Earticle

디자인은 이미 우리 삶속에 없어서는 안 될 요소로 많은 영역에 다양한 형태로 존재한다. 다양한 디자인이 생성되면서 디자인의 가치 정립(아이덴티티)의 더욱 중요해졌고, 개발된 디자인을 바르게 사용하고 배포 관리하여 일관성을 유지하는 것도 개발만큼 중요한 일이 되었다. 국가적 차원에서 유치하여 치러진 2018 평창 동계올림픽대회 및 동계패럴림픽대회는 다양한 콘텐츠를 생성하고 운영하여 전 세계에 대한민국을 알리는 중요한 역할을 하였다. 한국적 특성을 잘 반영 할 수 있는 '한글'을 모티브로 개발된 엠블럼과 대회 룩, 대회의 정체성을 잘 드러낸 마스코트 등을 만들었다. 생성된 콘텐츠들은 사용자(후원사, 언론, 유관기관 등)의 편의성을 고려하여 디자인 가이드로 만들어져 디자인 배포 시스템(DDS)을 통하여 관리되었다. 본 연구자는 POCOG의 DDS를 운영하여 얻어진 결과를 토대로 디자인 배포 및 관리 시스템의 효용성과 가치를 판단하고자 한다.

Design is already an integral part of our lives and is in many different forms. Creating a variety of designs has made it more important to establish the value of the design, and maintaining consistency through correct use and distribution of the developed design as important as development. The 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games and the Winter Paralympics, which were held at the groval level, played an important role in creating and operating diverse contents to promote Korea to the world. He created emblems with the motif of " Hangul, " which can reflect Korean characteristics, and a mascot that reveals the identity of the competition. The generated contents were created as design guides for the convenience of users (sponsors, media, relevant agencies, etc.) and managed through the Design Distribution System (DDS). The researcher wants to determine the effectiveness and value of the design distribution and management system based on the results obtained by operating the DDS of POCOG.

Background: While accurate characterization of air pollution exposure is essential for environmental health research, most studies rely on annual or area-level averages that may not capture cumulative exposure or its distribution across individuals. Understanding these patterns is crucial given the notable gap in individual exposure distribution data in South Korea. Objectives: To assess the individual distribution of 1- and 5-year mean air pollution exposure and examine temporal trends from 2006 to 2023. Methods: This study utilized nationwide, individual-level annual data from the National Health Insurance Service covering approximately 50 million individuals from 2006 to 2023 (>900 million person-years). Individual-level exposure to PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃ was estimated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality modelling system, based on residential area. One- and five-year moving averages were calculated to capture short- and long-term exposure patterns. Population-weighted distributional and regression analyses were performed, adjusting for age. Results: From 2006/2010 to 2023, most pollutants showed significant declines in mean concentrations across both 1- and 5-year exposure windows, including PM₁₀ (58.81~37.71 and 55.05~37.00 ㎍/m³), PM_2.5 (29.32~19.12 and 28.22~19.85 ㎍/m³), NO₂ (25.03~15.84 and 25.01~17.92 ppb), SO₂ (5.61~2.63 and 5.49~3.03 ppb), and CO (603.01~406.12 and 562.74~431.42 ppb). In contrast, O₃ increased (33.38~46.75 and 35.15~44.43 ppb). Exposure distributions overlapped substantially across age and socioeconomic status (SES) groups, with O₃ exposure levels increasing with age. Compared with Medical Aid beneficiaries, higher-SES self-employed individuals exhibited higher exposure levels to most pollutants, whereas O₃ showed an inverse pattern across both exposure windows. Conclusions: In South Korea, individual exposure distributions generally shifted toward reduced levels of most pollutants, except O₃. Incorporating individual exposure patterns, while accounting for age and SES, may complement conventional mean-based approaches for quantifying exposure-health effects.

