Earticle

고객 경험 디자인은 고객이 제품 또는 서비스를 구매하고 사용할 때 브랜드나 기업의 터치포인트에서 긍정적인 경험을 최대화하는 것을 목표로 한다. 긍정적인 경험을 전달할 수 있는 제품이나 서비스를 디자인하기 위해서는 고객의 니즈와 고객 경험의 변화하는 특성을 해결하는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 다른 관점과 접근 방법이 필요하다. 디자인 프로세스 는 다양한 학문 분야에 걸쳐 혁신을 주도하고 브랜드나 기업의 지속적인 성장에 필수적인 접근 방법 중 하나이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 고객과의 상호 작용과 고객 경험을 개선하는 것을 목표로 하는 서큘러 고객 경험 디자인 프로세스(The Circular CX Design Process)를 제안한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 프레임워크는 고객 여정을 중심으로 다양한 터치포인트 를 분석하고 개선함으로써 지속적으로 고객에게 긍정적인 경험을 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다.

Current research and practice have increasingly sought to focus on approaches to facilitate innovation due to its expanding growth of the experience economy over the past decade. Normally, customer experience design aims to maximize the effectiveness of positive experience with a brand or company's touchpoints when customers make a purchase as well as use a certain product or service. In order to design a product or service that can provide varying levels of experiences, there needs more beneficial design process strategies to help resolve the changing nature of customer experience. Design process is one such approach that provides designers as well as researchers across various academic disciplines as an integral source of creativity, driving innovation and growth. In this regard, this study aims to look specifically at the nature of customer experience and attempts to understand what extent that design process in both practice and theoretical perspective can assist in customer experience improvement. As a further consequence, this study will focus on implementing the idea of circular design into the customer experience process, namely the Circular CX Design Process―which is expected to increase effectiveness and efficiency in addressing customer needs and demands as well as delivering positive experiences at various touchpoints along the customer journey.

The integration of waste-to-energy processes with CO₂ reduction and renewable energy storage was investigated. Here,we demonstrate a waste biorefinery that utilize biogas, which was previously used only for thermal energy. High valueaddedchemicals such as succinic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and synthetic natural gas can be produced by industrialmicroorganism from food waste and renewable energy. Water electrolysis facilities accounted for a significant portion of theinvestment cost. However, the rising demand for bioplastics helped shorten the payback period despite their relatively highprice. The quantity and economic feasibility of final products changed according to the order of the process, and the possibilityof circular waste biorefinery based on the use of biogas using renewable energy was suggested.

A new extrusion process of the circular section product with helical fins could be developed by using rotating extrusion dies. The twisting of extruded product is caused by the twisted conical die surface connecting the die entrance section and the die exit section linearly. But, until now, because the process has used fixed extrusion dies, it needs high pressure in order to twist billet and form fin shape on the surface of billet. So, during extruding billet, in order not to twist billet, the extrusion dies is needed to rotate itself instead of twisting billet. And in order to rotate dies, the shape of inside contour of extrusion dies must have conical type with twisted Inclined die surface connecting the die entrance section and the die exit section linearly. The results of experiments show that, in spite of using twisted extrusion dies, twisting of the billet should not happen because of rotating dies in the opposite direction of twisting direction of billet during extruding billet, and, from the results, it shows that it can decrease the power of extrusion pressure and could prevent crack of teeth for fin forming.

The bending process for the circular curved tube and rectangular curved tube with fins can be developed by the hot metal extrusion machine with the multiple punches moving in the different velocity. The bending phenomenon can be controlled by the two variables. The one of them is the difference of velocity at the die exit section by the different velocity of billets through the multi-hole container. The other is the one by the different hole diameter. The results of the experiment show that the circular curved tube with fins and rectangular curved tube with pins can be formed by the extrusion process and that the curveture of the product can be controlled by the velocity of punch and diameter of container hole and that the defects such as the distortion of section and the thickness change of the wall of tube the folding and wrinkling of thin tube and fins did not happen after the bending processing by the extrusion bending machine.

Due to their low density, high specific strength and electromagnetic interference shielding, magnesium alloy sheets are used increasingly more often in automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries. However, magnesium ally sheets should be usually formed at elevated temperature because of their poor formability at room temperature. For the use of magnesium alloy sheets for an industrial, their mechanical properties at elevated temperature and appropriate forming process conditions have to be developed. In this study, the warm deep drawing process of AZ31 sheets is studied numerically by non-isothermal simulation. The difference between the isothermal simulation results and the non-isothermal simulation results and the progress of warm forming are discussed.

