Earticle

Toni Morrison’s God Help the Child investigates the destructive power of color fetishism and racism which continued to affect the black women’s lives in America even in the 1990s. In the historical period of America’s first black president during which critics began to talk about post-blackness, Morrison brings to the fore the issue of racism related with different shades of color and illuminates its destructive effects on the construction of a black woman’s subjectivity. The novel delineates the traumatic life of a black woman, Bride, who was denied love from her mother due to her blue black skin color and abandoned by her father after her birth. In addition, she suffers from the feelings of guilt when she accuses an innocent woman of partaking in sexual abuse of a child in order to obtain love from her mother. As she reconstructs the fragmentary memory of the past, she mourns the loss of her childhood and feels responsibility for her false accusation of an innocent woman. She needs to confront the truth before she can reconstruct a relationship with her lover, Booker. Bride and Booker realize what it means to love someone as they tend to Booker’s dying aunt together, and by breaking the hold of the traumatic past, they can rewrite the stories of their lives and reconstruct their own subjectivities.

본 연구는 만 5-8세 아동 60명을 대상으로 수사면담 시 기본 규칙의 안내와 개방형 라포 형성 이 아동의 회상보고 정확성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 면담의 기본 규칙의 안내와 개방형 라 포 형성은 선행 연구들을 통하여 그 효과가 입증된 바 있다. 그러나 어린 아동의 경우 주의 집중의 한 계와 빨리 피로해지는 상태를 고려하면 조사에 앞서 면담자가 두 가지 모두를 잘 수행하는 것이 현실 적으로 쉽지가 않다. 따라서 본 연구는 조사관이 아동으로부터 가능한 완전하고 정확한 회상을 이끌어 내기 위해 보다 집중해야 하는 부분에 대한 과학적 근거를 모색하고자 하였다. 이와 같은 맥락에서 연 령에 따른 기본 규칙의 안내와 개방형 라포 형성의 효과가 비교되었다. 그 결과 어린 아동의 경우, 면 담의 기본규칙 안내는 자발적 회상과 잘못된 정보의 저항에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 개 방형 라포 형성은 아동의 회상보고 정확성 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 나 이든 아동의 경우, 면담의 기본규칙 안내와 개방형 라포 형성이 아동 기억에 미치는 긍정적 영향이 유 의한 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로, 어린 아동의 수사 면담에서는 자발적 회상 보고를 최대한 확보하기 위하여 면담의 기본규칙 안내도 중요하지만 질적으로 우수한 개방형 라포 형 성이 갖는 우위적 가치에 대해 논의하였다.

This study aims to examine the effects of providing ground rules and building open-ended rapport on the accuracy of recall during an investigative interview in 60 5-8-year-old children. The effectiveness of providing ground rules and building open-ended rapport have each been confirmed by previous studies. However, it is practically challenging for an interviewer to do both prior to beginning an investigative interview, considering the fact that young children have limited attention capacities and are easily fatigued. Thus, this study compared the effects of providing ground rules and building open-ended rapport in relation to age so as to provide scientific evidence for the specific activity on which investigators should more focus in order to draw complete and accurate recall in children as much as possible. The results revealed that unlike in older children, providing ground rules did not affect voluntary free recall or resistance to misinformation in younger children, while openended rapport building had positive effects on the accuracy of children’s recall. In older children, there were no significant differences in the effects of providing ground rules and open-ended rapport building on the accuracy of children’s recall. Based on these results, the author discussed the comparative advantage of building a good open-ended rapport over providing ground rules in maximizing spontaneous and accurate recall in young children.

