pelvic muscle exercise program on women with stress urinary incontinence, the amount of urinary incontinence would reduce compared to before the exercise was supported(p=.001). The hypothesis 3 that after carrying out pelvic muscle exercise program on women with stress urinary incontinence, the maximum vaginal contraction pressure would increase compared to before the exercise was supported (p=.012). These results suggest that pelvic muscle exercise program has an effect on women with stress urinary incontinence in the degree and amount of urinary incontinence and maximum vaginal contraction pressure. So it is judged that training women with stress urinary incontinence for pelvic muscle exercise is an effective nursing intervention strategy in order to care urinary incontinence.

자동차종합보험의 피보험자가 타인과 공동하여 교통사고를 일으켜 제3자에게 인적, 물적 피해를 입힘으로써 공동불법행위가 성립하는 경우에 피해자인 제3자는 보험자에게 보험금을 직접 청구하여 수령할 수 있다(상법 제724조 제2항). 보험자가 피해자에게 보험금을 선지급한 경우에 그 피보험자는 공동불법행위자에 대하여 구상권을 행사할 수 있고, 보험자는 그 구상권을 대위행사할 수 있다(상법 제682조). 나아가 일부 대법원 판례는 보험자가 공동불법행위자의 보험자에 대하여도 그 구상권을 대위행사할 수 있다고 한다. 하지만, 피보험자는 공동불법행위자의 보험자에 대하여는 아무런 권리를 취득하지 못하므로, 이러한 판례의 태도는 옳지 않다. 이에 대하여 보험금을 선지급한 보험자로 하여금 공동불법행위자의 보험자에 대하여 민법의 변제자대위에 기하여 피해자의 직접 청구권을 대위행사 할 수 있도록 하자는 견해가 있다. 하지만 변제자대위의 대상이 되는 직접청구권은 손해배상청구권과 법률적 성질이 동일하므로, 손해 및 가해자를 안 날로부터 3년의 소멸시효에 걸리게 된다. 이 경우 불법행위자의 보험자가 공동불법행위자에 대한 구상권을 대위행사하는 경우에 비하여 시효기간이 지나치게 짧아지는 시효기간의 불균형 문제가 야기된다. 현재 판례의 주류는 피해자에 대하여 직접 책임을 부담하는 가해자들의 보험자들 상호간에 직접 구상권을 인정한다. 위 판례는 명문 규정 없이 구상권을 지나치게 확장시켜 인정한다는 점 등이 문제점으로 지적될 수 있으나, 보험자대위를 인정하는 판례에 비하여 논리적 완결성이 뛰어나고, 변제자대위를 인정하는 견해에 비하여 시효기간 불균형 문제가 해소되어, 차선책으로 채택할 만하다. 이러한 직접 구상권의 소멸시효에 관하여 일부 판례는 상사채권의 그것과 같이 5년으로 인정하고 있으나 이는 일반채권과 같이 10년으로 하는 것이 타당하다. 다만, 제3자의 물적 피해 사안의 경우에는 자동차손해배상보장법상의 무과실 책임이 적용되지 않으므로, 사후적으로 과실이 없는 것으로 판단된 교통사고 당사자는 공동불법행위책임을 부담하지 않게 된다. 따라서 이러한 경우에는 교통사고 당사자들 및 그 보험자들 사이에서 구상권이 성립하지 않으나, 보험금을 선지급한 보험자는 상대 가해자 및 그 보험자에게 피해자의 손해배상청구권을 민법의 변제자대위에 기하여 대위행사할 수 있을 것이다.

When the insured party of comprehensive automobile insurance has caused a traffic accident in joint with another person and inflicted personal and/or material damage upon a third person, thus establishing joint tort, the victim third party may directly demand for the insurer to indemnify any loss attributable to the insured (Article 724 (2) of the Commercial Act). If the insurer of one party has paid the insured amount to the injured party in advance, the insured acquires a claim for reimbursement upon the third party joint tortfeasor, and the insurer can subrogate this claim (Article 682 of the Commercial Act). Some Supreme Court Decisions further expand on this stance by opining that subrogation of a claim for reimbursement can be exercised against the insurer of the joint tortfeasor as well. But such a stance errs in its conclusion because the insured party acquires no claims against the insurer of the joint tortfeasor. To address this issue, there has been a call to allow the insurer in such a case, who has already paid the insured amount, to exercise the injured party's right to direct remedy against the insurer of the joint tortfeasor. However, such a right to direct remedy, subject to subrogation by a person who has performed obligation, is legally identical in nature to a claim for damage compensation and thus expires three years after the point when the injured party becomes aware of the loss and the inflicting party. This in turn is problematic in that the period of prescription is too short, compared against the previous case of subrogation of a claim for reimbursement against the joint tortfeasor. Currently, the mainstream trend of court decisions is to acknowledge a direct claim for reimbursement between the respective insurers of the tortfeasors, who are directly obligated to pay the injured party's claim. This judicial stance could be objected to for recognizing too broad a scope for the claim for reimbursement, but still remains logically superior to the stance of acknowledging subrogation of the claim, while solving the issue of imbalance between prescription periods in the case of subrogation by a person who has performed obligation, and thus remains a viable choice to consider. Some court decisions have set a period of prescription of five years for direct remedy in such cases, identical to that of a commercial claim, but the period of prescription should rather be set as ten years as is recognized for a general claim. In the case of material damage to the third person, however, non-negligent liability under the Guarantee of Automobile Accident Compensation Act cannot be applied, thus exempting any party to the accident eventually found to be free of negligence from any joint tort liability. Hence, in such a case a claim for reimbursement cannot be established between the parties and/or their respective insurers, but the insurer who has already paid the insurance amount is still able to exercise its subrogation right for the victim's damage claim against the other inflicting party and its insurer, in correspondence with subrogation by a person who has performed obligation as provided under the Civil Act.

Subjects selected for this study were obese middle-aged women between 40 and 42, BMI 29 to 30. The subjects were divided into three groups. First, obese groups who have no influence of gene mutation (A group n=6). Second, b3-adrenergic receptor gene mutation groups (B group n=7). Third, groups who have two kinds of gene mutations, β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) and PPAR-γ (C group n=6). This study is conducted on a treadmill and each group at 40~50%HRmax . 50~60%HRmax and 60~70%HRmax about 80 minutes respectively. It is used a LatinSquare Design in order to examine the changes in Leptin and Insulin. Intending to establish the optimal exercise intensity by cause according to gene type of obesity. The main results of this study were as follow: The leptin and Insulin level showed significant differences in exercise period (p<.001), and also in interaction between exercise period and group (p<.01). The regardless of types and existence of genes and variation of strength of exercise, the walking which is representative of aerobic exercise can solve and protect the obesity.