Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of naringin, one of flavonoids, on the pharmacokinetics and bio-availability of nimodipine in rabbits. Pharmacokinetic parameters of nimodipine were determined in rabbits after oraladministration of nimodipine (16mg/kg) with or without naringin (1, 5 or 15mg/kg). Nimodipine was analyzed byhigh performance liquid chromatography using Hypersil ODS column. Naringin significantly (p<0.05) increased the areaunder the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration (Cmax) of nimodipine at 5 and 15mg/kg.The absolute bioavailability (AB%) of nimodipine by prescence of naringin (5 or 15mg/kg) increased from 32.2-36.9%(p<0.05) compared to the control (22.0%). However, presence of naringin had no significant effect on the eliminationrate constant (Kel) of nimodipine. There were no apparent changes of the time of peak concentration (Tmax) of nimo-dipine by coadministration. These results suggest that the increased bioavailability and the significant changes of thesepharmacokinetic parameters of nimodipine by naringin may be attributed to the potential of narigin to inhibit cyto-chrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and P-glycoprotein efflux pump in the liver and intestinal mucosa.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine (6 mg/kg) after oral administration of nifedipine with or without atorvastatin (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) in rats, and also was to evaluate to the effect of atorvastatin on the CYP3A4 activity. The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of atorvastatin on CYP3A4 activity is 46.1 μM. Atorvastatin inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Coadministration of atorvastatin increased significantly (p<0.05, 2.0 mg/kg) the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration (Cmax) of nifedipine compared to the control group. The relative bioavailability (RB%) of nifedipine was increased from 1.15- to 1.37-fold. Coadministration of atorvastatin did not significantly change the terminal half-life (T1/2) and the time to reach the peak concentration (Tmax) of nifedipine. Based on these results, we can make a conclusion that the significant changes of these pharmacokinetic parameters might be due to atorvastatin, which possesses the potency to inhibit the metabolizing enzyme (CYP3A4) in the liver and intestinal mucosa, and also inhibit the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump in the intestinal mucosa. It might be suggested that atorvastatin altered disposition of nifedipine by inhibition of both the first-pass metabolism and P-glycoprotein efflux pump in the small intestine of rats. In conclusion, the presence of atorvastatin significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of nifedipine, suggesting that concurrent use of atorvastatin with nifedipine should require close monitoring for potential drug interation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of naringenin, one of flavonoids, on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) after oral administration of diltiazem with or without naringenin (2.0, 10 and 20 mg/kg) in rabbits. Coadministration of naringenin increased the absorption rate constant , the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak concentration of diltiazem compared to the control group, but only significantly (p<0.05) by 10mg/kg of naringenin coadministration. The absolute bioavailability (AB%) of diltiazem by coadministration ranges from 7.8% to 10.3%, increased more than control (7.2%), and relative bioavailability (RB%) of diltiazem is increased from 1.08- to 1.43-fold. Coadministration caused on significant changes in the terminal half-lives and the time to reach the peak concentration of diltiazem. On the other hand, coadministration of naringenin increased the AUC desacetyldiltiazem, significantly at the dose of 10mg/kg. But the metabolite ratio (MR) was decreased, significantly at 10mg/kg of naringenin. Based on these results, we can make a conclusion that the increased bioavailability and the significant changes of these pharmacokinetic parameters might be due to naringenin, which possess the potency to inhibit the metabolizing enzyme (CYP3A4) in the liver and intestinal mucosa, and also inhibit the P-glycoprotein efflux pump in the intestinal mucosa

This study aimed to compare the changes in the bioactivities of peptide extracts (< 10 kDa) obtained from Jeju black pigs (JBP) and three-way crossbred pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, LYD) before and after digestion. The results showed that the loin peptide extracts of JBP maintained high 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity after in vitro digestion. However, the iron chelating activity and antihypertensive activity of all peptide extracts were decreased. This study suggested that the peptide extracts produced through alkaline-AK digestion have sufficiently high antioxidant and antihypertensive activities; however, these activities were reduced after in vitro digestion. Meanwhile, the JBP loin and ham peptide extracts promoted high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than that of LYD when administered to mice. Furthermore, the ham peptide extracts of JBP showed a relatively high antihypertensive activity in mice. Therefore, it is deemed that these peptide extracts from JBP are more bioactive than that of LYD, and can be used as bioactive materials.

