Earticle

이 연구는 체육학(體育學) 용어의 정의와 바른 사용에 대한 것이다. 우리나라에서 춤(Chum; 한국의 춤)과 무용 (Muyong 舞踊: 한자표기의 댄스) 그리고 댄스(Daens: dance)는 영어로 표기하면 모두 dance이다. 그러나 한국에서 춤, 무용, 댄스의 용어는 서로 다른 뉘앙스(nuance)를 띠고 있다. 우리나라 체육학계는 외래어(外來語)가 많아서 용어 사용에 대한 혼란이 있다. 그러므로 학술용어(學術用語)의 올바른 사용과 명확하고 알기 쉬운 용어의 정의가 필요하다. 외래어를 사용한다고 하여 우리의 전통을 무시하거나 잘못된 것은 아니다. 모든 외국어를 우리나라 용어로 바꾸는 것은 오히려 본질을 무시하는 것이 된다. 따라서 우리 전통용어와 외국어(외래어)를 적절히 잘 혼용하여 사용하는 것이 효과 적이며 경제적인 용어사용이라고 여긴다. 이 연구는 레크리에이션･레저･여가, 춤･무용･댄스, 무술･무예･무도, 경기･운 동에 대하여 재(再)정의를 하면서 올바른 용어사용에 대한 하나의 주장(試論)이다.

For the purpose of the study was to define the correctly terminology usage in the principles of physical education. In Korea, Dance had named as Chum, Muyong, and Dance. They were classified under the general term of Dance in English. However, Chum, Muyong, and Dance had a slightly different meanings in korean languages. Physical Education areas in Korea were used so many foreign languages so there were evident that the use of the term 'dance' was a source of confusion. Using foreign languages was not that mean of ignoring tradition or something wrong. It was even easier to overlook the essence of foreign language if they changed foreign languages to korean words. Therefore, It should be used properly both traditoinal korean words and foreign languages. This study was a contemporary opinion to define collect terminology of Recreaiton, leisure, yugar(korean leisure), chum(Dance with Korean language), muyong(Dance with Korean language style of Chinese Character), dance, musuel(mililary arts), muye(Korean martical arts), mudo(martical arts), athletics·exercie.

In spite that a lot of commercial transaction is carried out on the internet, there is no definition of ‘use’ of trademark and service on the internet, which makes lots of problems. In addition, Korean Trademark Act do not have no definition of ‘use’ of service mark and apply the definition of trademark use. Recently, electronic commerce is boomed and there is an infringement by using domain name, Meta tag, keyword advertisement, and pop-up advertisement. Because there is a confusion on the concept of trademark use and service mark use, it is difficult to decide whether such an infringement of trademark or service mark is not suitably handled. To solve the problems, Korean government gives an advanced notice of revision of Trade Mark Act. In the prior-announced revision of Korean Trade Mark Act, there is new definition of trademark use. According to the definition of trade mark use, if there is an function of advertisement or indication of source by using a keyword of an trade mark in a domain name, it will be regarded as an use of the trade mark. As the same way, if there is an function of advertisement or indiction of source by using a keyword of an trade mark in Meta tag, keyword advertisement and pop-up advertisement, such an use will be regarded as the use of the trade mark. With the new definition of trademark use, it is more concrete to distinguish trademark use on the internet. Also the trade mark owner’s right will be more strengthened by using trade mark law to meet infringements, which are related to using the keyword of an trade mark as an domain name, meta tag, keyword advertisement and pop-up advertisement on the internet environment.

디지털 방송환경은 HDTV에 이어 UHDTV를 등장 시키었고, 이를 이용한 실감영상 제작 수효도 다양한 분 야에서 응용되어지고 있다. 이러한 응용방법 중 HD 혹은 UHD급 디스플레이 여러 대를 상하좌우로 접합 시킨 후 고화질 영상 콘텐츠를 상영하는 다면 영상은 전시 영상 및 광고시장에서 자주 사용되고 있다. 현재 이러한 고화질 다면영상을 제작하는 업체는 대부분 자체 개발된 프로그램을 사용하여 제작하고 있어 일반적인 작업에 비해 많은 예 산이 들어간다. 이러한 이유로 현재 대부분의 다면영상 콘텐츠 제작 방법은 HD급 영상 사이즈를 2~5배 이상으로 확 대 사용하여 화질 열화가 많이 발생된다. 본 실험은 UHDTV로 구성한 다면영상에 널리 알려져 있는 소프트웨어를 이용하여 화질 열화 없이 초고선명 파노라 마 실감영상 구현 하고자 한다.