PURPOSE: This study examined the distribution dynamics and proposed determinants, including morphological measurements, clinical laboratory tests, and lifestyle factors among young Korean men aged 20 to 29 years with the coexistence of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and obesity (CALSMO). METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-six participants were divided into two groups based on their skeletal muscle mass index, with 12 individuals categorized in the CALSMO group and the remaining 654 in the normal group. The proposed determinants variables consisted of three main components: morphological measurements, clinical laboratory tests, and lifestyle factors. The morphological measurement variables were height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and skeletal muscle mass index. The clinical laboratory tests were fasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The lifestyle factors considered were alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Complex sampling analysis was performed for the evaluation. RESULTS: The distribution dynamics were determined to be 1.81(1.02-3.18) %. Morphological factors, such as height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and skeletal muscle mass index, showed significant differences (p < .05). The clinical laboratory test variables, specifically the fasting glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels, also exhibited significant differences (p < .05). The lifestyle factor, alcohol consumption, also showed a significance (p < .05). CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the distribution dynamics. The proposed determinants in young Korean individuals with CALSMO are height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, skeletal muscle mass index, fasting glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, and alcohol consumption.

韓國內 9個道別 地域 가운데 5個道의 駐韓美軍事地域에서 39個의 誘蚊燈에 의하여 2,114 Trap night를 稼動하여 2년동안 채집하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 3屬, 14種, 65,847마리의 암모기가 收集되었으며 금빛 숲모기, 중국 얼룩날개 모기, 빨간 집모기, 작은 빨간 집모기가 가장 넓게 분포되어 主種을 이루었다. 2. 작은 빨간 집모기가 수집된 전체 암모기의 55.4%를 차지하였으며 5개도 전역에 걸쳐 분포되었으나 90% 이상이 평택지역에서 수집되었다. 이 종은 7월부터 수집되기 시작하여 8월에 가장 높은 개체군 밀도를 나타내고 9월부터 감소한다. 1982년 채집된 모기수는 1981년 모기수의 5배에 達했다. 3. 중국 얼룩 날개 모기는 수집된 전체 암모기수의 28.2%를 나타냈고 5월부터 散發的으로 나타나서 7,8월에 높은 개체군 밀도를 보이고 9월부터 감소한다. 1981년과 1982년의 채집된 모기수는 큰 差異를 나타내지 않았다. 4. 금빛 숲모기는 수집된 전체 암모기수의 8.8%를 나타냈고 5개도 전역에 걸쳐 발생하나 주로 지방에서 수집되었다. 이 종은 5월부터 나타나서 6월에 가장 높은 개체군 밀도를 보이고 그후부터 감소하는 경향을 보이나 8월에 다시 조금 높은 발생을 나타내나 6월의 그것에 비하여 낮다. 5. 빨간 집모기는 전체 암모기수의 5.3%를 차지하였고 5개도 전역에 여름에 걸쳐 고루 분포되었다. 6. Anopheles lesteri는 평택지역에서 네마리가 채집되었으나 이 종은 중국 얼룩 날개 모기와 형태학적인 區分이 어려워서 더욱 면밀한 考察이 필요되어지며 나머지 9종의 모기는 매우 적은 수가 채집되었다. 7. 살충제와 모기 驅除法에 관하여 간락하게 논의되었다.

Morama bean [Tylosema escululetum (Burch.)] is a nutrient-dense underutilized legume that can address proteinenergy and micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries. An ethnographic study using a snowball sampling method was conducted in Kweneng, Ghanzi, Southern, and Central districts of Botswana. The survey sought to gather and document information about demographic characteristics, traditional use, cultural norms, harvesting, processing, preservation, and health benefits of morama beans. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used to assess and rate the respondent(s) perceptions on traditional utilization and potential of the bean. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and thematic grouping. It was found that morama bean is distributed in Botswana’s sandy desert regions and is consumed by people who are native or migrated into these areas. Roasting in heated sand (mean = 4.93) and boiling fresh beans with water or milk (mean = 4.49) were the most popular methods of cooking morama beans. Across the four districts, morama bean was found to be an important component in traditional food and medicinal mixtures for undernourished infants, and expectant and lactating mothers, mostly prepared with soft porridge. Respondents cited a significant lack of scientific knowledge about the bean’s medicinal properties (mean = 1.27?1.38), indicating the need for additional research. The nutritious density of morama beans (mean = 4.87) and their potential for processing into value-added products (mean = 4.10) were known to the respondents. As a result, the bean has a high potential to improve food and nutrition security in these communities.