Using antibiotics as growth promoter has been banned in poultry feed industry, thus various researchers try to seek an alternative to replace the growth-promoting antibiotics. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the growth performance via intestinal nutrient utilization and cecal microbial composition of broiler after dietary supplementation with most commonly using antibiotics, zinc bacitracin, and sophorolipid. A total of 180 1-day-old chicks were randomly assigned, and dietary treatment was as follow: CON, basal diet; ZB, 100 ppm of zinc bacitracin supplemented diet; and SPL, 250 ppm of sophorolipid supplemented diet. Their growth performance was evaluated and the samples of blood, small intestine, and ileal and cecal digesta were collected for biochemical, histological, and genomic analyses. The body weight and average daily gain of 7-day-old chicks were higher in ZB and those in overall experimental period were improved by ZB and SPL supplementation (p < 0.05). Their intestinal characteristics were not affected by dietary treatments in duodenum and ileum. Nonetheless, villus height was increased by SPL supplementation in jejunum (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary SPL supplementation could down-regulate the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β (p < 0.05). mRNA levels of lipid and protein transporters did not differ among the treatments, however, relative expression levels of carbohydrate transporters, GLUT2 and SGLT1 were increased in broiler chicken’s jejumum fed zinc bacitracin and sophorolipid supplemented diets (p < 0.05). Dietary zinc bacitracin supplementation could increase the population of Firmicutes in phylum level, and the portion of Turiciacter in genus level. On the other hands, the portion of Faecalibacterium was increased by dietary SPL supplementation compared to the other treatments. Our findings suggest that SPL supplementation improves growth performance through enhanced carbohydrate utilization capacity via improvement of gut morphological status and modulation of the cecal microbial population of broilers.

This study was aimed to investigate the Cu bioavailability, growth response, digestibility of nutrients, and blood metabolites of broiler chicks fed CuSO4 in nano or common forms. A total of 720 broiler chickens were distributed between eight treatments according to a completely randomized design. There were 8 treatments and 6 replicates in each treatment with 15 birds/replicate. The treatments were divided into common copper sulfate at the doses of 16 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 120 ppm (INO) and hot-melt extruded copper sulfate at the doses of 16 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 120 ppm (HME-Cu). The experiment was operated for 35 days in 2 phases (phase 1, d 0 to 14; and phase 2, d 15 to 35). No significant differences were shown in growth performance, feed intake, FCR, and nutrient digestibility among the treatments. The concentration of Cu in the serum was increased in the HME-Cu broilers compared with the INO broilers at phase 2. A linear increase was observed in the concentration of Cu in the liver in broilers fed INO diets, however, no significant differences were observed by the supplementation of HME-Cu levels. The linear increase was detected in the content of Cu in excreta in the INO and HME-Cu treatments by increasing the dietary Cu content. The HME-Cu treatments showed a lower Cu concentration in the excreta compared with the INO treatments. The higher bioavailability of Cu in HME form can decrease the recommended dose of Cu in broiler diets.

Background: Rice bran is a by-product of the rice-milling process, which remains largely underutilized; however, efficient processing treatments may improve its feeding value for chickens. This is of great economic and environmental importance, as this can lower the production costs, and offer an opportunity for valorization of a low-quality agricultural by-product, to a high-value feed source. Methods: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of extruded rice bran on performance and phosphorous (P) bioavailability in broiler chickens. In a completely randomized design, 200 seven-day-old broilers (Cobb 500) were allotted to five treatments with five replicates per treatment and 8 chicks per replicate, and fed with their respective diet during the starter (8 to 21 days) and grower (22 to 42 days) periods. Diets were a basal corn-soybean based diet (T1), or diets containing 20 % rice bran (T2), 30 % rice bran (T3), 20 % extruded rice bran (T4), or 30 % extruded rice bran (T5). Results: Birds feeding on T4 and T5 diets had a higher body weight gain and lower feed-to-gain ratio compared to those feeding on T2 and T3 diets (p < 0.05). Birds receiving diets containing extruded rice bran had higher total P availability and tibia ash content, as compared with those receiving diets containing un-extruded rice bran (p < 0.05). Relative weight of the pancreas was higher in birds receiving T2 and T3 diets. Conclusions: The results confirmed the beneficial effect of extrusion treatment of rice bran on performance and P availability in broilers. Up to 30 % extruded rice bran may be included in the broiler diet without apparent adverse effects on the performance.