Digital broadcast environment led to the emergence of UHDTV following HDTV. The demands for realistic images which are created with the use of UHDTV have been applied to various fields. Of various application methods, multiplanar imaging, which is used to display high definition image contents after multiple HD or UHD displays are connected with each other up and down, and left and right, is often applied to display images and the advertising market. Today, the firms that make high-definition multiplanar images mostly use their independently developed program. Therefore, it costs higher than other general works. For the reason, multiplanar image contents are mostly made in the way of enlarging HD images over 2 to 5 times. In this experiment, the software application widely known for UHDTV based multiplanar images is applied to test a method of implementing UHD panoramic realistic images without quality degradation.

Embedded systems are used to design and control variety of complex system. Now-a-days embedded system has been used in every aspect of our daily life such as automobiles, home appliances, cell phones, security system etc. It is also being used in highly safety critical system like aerospace, medical devices, military equipment etc. So it is necessary to test the system before being released. Usually in embedded system there are different modules which have a real time interaction between each other. The best and easiest way to make this relationship is by global variables. But in embedded software global variables potentially causes many issues such as lack of access control, implicit coupling and dependencies with different module of the source code. Large number of integration module and its associated global variables introduce the problem of scalability. This paper propose an automated test case generation approach to solve dependency problem considering the definition-use of global variable and generate scalable test cases according to feasible test sequences.

Background: The term 'hardcore' has been applied to use of smoking tobacco and generally referred to as the inability or unwillingness of regular smokers to quit. The component constructs of hardcore except nicotine dependence are product neutral. With the use of 'time to first chew' as a measure of nicotine dependence, hardcore definition can be extended to characterize smokeless tobacco users. Hardcore users respond less to tobacco cessation interventions, and are prone to tobacco induced diseases including cancer. Thus identifying hardcore users would help in estimate the burden of high risk population for tobacco induced diseases. Smokeless tobacco use is predominant and accounts for more than 50% of oral cancer in India. Hence, hardcore chewing information could be used for planning of tobacco and cancer control interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hardcore smokeless tobacco use in India. Materials and Methods: Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)-India 2010 data were analyzed to quantify hardcore smokeless tobacco use in India with following five criteria: (1) current daily smokeless tobacco use; (2) no quit attempt in the past 12 months of survey or last quit attempt of less than 24 hours duration; (3) no intention to quit in next 12 months or not interested in quitting; (4) time to first use of smokeless tobacco product within 30 minutes of waking up; and (5) knowledge of smokeless tobacco hazards. Results: The number of hardcore smokeless tobacco users among adult Indians is estimated to be 5% (39.5 million). This group comprises 23.2% of daily smokeless tobacco users. The population prevalence varied from 1.4-9.1% across different national regions of India. Logistic regression modeling indicated age, education and employment status to be the major predictors of hardcore smokeless tobacco use in India. Conclusions: The presence of a huge number (39.5 million) of hardcore smokeless tobacco users is a challenge to tobacco control and cancer prevention in India. There is an unmet need for a universal tobacco cessation programme and intensification of anti-tobacco education in communities.

The idea that students must experience cognitive conflict before conceptual change can occur is not new. In light of this idea, many teaching strategies have been applied in educational practices. However, there is not much literature about how students are experiencing cognitive conflict, how this experience affects students learning processes, and how we use that knowledge to improve our science instruction. This study aimed to propose possible answers about these questions. In this paper, we conducted the first question as a first part of our research. To do this, we reviewed related literature and analyzed protocols that were produced in previous studies. As a result, a model of cognitive conflict was developed. This study's findings may lead to further understanding and use of students' cognitive conflict, which has a complex role in science instruction.

A certification mark is not used by the owner nor is it used to identify and distinguish the goods or services of any one party. Rather, it is used only on the goods and services of others and serves as a guarantee that those goods and services meet the standards set by the certification mark owner. A certification mark has been regulated by US　Federal Trademark law(Lanham Act) since it had been enacted. In order to reflect the Korea-US FTA, a certification mark system was introduced in Korean Trademark law through Revision Act 2011. A certification mark is an unusual breed of mark which has been described as a "special creature" of trademark law. It performs a distinctly different function from that of a trademark, service mark or collective mark. The several special provisions which reflect the characteristics of certification marks were introduced in the Korean Trademark law. Furthermore, it is necessary to make up additional specific regulations to reflect the characteristics of the certification mark In many cases, because a certification mark is comprised of descriptive and generic marks without distinctiveness, the concrete standards for distinctiveness judgment should be complemented by cases. Also, the concept of a certification mark use to certify the quality of the product apart from a trademark use concept as an indication of source should be defined. Furthermore, to distinguish injunctions and damages for the infringements, if certification marks are used for goods as certification subjects without the permission of certification mark owner's, significant measures that can be taken by the owner of a certification mark should be regulated accurately.