Background: In Korea, 6-year-old ginseng root is economically more important than 4 or 5-year-old roots. In general, the root age is determined by counting the number of stem vestiges. However, this method does not accurately estimate ginseng root age. Methods and Results: In this study, the stem vestige counting method was used to survey a total of 18,395 fresh ginsengs cultured in 2014, and 2015, to determine the accuracy of this method. The proportion of 6-year-old roots, with more than four stem vestiges, was 46.1% in 2014. For the cultivar Chunpoong cultivated in Eumseong and Goesan countries in 2015, the proportion of more than four stem vestiges was 55.9%, and 43.5%, respectively. The proportion of more than four stem vestiges for the Gumpoong cultivated in Eumseong and Yangpyeong countries was 67.0%, and 35.1%, respectively, whereas that for the cultivar Yunpoong was 36.0% and 61.0%, respectively. Moreover, it was confirmed that differences in the levels of Rg1 will enable root age determination. Conclusions: Root age determination by the stem vestige test was found to differ depending on the environmental and cultivation conditions. To determine the age of ginseng roots, a comprehensive method, such as counting stem vestiges and evaluating differences in ginsenoside levels, should be applied

This study was conducted to evaluate the status of habitat distribution, environmental characteristics and plant species growing with Lonicera japonica in its habitats. In the distribution of plant coverage below 30%, it was 84.6% in the inland area and 80.7% in the seashore area. There was similar coverage in both inland and seashore areas. But the average relative coverage in the seashore area was 26.1%, which is a little higher than that of the inland area (22.5%). In the habitats, both inland and seashore areas showed a high distribution ratio below 10 degrees. But among them, inland areas showed a high distribution ratio (62.4%) below 10 degrees, which was about twice as much as the seashore areas (32.2%). Habitat distribution was most often found on the southern slopes in both inland and seashore areas. The average soil pH of Lonicera japonica habitat was 5.2 in the inland areas and 6.9 in the seashore areas. Also, the seashore areas showed little content of P2O5, but high content of K, Mg, Na on the other hand compared to the inland area. Miscanthus sinensis was the highest importance value (16.4) among plants growing with Lonicera japonica in their habitats in both inland and seashore areas. But in the inland areas, Artemisia princeps showed the highest importance value, and Miscanthus sinensis was the highest in the seashore areas.

Soil pollution resulting from petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) arising from industrialization and human activities has emerged as a progressively severe global concern. Establishing an accurate spatial distribution prediction model for PHCs through limited sampling data play an important role in understanding the migration characteristics of PHCs and effectively preventing soil pollution. This article employs soil samples within 8 m of a chemical plant, in conjunction with hydrogeological data, to model the spatial distribution of PHC content using a feedforward neural network (FNN). The prediction outcomes are characterized through three-dimensional visualization. The findings indicate that FNN demonstrates superior estimation accuracy compared to traditional interpolation method. Regarding the horizontal distribution within surface soil, there is pronounced lateral migration of PHC content in both the storage area and manufacturing shop, with migration aligning following the direction of groundwater. Vertically, PHC content exhibits a consistent pattern of increasing and then decreasing with greater depth. It is predominantly enriched in the lower section of the aeration zone and the upper part of the saturated zone, particularly within 4 m, under influence of groundwater. In this study, the prediction model offers an original approach to the spatial distribution of soil pollutants.