기후위기와 자원 제약이 심화되면서 외부 투입재 의존을 줄이고 내부 자원 순환을 강화하는 농업 생산방식이 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 외부 자원 투입이 제한된 조건 속에서 형성된 순환농업의 한 사례로서 북한의 고리형순환생산체계에 주목하여 북한 지역순환농업의 발전과정과 지속조건을 분석하였다. 2012~2024년 『로동신문』 보도자료를 바탕으로 시행 단위 299개를 도출하여 분석한 결과, 첫째, 해당 체계는 위기 대응 과정에서 형성된 이후 김정은 시기 정책적으로 확장되며 경종-축산 중심에서 과수·수산·에너지 부문을 포함하는 복합적인 구조로 발전하였다. 둘째, 전국적으로 확산되었으나, 소규모 단위 중심으로 분산되어 나타나고, 경종-축산 결합을 중심으로 지역 조건에 따라 다양한 결합 형태로 분화되며 농장을 중심으로 공장·기업소, 연구기관 등이 결합하는 구조를 보인다. 셋째, 개별 단위에서는 자원이 필요한 시점과 발생하는 시점이 맞지 않고, 필요한 양도 충분히 확보하기 어려우며, 축산 분뇨나 농업용수 문제는 주변 지역에 영향을 미친다는 문제가 발생한다. 이로 인해 자원 순환과 생산·가공·소비의 연계를 안정적으로 유지하기 어렵고, 여러 생산 단위를 지역 차원에서 연결할 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 고리형순환생산체계는 최근 강화되고 있는 시·군 단위 정책 집행 구조와 국제적 기후·환경 관리 방식 하에서 지역 차원에서의 자원과 생산을 함께 조정하는 방향으로 이루어지고 있다. 종합하면, 북한의 고리형순환생산체계는 개별 단위를 넘어 지역 단위 연계가 강화되는 방향으로 나아가고 있다. 이는 자원 제약 속에서 형성된 대응체계가 북한의 여건에 맞게 제도화되며 지속가능한 농업체계로 발전해가고 있음을 시사한다.

This study examines the development process and sustainability conditions of regional circular agriculture in North Korea, focusing on the Circular Closed-loop Production System as a representative case formed under conditions of limited external resource inputs. As climate change and resource constraints intensify, agricultural production models that minimize dependence on external inputs while enhancing internal resource circulation have gained increasing attention. Based on an analysis of 299 implementation units identified from Rodong Sinmun reports published between 2012 and 2024, the study presents three main findings. First, the system originated as a crisis-response mechanism and was subsequently expanded through state policy during the Kim Jong-un era, evolving from a crop?livestock structure into a multi-sectoral system encompassing fruit production, fisheries, and energy sectors. Second, although the system has diffused nationwide, it remains characterized by smallscale and spatially dispersed units. These units exhibit diverse configurations depending on local conditions, typically centered on crop?livestock integration, and form linkages with farms, factories, enterprises, and research institutions. Third, at the unit level, structural limitations persist, including mismatches in the timing and quantity of resource supply and demand, as well as environmental externalities related to livestock waste and agricultural water use, which extend beyond the boundaries of individual units. These limitations make it difficult to maintain the stable integration of production, processing, and consumption within a single unit. To address these constraints, there is a growing need to link multiple production units at a broader scale. Accordingly, the Circular Closed-loop Production System is increasingly being reorganized toward coordinated management of resources and production at the regional level, supported by strengthened city- and county-level policy implementation structures and alignment with international climate and environmental management frameworks. In conclusion, North Korea’s Circular Closed-loop Production System is evolving beyond individual units toward enhanced regional integration, suggesting that a system initially formed under resource constraints is being institutionalized in line with domestic conditions and is developing into a sustainable agricultural system.

The laser welding was performed for the flange joint of two overlapped coaxial circular pipes which serve as the inlet and connector pipes of STS 316L. The laser welding test finally resulted in a good penetration depth of 1.8 to 2.0 mm. On the way to get the good welding quality, two important parameters were found to be optimized. One is the focal positioning which is the offset of the laser beam focus to the exact welding seam line, which is more critical in the inner flange laser welding. When the beam spot size was deviated more than $200\;{\mu}m$ from the seam line, welding of two pipes is failed. The other is a gap size since a certain amount of gap is inevitable due to fabrication tolerance, or artificial allowances for smooth insertion of a pipe. However, it is required to restrict the gap allowance within 0.2mm to avoid undesirable undercut on a welding bead.

This article is aimed primarily at establishing a process planning method for complex circular shells. For the deep drawing of complex shaped shell, the optimum process design is required to reduce the trial cost, improve the quality, increase the productivity and shorten the delivery. The present approach which is related to the optimum process planning is based on the empirical knowledge through trial and error in the industrial field. In order to check the validity and the effectiveness of proposed work, a sample process design has been applied to the multi-stepped deep drawing of complex shell considering the process variables such as drawing rate, radius and blank development. In particular, the difference between the limiting drawing rate and the optimum drawing rate has been discussed and has been shown the usefulness of present suggestion.