Earticle

It is known that human factors account for 80 percent of all railway accidents. To reduce human errors must be the most efficient shortcut to railway safety. For public transportation employees like railway, the more delicate safety management should be executed in individual level. However, there are rarely efforts to improve safety performance of workers who are the subject operating the railway system. This paper develops a hierarchy model to evaluate the human safety performance in railway industry. To evaluate the model, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) methodology is adopted. The hierarchy model is composed of four levels which are objective, two criteria, specific factors of criteria, and rating scales. In addition, since employees for evaluation are over 10, the pairwise comparisons for rating scales are carried out by the absolute measurement. We explore the applicability of AHP to the performance evaluation of railway safety workers by an example and also investigate the changes of alternatives that are railway employees according to the changes of human characteristic which is one of criteria.

This paper proposes a high precision measurement technique to obtain the height of gage block with a few millimeter height. The proposed technique is consisted of two steps : In the first step, laser position transducer and electric micrometer are adopted to obtain a coarse value of the height of gage block, and then, in the second step, heterodyne laser interferometry is adopted to acquire the precision value. A new kind of phase detector is constructed in the low cost for the heterodyne interferometer and its linearity with ${\pm}1%$ is confirmed by experiment. Also measurement error factors due to enviroments are discussed and methodology to reduce such errors is proposed. Preliminary experiments are carried out for the gage blocks of as high as a few millimeter.

Recently a new signal processing algorithm for white light interferometry was presented. In this paper, the proposed signal processing algorithm was applied for absolute temperature measurement using white light interferometry. Stability testing and absolute temperature measurement were demonstrated. Stability test demonstrated the feasibility of absolute temperature measurement with an accuracy of 0.015 fringe. The test also showed that the absolute temperature measurement system using white light interferometry is capable of obtaining the theoretical minimum detectable change (0.0005 fringe), which is consistent with the performance predicted by the proposed signal processing algorithm.

Verification of dose distribution is an essential part of ensuring the treatment planning system's (TPS) calculated dose will achieve the desired outcome in radiation therapy. Each measurement have uncertainty associated with it. It is desirable to reduce the measurement uncertainty. A best approach is to reduce the uncertainty associated with each step of the process to keep the total uncertainty under acceptable limits. Point dose patient specific quality assurance (QA) is recommended by American Association of Medical Physicists (AAPM) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) for all the complex radiation therapy treatment techniques. Relative and absolute point dose measurement methods are used to verify the TPS computed dose. Relative and absolute point dose measurement techniques have a number of steps to measure the point dose which includes chamber cross calibration, electrometer reading, chamber calibration coefficient, beam quality correction factor, reference conditions, influences quantities, machine stability, nominal calibration factor (for relative method) and absolute dose calibration of machine. Keeping these parameters in mind, the estimated relative percentage uncertainty associated with the absolute point dose measurement is 2.1% (k=1). On the other hand, the relative percentage uncertainty associated with the relative point dose verification method is estimated to 1.0% (k=1). To compare both point dose measurement methods, 13 head and neck (H&N) IMRT patients were selected. A point dose for each patient was measured with both methods. The average percentage difference between TPS computed dose and measured absolute relative point dose was 1.4% and 1% respectively. The results of this comparative study show that while choosing the relative or absolute point dose measurement technique, both techniques can produce similar results for H&N IMRT treatment plans. There is no statistically significant difference between both point dose verification methods based upon the t-test for comparing two means.

완두유묘의 자엽 및 뿌리조직중 탄소-14 방사능을 Liquid scintillation counter로 신속히 측정하는 새로운 방법에 관하여 실험하였다. 식물조직을 액체공기에 처리하여 분쇄한 다음 Gel phosphor에 헌탁시켜, Liquid scintillation counter로 측정하였다. 이시료에 다시 내부표준물질을 가한 다음 계측효율을 구하여 Apparent absolute activity를 얻었다. 이렇게 얻은 헌탁시료의 절대방사능은 자기 흡수현상 때문에, 따로 Flask combustion 방법으로 구한 절대방사능 보다는 낮았으나, 항상 비례하였다. 따라서 동일한 실험조건하에서 상술한 비율을 얻으면, 완두조직중 탄소-14의 점대방사능은, 비교적 간편한 헌탁측정(suspension counting) 만으로 가능하였다. 본방법은 완두 외에 다른 식물조직중 탄소-14 분석에도 쓰일 수 있다.