Melatonin, which is produced from tryptophan, exerts various biological functions, including the regulation of circadian rhythm, sedative agents, and antioxidant ability. Therefore, we conducted two experiments with early-weaned rats and pigs to investigate the antioxidant and sedative effects of melatonin. In the rat experiment, a total of 42 rats (21 days old) were used, and the antioxidant capacity was determined. Next, we used 120 early-weaned piglets (21 days old) to conduct a 5-week experiment to evaluate the reductive effect of melatonin on energy-wasting movement, including roaming and fight states. Dietary melatonin supplementation significantly improved growth in both rats and pigs compared to the control groups. Additionally, rats fed a melatonin-supplemented diet showed advanced antioxidant capacity with a decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde concentration compared to rats fed a basal diet. Moreover, dietary melatonin ingestion increased resting and feeding behaviors and reduced roaming and fight behaviors during Days 8?21 compared to the control diet group. Collectively, early weaned animals given dietary melatonin supplementation showed improved growth through upregulation of hepatic antioxidant capacity and minimization of energy-wasting behavior, including roaming and fight states, after pigs’ social hierarchy establishment.

This study was conducted to develop an effective heparin extraction method by using lowcost and highly effective enzymes from six pig by-products (liver, lung, heart, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine), and analyze their bioavailability. Low-cost and highly effective enzymes (alkaline-AK and papain) and a common enzyme (trypsin) were used for the heparin extraction. The angiotensin Ⅰ- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and the antimicrobial activity of extracted heparin were analyzed to verify their bioavailability. The average amount of heparin extracted per kilogram of pig by-products was 439 mg from the liver, 127 mg from the lung, 398 mg from the heart, 261 mg from the stomach, 197 mg from the small intestine, and 239 mg from the large intestine. Various enzymes were used to extract heparin, and the amount of extracted heparin was similar. Based on 1 g of pig by-product, the enzymes trypsin, papain, and alkaline-AK could extract 1,718 mg, 1,697 mg, and 1,905 mg of heparin, respectively. Heparin extracted from pig by-products showed antihypertensive activity and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at low populations. These results indicated that heparin can be obtained from pig by-products at a low cost.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hot melt extrusion (HME) nano-iron as an alternative for the common ferrous sulfate on iron (Fe) bioavailability, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs. A total of 200 piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were randomly allotted to seven treatments on the basis of initial body weight (BW) and sex. Treatments were the INO100 (100 ppm Fe as FeSO4), HME-Fe levels (50, 75, and 100 ppm nano-Fe as FeSO4). ORG100 (100 ppm Fe as iron methionine). In phase 1, the HME50 pigs showed the lowest Fe content in feed and feces. Plasma Fe concentration was increased in HME100 and ORG100 pigs. In phase 2, there were significantly lower concentration of Fe in feed and feces of HME50 pigs (p < 0.01). A lower Fe concentration in the plasma and liver were observed in HME50 pigs compared with HME100 pigs. Concentration of red blood cell (RBC) was the lowest (p < 0.01) for HME50 pigs. During phase 2, the HME100, HME75, and ORG100 pigs showed a higher RBC and hemoglobin values compared with HME50 pigs. Digestibility of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) were significantly higher in HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. There was an increased (p < 0.01) villus height in the duodenum and jejunum of HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. It is concluded that dietary Fe does not improve growth performance of weanling pigs; however, increasing the dietary iron concentration in weanling piglets increased the RBC and hemoglobin. In addition, the potential ability of HME to be used at a lower level (HME75) was observed.