In this paper, we concern about the distribution characteristics of surface temperature by the increment of time, diffusivity and heat flux on irradiating of a laser. The penetration depth corresponding to the induced constant heat flux or irradiated laser, is simulated by a computer algorithm. The distribution of temperature versus penetration depth for the variation of time and diffusivity is characterized at the constant heat flux and on irradiating of a laser. The temperature of constant heat flux at the fixed diffusivity or time, is decreased by the pattern of exponential function as the time t or diffusivity a is increased (a=10, 100, 1000). The temperature of constant heat flux is not changed but exponentially fixed with the increasing diffusivity and the fixed time. On the other hand, the temperature of laser at the fixed diffusivity or time is decreased linearly. Our results show that the characteristics of the simulated surface temperature in a semi-infinite solid are similar to the graphs on theoretical consideration.

This study examined the effects of socket flexion angle in trans-tibial prosthesis on stump/socket interface pressure. Ten trans-tibial amputees voluntarily participated in this study. F-socket system was used to measure static and dynamic pressure in stump/socket interface. The pressure was measured at anterior area (proximal, middle, and distal) and posterior area (proximal, middle, and distal) in different socket flexion angles ($5^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, and $10^{\circ}$). Paired t-test was used to compare pressure differences in conventional socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$ with pressures in socket flexion angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}$ (${\alpha}$=.05). Mean pressure during standing in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior middle area (19.7%), posterior proximal area (10.4%), and posterior distal area (16.3%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure during stance phase in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (19.3%) and decreased significantly in anterior distal area (19.7%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure during stance phase in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior proximal area (19.6%) and increased significantly in anterior distal area (8.2%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Peak pressure during gait in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (23.0%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$ and peak pressure during gait in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior proximal area (22.7%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Mean pressure over 80% of peak pressure ($MP_{80+}$) during gait in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ increased significantly in anterior proximal area (23.9%) and decreased significantly in anterior distal area (22.5%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. $MP_{80+}$ during gait in socket flexion angle of $10^{\circ}$ decreased significantly in anterior distal area (34.1%) compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. Asymmetrical pressure change patterns in socket flexion angle of $0^{\circ}$ and $10^{\circ}$ were revealed in anterior proximal and distal region compared with socket flexion angle of $5^{\circ}$. To provide comfortable and safe socket for trans-tibial amputee, socket flexion angle must be considered.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of hypertension prevalence and identify the demographic, behavioral, and community environmental factors associated with regional variation across 153 eup-myeon-dong administrative units in Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.Methods: Secondary data analysis was performed using Community Health Survey data from 62,411 adults aged ≥ 30 years (2017-2021). The prevalence of hypertension was defined as the proportion of individuals diagnosed with hypertension by a physician. Spatial statistical indicators were obtained from the Statistical Geographic Information Service (SGIS). Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, choropleth mapping, global Moran’s I, local indicators of spatial association (LISA), and ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression analyses were performed.Results: The prevalence of hypertension showed statistically significant spatial clustering (global Moran’s I=0.442, p<.001), with high-high clusters concentrated in rural eup-myeon areas and low-low clusters in urban dong areas. Despite confirmed clustering, the LM lag and error tests indicated no statistically significant spatial dependence in the regression residuals. The regression analysis showed that the prevalence of hypertension increased in areas with a higher proportion of older adults, greater obesity prevalence, and higher satisfaction with public transportation, whereas stronger trust among neighbors and greater satisfaction with healthcare access were associated with a lower prevalence.Conclusion: These findings support a shift toward tailored nursing and public health interventions at the sub-district level, prioritizing rural high-risk areas and reflecting the distinct demographic, behavioral, and environmental contexts of each community.