1974년 포르투갈의 정치적 자유화와 함께 다른 아시아·아프리카 국가에 비해 늦은 탈식민화의 경로를 밟게 된 동티모르는 1975년 12월 인도네시아의 침공 이후 독립에 대한 주민투표가 이루어진 1999년 8월까지 24년간의 인도네시아 점령기를 겪게 된다. 날도 레이의 『저항』은 돌도 되지 않아 피난길에 나선 1975년생 동티모르인 ‘푸토’(날도 레이의 코드네임)가 소년 지하운동가로서 동티모르 민족해방군 팔린틸과 함께 활동했던 기록을 담은 회고록이다. 아동권리에 대한 인식이 강화되면서 분쟁 속의 아동과 18세 미만 소년병에 대한 관심도 높아졌는데, 이들에 대한 시각은 크게 아동의 취약성과 소년병의 피해자성을 강조하는 보호적인 관점, 그리고 아동의 자율성, 행위자성을 주장하는 관점으로 분류할 수 있다. 이 논문은 소년병 정체성을 가지고 자신의 경험에 성찰적으로 접근하는 날도 레이의 회고록을 피해자와 투사, 피해자와 생존자 정체성이 겹쳐진 다층적인 텍스트로서 읽어낸다. 아동권리가 국제규범으로 정착하던 시기에 뒤늦은 민족해방운동이 벌어졌던 동티모르라는 맥락에서 분쟁 속 아동의 자율성과 행위자성은 더욱 두드러지게 나타난다. 『저항』에 담긴 푸토의 기억에서는 분쟁 속 아동의 경험을 이해하는 데에 필요한 상세한 개별성과 변화하는 정체성의 복합성, 그리고 주로 아프리카 내전을 배경으로 형성된 소년병에 대한 인식을 다변화하는 다수성을 읽을 수 있다. 딜리와 자카르타, 시드니에서 만난 지하운동과 연대운동 동료들과 유사 가족관계를 형성한 푸토의 생존 전략에 대한 회고는 남성 전투원을 중심으로 위계화된 동티모르의 점령기 기억에 대한 포용적인 도전이기도 하다.

Timor-Leste’s path of decolonization began comparatively later than other Asian and African countries, with the 1974 liberalization of Portuguese politics. Since the invasion of December 1975, the country went through 24-year occupation by Indonesia until August 1999, when East Timorese supported independence in the referendum. Naldo Rei’s Resistance is a memoir of “Puto” (Naldo Rei’s code name), an activist who was born in 1975, became a refugee as a baby, and then fought in the clandestine movement with Falintil, the Armed Forces for the National Liberation of East Timor. With the enhanced awareness of child rights, scholarly attention to the children in conflict and underage child soldiers strengthened. There are broadly two perspectives on child soldiers: a protective approach that emphasizes children’s vulnerability and the victimhood of child soldiers, and an alternative approach that argues for children’s autonomy and agency. In this paper, I read Naldo Rei’s memoir as a multi-layered text in which the identities of a victim, a fighter, and a hero are overlapped. Naldo’s memoir shows reflexivity on his experiences as a child soldier. In the context of East Timor, where national liberation struggles unraveled simultaneously with the development of child rights as international norms, the autonomy and agency of children in conflict stand out. Puto’s memoir provides us with detailed individuality necessary for a better understanding of children’s experiences in conflict, as well as the complexity of changing identities and plurality of child soldier experiences, especially when memories of African civil wars created the dominant images of child soldiers. Puto’s reflection on his quasi-familial relationship with colleagues in Dili, Jakarta, and Sydney as a child soldier’s survival strategy can be also read as an inclusive challenge to the hierarchy of post-independence veteran politics that idealizes experiences of male combatants.

Objectives : This study investigated the differences of working memory among the subtypes of ADHD. Methods : Eighty-one children and adolescents with ADHD and thirty normal controls were recruited. Children with any cognitive disorders and low intelligence were excluded. In order to evaluate the verbal and visuospatial working memory, Digit span and Finger windows tasks were measured, respectively. Performances on these measures between children with ADHD and controls were compared. Further, performances among the groups of ADHD predominantly inattentive(ADHD-IA)(n=40), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive(ADHD-HI)(n= 10), and combined type(ADHD-C)(n=31), were compared. Results : Scores of Finger windows forward task were lower in the ADHD group as compared to the control group, whereas, the Digit span forward showed no difference. Both scores of Digit span backward and Finger windows backward task were lower in the ADHD group than the controls. Children with ADHD-IA performed poorer than children with ADHD-C on the Finger windows backward task. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that children with ADHD have deficits in spatial short-term memory and verbal and visuospatial working memory when compared to normal children. The deficits were evident in children with ADHD-IA subtype and in particular, performance on the visuospatial working memory task in this group was poorer than the ADHD-C group.