현대에는 개개인들은 복잡한 환경에서 생활하게 된다. 그 과정에서 타인에게 손해배상책임을 지는 일이 일상사로 발생하고 있다. 이와 같이 타인에게 배상책임을 지는 경우 그를 보험으로 보상하여 주는 제도가 책임보험이다. 주로 자동차책임보험만을 생각하기 쉽지만 책임보험의 유형은 매우 다양하다. 일상생활을 영위하는 중에 발생하는 손해배상책임을 보험으로 보상하여 주는 것이 일상생활배상책임보험이다. 선진 외국의 경우에는 일상생활배상책임보험이 보편적으로 이용되고 있다. 그런데 이 보험에서는 면책사유가 규정되어 있는바, 특히 피보험자가 소유, 사용 또는 관리하는 재물의 손해에 대하여 그 재물에 대하여 정당한 권리를 가진 사람에게 부담하는 배상책임을 면책으로 하고 있다. 그런데 구체적인 경우에 이 면책사유에 해당하는지 여부를 판단하기가 쉽지 않은 경우가 있다. 일상생활배상책임보험의 면책사유로서 직무수행 중의 사고, 피보험자가 소유, 사용 또는 관리중인 부동산으로 인한 배상책임, 피용자의 상해 손해 등을 면책사유로 하고 있다. 그러면서 특히 피보험자가 소유, 사용 또는 관리하는 재물의 손해에 대하여 그 재물에 대하여 정당한 권리를 가진 사람에게 부담하는 배상책임을 면책사유로서 규정하고 있다. 그런데 피보험자의 자녀가 바이올린 활을 사기 위해 시험하는 중 바이올린 활에 손상이 발생하여 배상책임을 지게 되었다. 이와 같이 바이올린 활을 구매하기 전 테스트목적으로 가지고 있다가 손상한 것이 피보험자가 소유, 사용 또는 관리하는 재물의 손해에 대하여 그 재물에 대하여 정당한 권리를 가진 사람에게 부담하는 배상책임에 해당하여 면책되는지가 관건이다. 독일의 경우에는 타인의 물건으로서 임차 중의 사고는 면책사유로 되어 있다. 그런데 이 사안에서는 피보험자가 소유, 사용 또는 관리중의 재물의 손해에 대하여 면책으로 하고 있다. 결국 사용 또는 관리의 개념에 본 사안처럼 바이올린 활을 구입하기 전에 테스트를 위하여 가지고 있다가 손상한 경우도 사용 또는 관리의 개념에 포함할 것인지의 여무를 판단하여야 한다. 타인의 소유물로서 판매목적의 바이올린 활을 사기 전에 테스트하기 위하여 가지고 있던 중에는 아직 소유권은 없다. 따라서 사용 또는 관리에 해당하는지가 문제된다. 소유, 사용 또는 관리라고 약관에 표현이 되어 있어 콤마를 ‘및’의 개념이 아니라 ‘또는’의 개념으로 파악하여야 함은 맞다. 그럼에도 본 사안의 경우는 면책사유에 해당하지 않는다. 따라서 보험자는 보험금을 지급하여야 한다. 결과적으로 피보험자가 사용 또는 관리하던 중에 발생한 손해라고 해석하기는 어렵기 때문이다. 그 경우는 점유권리와 점유의무를 넘긴 것이 아니라고 보아야 하기 때문이다. 그리고 독일에서는 시험을 위하여 넘긴 경우는 점유권한과 점유의무를 넘기지 않은 취지로 평가하고 있다는 점도 고려하여야 한다. 약관의 뜻이 해석에 의하여 분명한 경우에는 보충적 해석원칙인 작성자불이익의 원칙은 적용되지 아니한다. 보험약관은 언어표현과 문법구조 등을 고려하여 객관적이고 합리적으로 해석하여야 한다.