Conservation of indigenous breeds of ruminants is crucial for offering alternatives to commercial breeds. Moreover, it is part of long-term strategies in the agri-food sector to sustain supplies by ensuring genetic resource diversity to overcome climate change and the food crisis. Malin is the only native sheep breed in Malaysia. Due to traits such as heat tolerance and disease resistance, Malin sheep are considered an invaluable biological heritage. However, breeders and industrial producers are not interested in Malin because of their low commercial value and slow growth rate. Hence, this breed is neglected, its population is fragmented, and its numbers are dwindling, without data updates. Therefore, current information regarding Malin sheep is needed, including the latest geographical distribution and phenotypic characterization. First, we determined the population distribution using information from the State Department of Veterinary Services. Data were then collected from 15 studied locations in Pahang, Perak, and Kelantan via purposive sampling. Six qualitative traits and seven morphometric traits were recorded for 152 Malin sheep. These traits were quantitatively analyzed using multi-variate statistical tools to define the best measure to represent body conformation when comparing Malin sheep across studied locations. Findings showed that the Malin Ne population is very small. Morphologically, most Malin sheep exhibit light-brown wool with a course wool type; convex head shape, curved and horned in males but polled in females; and white hoof color. Imputation for missing body weight values in one population was successfully performed based on imputation regression modelling prior to downstream analyses. Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that the median value of all morphometric traits except female body weight differed significantly between all studied locations. The highest correlation was observed between chest girth and body length in males (ρ=0.76) and chest girth and body weight (ρ=0.76) in females. Nonmetric dimensional scaling showed that sheep maintained by smallholders in Pahang and Kelantan are similar phenotypically, but with smaller size compared with Perak. These findings suggest that phenotypic traits can help evaluate and compare sheep body conformation and thus provide an opportunity to distinguish and clarify a herd’s position, thereby highlighting populations requiring management attention.

This research aims to determine the contents, cooking, and serving styles of local Turkish coffee kinds in Turkiye and to reveal their differences from traditional Turkish coffee. In addition, the distribution of local Turkish coffee kinds determined according to cities and regions was determined. Document analysis was applied to determine the features of local Turkish coffee kinds. In the document analysis, local Turkish coffee kinds are divided into three basic categories according to the codes of “coffee content,” “serving style,” “cooking method,” and “difference from traditional Turkish coffee.” Turkish coffee in the first category is prepared without using coffee powder, and local Turkish coffee kinds in the second category differ from traditional Turkish coffee with their features such as the coffee beans are roasted and ground, the presentation of the coffee, the degree of cooking, and the cooking method of the coffee. Different products (local products) are mixed into the coffees in the last local Turkish coffee category. Additionally, local Turkish coffees specific to cities were collected under the “city/region authenticity” code. Black Cumin Coffee, Mırra Coffee, Menengic Coffee, Kenger Coffee, Turkish coffee cooked in a cup, and Dibek Coffee are common local Turkish coffee kinds in some cities and regions.

Introduction: This study aimed to review the farming activity and the administrative measure to successfully increase the distribution of heirloom vegetable “mizuna” nationwide by examining the paradigm shift in the use of its young less-branched form for salad. We also discussed that breeding programs of the young form ironically resulted in reduction the flavor and the antimutagenicity of this vegetable. Methods: Through hearing survey, we explored reasons for the successful nationwide distribution of heirloom vegetable, mizuna. Through chemical analysis, the fragrant ingredients in mizuna, their antimutagenicity and the changes in their amount for one year were determined. Results and discussion: The primary factor for commencing the distribution of mizuna includes the new idea of using young less-branched form of mizuna as salad ingredient, which has been recognized by most who were involved in promoting the distribution of mizuna among farmers, distributors, and employees of agricultural extension section at Kyoto Prefecture office. The secondary factor is the fact that the primary factor coincides on a time axis with other two factors: the occurrence of the boom of Kyoto’s heirloom vegetables and the Vegetable Management Stabilization Project found as a measure of Kyoto Prefecture. We determined three fragrant compounds in mizuna, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 3-phenylpropionitrile, and phenylethyl isothiocyanate, of which their antimutagenic effects were also identified. Those amounts were highest at the best harvest season called ‘Syun’ in the past because of the cold temperature of Japanese winter in traditional open-field cultivation. Conclusion: It implied that the successful nationwide distribution of mizuna resulted from the administrative measures based on the paradigm shift in the new use of mizuna for salad due to increase in demand of the vegetable in contemporary dishes. The traditional cultivation of mizuna might be suitable if wishing the flavor and antimutagenicity at the best harvest season ‘Syun’.