The present study investigated people's perception of child sexual abuse victims,focusing on their memory and competency as witnesses. A total of 168 persons rated the degree to which they agree each of the statements on memory and witness competency of child sexual abuse victims as revealed in previous studies. As a result,the current study showed that people generally have accurate perceptions of memory and witness competency of child sexual abuse victims. Also, there was not much of difference between men and women in their perceptions, but men were more likely than women to be accurate about a few of the statements. Furthermore,it turned out that people believe the minimum age of a reliable child witness at the court to be six. Finally, limitations of the present study and future research suggestions were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between preschooler's sex, effortful control, working memory, and emotion regulation. The moderating effect of sex in the influences of effortful control and working memory on emotion regulation was also investigated. Eighty-eight children from the ages of 3 to 5 years participated in this study. A working memory task of the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV(K-WISC-IV; Kwak, Oh, & Kim, 2011) was administered to the children. Their parents completed a very short form of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire(Putnam & Rothbart, 2006) and Emotion Regulation Checklist(Shields & Cicchetti, 1997). The results indicated that effortful control significantly predicted emotion regulation. Additionally the moderating effect of sex on the relationship between working memory and emotion regulation was significant. Specifically, the influence of working memory on emotion regulation was significant only in boys, but not in girls. This result suggested that effortful control has an effect on emotion regulation in a stable manner whereas working memory has different effects on the influence of emotion regulation according to sex.

본 연구는 만 7-8세 아동을 대상으로 자연스럽게 스트레스가 유발되는 경험을 이용하여 어머니 특성이 스트레스 수준과 아동 기억 간의 관계에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 선행 연구에 따르면 스트레스와 아동 기억 간의 정적 관계성을 지지하는 결과도 있고 부적 관계성을 지지하는 결과도 존재한다. 이와 같은 비일관된 결과의 근거를 찾아보기 위해 본 연구는 스트레스와 아동 기억 간의 관계에 어머니의 특성 그 중에서도 대화특성과 어머니와 아동의 애착 안정성을 고려해 보고자 하였다. 연구 결과 치과 진료 시 아동이 스트레스를 많이 받을수록 진료에 대한 기억 정확성은 낮았다. 또한 어머니와 정서 중심의 대화를 사전에 나눈 아동은 그렇지 않은 아동보다 진료에 대한 기억 정확성이 높았다. 특히 어머니와 정서 중심의 대화를 사전에 나눈 아동의 자발적 회상 보고의 정확성은 진료 시 유발된 생리적 스트레스 수준과 어머니의 애착 안정성에 의해 유의미하게 예측되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 스트레스와 아동 기억 간의 관계는 어머니와 아동의 다양한 개인차 특성에 의해 복합적인 영향이 고려되어야 할 필요성을 논의하였다.

This study aimed at examining the effects of parental features on the association between stress and memory in 7-8-year-old children. Some studies in the literature support a positive relation between stress and children’s memory, while others support a negative relation. To address this inconsistency, this study examined parental features, more specifically their talk and attachments styles, in observing any correlations to stress and memory in their children. The results generally supported a negative relationship between stress and child memory. With regard to parental features, children of emotion-oriented parents, who have emotion-oriented conversations with their children about a stressful event, had more accurate voluntary recalls and higher resistance to misinformation than children of parents with other talk styles. The level of children’s stress and parents’ attachment stability were significant predictors of voluntary recall in children who had an emotion-oriented conversation with their parents before the stressful event. That is, parents who have an emotion-oriented conversation tend to show high attachment stability, hence their children experienced less stress during treatment, resulting in higher accuracy of recall. Based on these results, the author discusses various parental features that affect the relationship between stress and memory in children.