Individuals live in a complex environment. In the process, responsibility for damages to others is occurring in everyday life. In this way, liability insurance is the system that compensates for someone who is liable to compensate others. Although it is easy to think only about car liability insurance, there are many types of liability insurance. It is the daily life liability insurance which compensates for the damage liability that occurs while carrying out the daily life. In the advanced countries, daily life liability insurance is widely. However, this insurance provides immunity for indemnification liability for the damages of property owned, used or managed by the insured person, in particular, to those who have a legitimate right to the property. In some cases, however, it may not be easy to judge whether or not it falls within the scope of this immunity. As an excuse for indemnity of the daily life liability insurance, the liability for damages caused by accidents during the performance of duties, the property owned by the insured person, the use or management of the insured person, and the injury of the employee are excluded. In doing so, it provides liability for indemnification liability, in particular for liability for damages to property owned, used or managed by the insured person. However, while the insured child was trying to buy a violin bow, the violin bow was damaged and was liable for compensation. In this way, before the purchase of the violin bow, it is for the purpose of testing whether the damage is the indemnity of liability for the damage to the property owned, used or managed by the Assured to the person with the right to the property It is the key. In the case of Germany, accidents during the lease as objects of other persons are for reasons of immunity. However, in this case, the insured person is indemnified for damages of property owned, used or managed. In the end, the concept of use or management should be judged as to whether or not to include a violin bow in order to buy a violin bow as in this case, or to include in the concept of use or management. As a possession of another person, there is no ownership in the possession of a violin bow for sale prior to buying it. Therefore, whether it corresponds to use and management is a problem. However, even if you have to test before purchasing, it should be considered to be included in the concept of use and management. Before you make a purchase, you should have the right to use it within the scope of testing. Also within this scope, management should be viewed by the insured, not the seller. If you understand the concept of ‘comma’ as ‘ownership’, ‘use’ or ‘management’ and not the concept of ‘and. Though, the insurer should interpret that the insurance company do need to pay insurance money. According to the German case, the transfer for the test purpose does also not mean transfer of occupation. In the event that the meaning of the terms is obvious by interpretation, the principle of subsidiary disadvantage, supplementary interpretation principle, does not apply. Interpretation of reasons for exemption of various terms becomes a problem. The insurance contracts should be interpreted objectively and rationally considering the language and grammar structure.

It is unreasonable to calculate the amount of agricultural water use by applying unit demand method, because it is different from other water use due to the return flow and reuse in the recycle of watershed. Data from irrigation pumping station and reservoir were analysed. Factors for water balance are precipitation, evapotranspiration, percolation, runoff, and management loss, etc. Here in the study, the amount of agricultural water was defined in the way of three different categories. First one is "Gross water" including evapotranspiration, percolation, and management loss. Second one is "Agricultural water" including Gross water and effective rainfall. Third one is "Broad water" which is abstracting the return flow from Agricultural water.

최근 학교 현장에서는 웹 기반의 멀티미디어 자료에 대한 활용이 매우 크게 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 멀티미디어 자료를 수월하게 검색하기 위한 다양한 메타데이터 요소 정의가 등장하고 있으나 국제 표준을 중심으로 제시되고, 국내 현장 교사들의 의견은 거의 반영되지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 현장 교사들의 의견을 반영하여 웹 페이지 안에 포함되어 있는 멀티미디어 자료들을 효율적으로 검색, 관리할 수 있는 메타데이터 요소를 정의하고 실제 활용을 위한 XML DTD를 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구 결과는 멀티미디어 자료의 공유 및 활용을 높이는데 사용될 수 있다.

In the latest school spot, practical use about web based multimedia is increasing very greatly. Accordingly, various meta-data element definition to search multimedia data easy is appearing but international standard is presented as the main-stream. Opinion of domestic spot teachers is hardly reflected. Hereupon, in this study, wish to searches multimedia data that is included inside web page reflecting opinion of domestic spot teachers efficiently, defines meta-data element and designs XML DTD for actuality practical use. This study finding sees that can raise public ownership and practical use of multimedia data.

Recently, stock and financial markets around the world are shaking, because of the Sub-prime mortgage loan problem in U.S.A. Some reports say, the substantial reason of this problem is that credit rating firms gave the investment grade to the Sub-prime mortgage bonds. Like above stated problem, the result of ratings caused unexpected events about economy and stock markets. When we consider this problem, credit rating firms’ role and their decision are very important in the nation’s economy. Another more important reason of rating results is because companies which want to issue bonds must get investment grade. And it is used for regulatory purpose by a lot of acts, other financial regulators including FSS(Financial Supervisor Service). Owing to the importance of credit ratings, rating firms should strictly comply with the Use and Protection of Credit Information Act (hereinafter “the Act”) also rating Agency is supervised by the Act more than any other agencies (e.g. Credit Information Data Processing Agency, Debt Collector and Credit Information Agencies). The Act says that the aim of ratings is the protection of investor, but I think that the supervision on the result of ratings can not reach to the bar. The reason why I think that, the Act defines the ratings regime narrowly. Namely, the required range of ratings in markets is not harmonized with that of the Act. In the point of changing into the Capital Market and Financial Investment Services Act which is effected the range of ratings and a new Reform Act bill about the Act, my suggestions in this paper is that we should know the legal meaning of ratings more precisely, so that we can realize the aim of the Act protecting investors.