This study assesses the growth and distribution of research journals indexed in Scopus from 2000 through 2019, using SCImago data for journal and country ranking. A total of 15,484 journals were indexed in Scopus up till 1999, and from 2000 to 2019, 11,037 journals were indexed in Scopus at an average of 581.85 journals per year at an average annual corresponding growth of 2.74%. Of the total journals indexed in Scopus, 41.61% were indexed during the last two decades. Europe is the leading continent publishing nearly 60% of the total world journals, while Africa publishes around 1% of journals, the lowest among all the continents. The United Kingdom, United States (US), China, Brazil, Australia, and Egypt are the leading countries publishing the maximum number of journals from their respective continents. Of the total journals indexed across the world, nearly one-fourth (6,425, 24.23%) are published in the US. Still more, of the 109 journal publishing countries across the world, nearly 90% of journals are published in twenty leading journal publishing countries. Among the 27 major Scopus recognized subject disciplines, the majority (1,606, 6.06%) of journals are published in the field of medicine. The growth of research journals and the growth of research results has moved at a uniform pace, and any asymmetry between the two is bound to result either in the introduction of predatory and dubious journals or in the production of sub-standard research results.

In long-haul optical communication system consisting of standard single-mode fiber spans and fiber amplifiers, such as the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, performance is deteriorated by signal distortion due to chromatic dispersion and nonlinearity of the fiber. A combination of dispersion management and optical phase conjugation is an effective technique to compensate for the distortion. In an optical link configured by this combination, a dispersion map mainly affects the compensation of the distorted optical signals. This paper proposes new dispersion maps configured by the decaying or expanding distribution of residual dispersion per span (RDPS) in a dispersion-managed link combined with a midway optical phase conjugator. The effect of the proposed dispersion maps on the compensation for distorted 24 channel × 40 Gbps wavelength-division multiplexed signals was assessed through numerical simulation. It was confirmed that all the proposed dispersion maps are most appropriate for the compensation and, furthermore, for the flexibility of link configuration than conventional links.

In this study, we developed a method to quantify esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) in plasma and tissues using HPLC coupled with ultraviolet detection and measured the level of esculetin in rat plasma after oral administration. The calibration curve for esculetin was linear in the range of 4.8 ng/mL to 476.2 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of 0.996, a limit of detection value of 33.2 ng/mL, and a limit of quantification value of 100.6 ng/mL. Recovery rates for the 95.2 ng/mL and 190.5 ng/mL samples were 95.2% and 100.3%, within-runs and 104.8% and 101.0% between-runs, respectively. The relative standard deviation was less than 7% for both runs. In the pharmacokinetic analysis, the peak plasma esculetin level was reached 5 min after administration ($C_{max}=173.3ng/mL$; $T_{1/2}=45min$; $AUC_{0{\sim}180min}=5,167.5ng{\cdot}min/mL$). At 180 min post-administration (i.e., after euthanasia), esculetin was only detectable in the liver ($30.87{\pm}11.33ng/g$) and the kidney ($20.29{\pm}7.02ng/g$).