A rapid method for the measurement of the absolute activity of carbon-14 in cotyledons and root of etiolated pea seedlings has been developed. Fresh tissue was frozen in liquid air, ground and suspended in gel phosphor and subjected to measurement for its radioactivity by liquid scintillation counter. Apparent activity of the suspended tissue sample calculated by counting efficiency value obtained by internal standardisation, was found to be related to absolute activity of the tissue, determined by flask combustion technique, by a constant factor. Once this factor is determined experimentally, analysis of C-14 lebelled tissue involves only fairly simple suspension counting by liquid scintillation counter. Present method appears to be applicable to other tissues tagged with C-14.

음향 비선형 파라미터는 입사시킨 기본주파수 성분의 변위 진폭 크기와 재료의 비선형성에 의하여 발생된 2차 고조파 성분의 변위 진폭 크기의 비로 정의된다. 본 연구에서는, 압전소자 방식을 이용한 초음파 절대변위진폭 측정의 타당성을 확인하고자, 이 기법을 통해 초음파가 입사된 SUS316 시편의 절대변위진폭을 측정하였다. 또한 비교를 위해, 레이저를 통한 패브리패럿 방식의 간섭계를 이용하여 동일 시편에 대한 절대변위진폭을 측정하였다. 두 가지 기법을 통한 실험 결과는 서로 잘 일치하는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 압전형 수신 기법의 경우 기존의 레이저 변위측정기법에 비하여 반복 측정의 안정성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과로부터 압전형 수신 기법은 기존 레이저 측정 기법에 비하여 과정이 복잡하지만, 미세변위를 더 안정적으로 측정할 수 있어 음향 비선형 파라미터의 측정에 유리할 것으로 기대된다.

A nonlinear ultrasonic parameter is defined by the ratio of displacement amplitude of the fundamental frequency component to that of the second-order harmonic frequency component. In this study, the ultrasonic displacement amplitude of an SUS316 specimen was measured via a piezo-electric-based method to identify the validity of piezo-electric detection method. For comparison, the ultrasonic displacement was also determined via a laser-based Fabry-Perot interferometer. The experimental results for both measurements were in good agreement. Additionally, the stability of the repeated test results from the piezo-electric method exceeded that of the laser-interferometric method. This result indicated that the piezo-electric detection method can be utilized to measure a nonlinear ultrasonic parameter due to its excellent stability although it involves a complicated process.

The method measuring the absolute position of a point diffraction source emitting a spherical wavefront in three-dimension is proposed. Two-dimensional interference of spherical wavefronts is used to overcome ambiguity of phase order. The spherical wavefront is explicated by Taylor series expansion, from which a radius of curvature of a spherical wavefront and its center position in three-dimension are obtainable. The spherical wavefront is reconstructed by a modified lateral shearing interferometer, which uses single-mode fiber as a point diffraction source.

Technological feasibility of using recently-available femtosecond ultra short pulse lasers for advanced precision length metrology is investigated with emphasis on absolute distance measurements with $10{\mu}m$ ??resolution over extensive ranges. The idea of using femtosecond lasers for the measurement of absolute distances is based on the fact that a short pulse train is a mode-locked combination of discrete monochromatic light components spanning a wide spectral bandwidth. The synthetic wavelength is created from the repetition frequency, $f_r$ of the femtosecond laser and for more precise resolution, higher-order harmonics of the repetition frequency may be selected as the synthetic wavelength by using appropriate electronic filters.