To investigate how biogeochemical processes affect the concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in forested watersheds, the quantity and quality of DOM at the Arbutus Lake Watershed, Adirondack Park (NY, USA) was studied. Spatial and temporal patterns of the quantity (bioavailable/refractory concentrations) and quality (δ13C, aromaticity, and low (LMW; < 1kDa) and high molecular weight (HMW; > 1kDa) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), and sulfur (DOS) was investigated. DOC and DON constituents passing through a wetland were composed of highly refractory, aromatic HMW components compared to upland streams. DOS was dominated by the refractory, LMW form. A “bioavailability-molecular size model” was developed showing the refractoriness of the LMW DOS compared to the HMW DOC and DON. Also, isotopic signatures of DOS in the inlet catchment of the Watershed revealed that the incorporation of reduced S (e.g., SH-) derived from bacterial dissimilatory sulfate reduction contributed to generating DOS in ground and surface waters. These results provide new information on mechanisms for geochemical DOS formation in forested catchments. Overall, this study highlighted novel approaches comparing sources and transformation of three elemental DOM fractions of DOC, DON, and DOS along various watershed components and a lake nested forested watersheds.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s), such as naphthalene and phenanthrene, are persistent contaminants in sediment environments, posing significant dangers to benthic ecosystems. Activated carbon (AC) has emerged as a promising material for the sequestration of PAH’s due to its high surface area, adsorption capacity, and cost-effectiveness. This study investigates the efficacy of granular activated carbon (GAC) of three different particle sizes, mixed into sediment to form a stabilizing layer, in sequestering naphthalene and phenanthrene from contaminated sediments. The research employs microcosm experiments with Lumbriculus variegatus to evaluate the ecological impact and bioturbation effects associated with the different GAC sizes. A polyethylene passive sampler will be used to assess the free concentration of PAHs over time, aiming to determine the optimal GAC size that maximizes contaminant sequestration while minimizing ecological disturbance. The expected outcome of this research is to identify a GAC size that effectively balances remediation efficiency with benthic organism health, contributing to the development of sustainable in-situ sediment remediation strategies

중금속으로 오염된 토양에서 분리된 카드뮴을 흡착할 수 있는 세균인 Exiguobacterium sp.를 이용하여 폐광지역에서 채취한 중금속 오염 토양에서 세균에 의한 중금속의 고정화를 식물 생육 실험을 통해 평가하였다. Exiguobacterium sp.를 토양에 처리했을 때 오염 정도가 심한 토양에서 세균은 상추 잎의 카드뮴 함량을 약 30% 감소시켰으며 납과 아연의 함량을 뿌리에서 각각 61%, 54% 감소시켰다. 연속 추출 결과 세균 처리는 벌크토양에서 이동도가 높은 중금속의 함량을 감소시켰으며 유기물과 결합된 형태의 중금속 함량을 증가시켰다. 그러나 그 결과는 토양의총 중금속 함량에 따라 다르게 나타났으며 오염 정도가 심한 토양에서 세균의 처리는 토양 내 중금속의 존재 형태에크게 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그럼에도 불구하고 토양에서 생물흡착에 의한 중금속의 고정화는 광산 토양에서 식생 형성을 가능하게 하여 중금속의 분산이나 용출의 잠재적인 위험을 완화시킬 수 있다.

Bacteria that adsorb Cd were isolated from metal contaminated soil and identified as Exiguobacterium species. The effect of the isolated bacteria on metal immobilization was evaluated by pot experiment using heavy metal contaminated soils collected from abandoned mine sites. The Exiguobacterium sp. reduced the uptake of Cd by 30% in lettuce leaves, and Pb and Zn by 61% and 54% in lettuce roots, respectively, in the case of extremely high metal concentrations in soil. Bacteria decreased the mobile heavy metal contents and increased the organic bound metal fraction in bulk soil. In the case of extremely high soil metal concentration, bacterial treatment did not lead to significant differences in the heavy metal speciation within the soil. Nevertheless, immobilization of heavy metals by biosorption in the soil can facilitate the establishment of vegetation in mine soil, thereby mitigating the potential risk of distribution and leaching of heavy metals.

This study was attempted to investigate the dissolution rate and bioavailability of commercially available furosemide preparations. A. B. and C. The dissolution test was conducted in an artificial gastric juice using the basket method. and furosemide (40 mg) was administered orally to 8 normal volunteers by cross-over design. The results were as follows: the AUC and dissolution rate in 100 min () were higher in order of preparations. A > C > B. But the peak concentration. time to reach peak concentration , and mean dissolution time (MDT) were in order of preparations. C > A > B. There were significantly linear correlations between the AUC and the , and between the and the MDT. From the results of this experiment. it can be concluded that commercially available preparations bioavailability of furosemide, which may be predicted from the dissolution rate.