The first purpose was to identify the plantar pressure distributions (peak pressure, pressure integral time, and contact area) during level walking, and stair ascent and descent in asymptomatic flexible flatfoot (AFF). The second purpose was to investigate whether peak pressure data during level walking could be used to predict peak pressure during stair walking by identifying correlations between the peak pressures of level walking and stair walking. Twenty young adult subjects (8 males and 12 females, age $21.0{\pm}1.7$ years) with AFF were recruited. A distance greater than 10 mm in a navicular drop test was defined as flexible flatfoot. Each subject performed at least 10 steps during level walking, and stair ascent and descent. The plantar pressure distribution was measured in nine foot regions using a pressure measurement system. A two-way repeated analysis of variance was conducted to examine the differences in the three dependent variables with two within-subject factors (activity type and foot region). Linear regression analysis was conducted to predict peak pressure during stair walking using the peak pressure in the metatarsal regions during level walking. Significant interaction effects were observed between activity type and foot region for peak pressure (F=9.508, p<.001), pressure time integral (F=5.912, p=.003), and contact area (F=15.510, p<.001). The regression equations predicting peak pressure during stair walking accounted for variance in the range of 25.7% and 65.8%. The findings indicate that plantar pressures in AFF were influenced by both activity type and foot region. Furthermore the findings suggest that peak pressure data during level walking could be used to predict the peak pressure data during stair walking. These data collected for AFF can be useful for evaluating gait patterns and for predicting pressure data of flexible flatfoot subjects who have difficulty performing activities such as stair walking. Further studies should investigate plantar pressure distribution during various functional activities in symptomatic flexible flatfoot, and consider other predictors for regression analysis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration and distribution characteristics of $PM_{10}$ at high schools classrooms in Ulsan and its surroundings. This study evaluated $PM_{10}$ levels in classrooms at 79 high schools in Ulsan from May 2008 to May 2009. The average $PM_{10}$ level was 63.8 ${\mu}g/m^3$, and the rate of exceeding the statutory maintenance limit was 16.0%. The average $PM_{10}$ level was higher in general schools (64.9 ${\mu}g/m^3$) compared to professional schools (59.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$), and private schools (66.6 ${\mu}g/m^3$) was higher than that of public schools (62.5 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The average $PM_{10}$ level (68.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$) in general classrooms was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that in multi-purpose ones (54.6 ${\mu}g/m^3$), and first-year student classrooms (73.3 ${\mu}g/m^3$) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in second or third grade ones (67.6 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 51.5 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). The $PM_{10}$ level in schools in Dong-Gu in the vicinity of assorted industrial complexes was higher than that of schools located in other districts around the Ulsan Metropolitan Area. The regression model showed that $PM_{10}$ level was positively associated with number of students and relative humidity.

During a twenty-day period in 2005, a nine-stage Andersen cascade impactor was used to determine the seasonal size distribution of atmospheric particles and its inorganic ion species sampled for 24hr in Iksan city, located southwest of the Korean peninsula. Samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ion species using Dionex-100 ion chromatograph. Average fine and coarse mass concentrations of atmospheric particles were, respectively, 31.4 and $82.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in spring and 35.8 and $73.4{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in fall-winter during the sampling period of 2005, while measurements of 69.8 and 9.9 were obtained in the sampling period of summer, The size distribution of particulate mass concentration during the non-Asian dust period was generally bimodal, whereas the size distribution of particulate mass concentration during the Asian dust period was unimodal due to the significant increase of coarse particles, which originated from long-range transport of soil dust particles from loess regions of the Asian continent. Among ionic species, $SO{_4}^{2-},\;NH{_4}^+,\;K^+$ were mainly distributed in fine particles due to their characteristics of emission sources and gas-to-particle conversion, while $Na^+,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ were dominantly in coarse particles. However, $NO_3{^-}\;and\;Cl^-$ were distributed in both coarse particles and fine particles. Although $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was mainly distributed in fine particles, the size distributions of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in coarse mode were significantly increased during the Asian dust events compared to those during the non-Asian dust period. $Ca^{2+}$ showed the most abundant species in the atmospheric particles during the Asian dust period. $NH{_4}^+$ was found to mainly exist as $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in fine particles.