Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 시나리오기법에 따라 인공지능이 문화예술 분야에 미치는 영향의 전개 양상을 분석하고 미래 의 경로를 예측하여, 미래 문화예술콘텐츠산업의 대응 방향을 제시하는 것이다. 인공지능의 창의적 활동이 인간의 창의 성을 뛰어넘을지, 인간이 이를 통제할 수 있을지에 따라 4가지 시나리오를 가정하고 각 시나리오로 이어지는 경로를 탐색해 가장 이상적인 경로를 설정했다. 연구결과, 인공지능이 언젠간 인간의 창의성을 뛰어넘을 것을 대비하며 인공지 능과 공존하기 위해 관리체계를 마련하는 것이 가장 이상적인 시나리오이자 이동 경로가 될 것으로 보았다. 그리고 이러 한 경로로 가기 위해 지금부터 준비해야 할 대응 방향으로 안전장치의 마련, 교육시스템의 혁신, 선제적 투자를 제안하 였다. 인공지능과 공존할 미래를 위해서는 인공지능이 인간을 위협하는 사태를 방지하는 제도적 장치 마련, 기술과 예술 융합 인재 양성을 위한 교육체계 정비, 기술 및 기술 응용 콘텐츠와 콘텐츠산업에 대한 적극적인 투자가 필요하다.

This paper aims to show the development pattern of the impact of artificial intelligence on the arts and culture according to the scenario analysis, and suggests the direction of the arts and culture content industry in the future. We assume four scenarios based on creativity of artificial intelligence beyond humans and controllability for them, then explore the path leading to each scenario. In addition, for the most ideal route to coexist with artificial intelligence, we propose the provision of safety system for human and artificial intelligence, innovation of the education system, and preemptive investment from now on.

The unsafe act and unsafe condition is induced by the fundamental cause factors of industrial accidents. In this paper, stress is classified into job, life and workplace stress. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a Korean stress model focused on the unmarried workers in order to prevent fundamental industrial accidents. The results of this paper are followed. First, the oriental culture and idea in Korea is directly connected to the central axis of all life. Accordingly, concrete and systematic safety management methods should be proposed from the point of Korean culture. Finally, the industrial accident questionnaire needs an item that reports the mental and physical condition of workers in order to prevent occupational diseases.

국기는 국가브랜드 개발을 위한 기본 정보를 제공한다. 국기는 국가를 상징하는 최고의 상징물로서, 한 국가의 가치관, 이상, 정체성 등을 표현하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 그러한 것들이 내재되어 있는 국기의 디자인 특성을 아프리카 대륙의 53개 주권국을 대상으로 파악하고자 하였다. 연구방법으로, 분석대상에서 분석까지 즉, 분석대상으로 선정한 국기는 FIAV의 육상용 State Flag, 색채분석은 FIAV의 기준을 준용, 국가명칭은 국가정보원의 용어기준과 같이 공식적인 국가사이트나 공신력있는 사이트의 내용을 참고하였다. 국기 디자인 분석은 형태와 사용문양을 중심으로 하였고, 형태분석은 비례와 형태구성에 대한 것으로, 문양분석은 문양의 종류(유형)와 의미, 색채에 관한 것으로 구분하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 형태 분석결과 가장 많이 사용된 비례는 2:3으로 66.0%, 다음은 1:2로 17.0%이었다. 다음 국기 형태구성은 수평분할구성 34.0%, 수직분할구성 15.1%, Chevron 수평구성 13.2%, 사선구성 11.3% 순으로 나타났는데, 아프리카의 경우 Chevron 수평구성과 사선구성이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 문양 분석결과, 문양유형으로는 천상물이 문양 사용한 국기의 80%, 또 천상물 중에서는 별문양이 압도적으로 높게 나타났다. 문양의 사용 개수와 빈도수는 서로 상반관계에 있었다. 문양의 의미는 국가관련 60.0%, 종교 20.0%, 전통 14.3% 순서였다. 국가관련 문양은 별과 태양같은 천상물과 올리브가지, 독수리가 사용되었다. 문양의 색채는 블랙, 옐로우, 화이트 순서로 많이 사용되었다. 그러나 테두리선을 제외하면 고명도의 색들인 옐로우와 화이트가 높게 나타났다. 동일한 문양이라도 다양한 색들이 적용되었는데, 이는 국가의 상징성, 이념, 색채의 효과, 배색과 조화 등이 종합적으로 고려되어 선정되었기 때문이다. 분석결과를 통한 결론은 아프리카 국기 디자인은 아시아처럼 다양하게 분포되기 보다는 특정 비례와 문양에 집중된 것으로 나타났으며, 문양의 의미 또한 국가라는 개념에 강한 비중을 두었고, 블랙의 사용빈도가 특히 높게 나타났다.

National Flag, which is one of the utmost symbols of sovereign country, represents one nation's political ideology, religion, tradition, pursuit, pride and so on. This study aims to extract design characteristics of national flags in African 53 countries, focused on form and charge(figure or symbol appearing in the field of a flag). The Analysis factors of form were proportion and composition, while those of charge were shape, meaning and color. The national flags were analyzed in accordance with FIAV symbol and color code, as well as with official portal site. And the results of this study are as following: The most used proportion was 2:3 marking 66%, and next 1:2 17.0%, others 17.0%. And the most used composition was horizontally divided composition 34.0%, and the next was vertically divided composition 15.1%, Chevron type 13.2%, diagonally divided composition 11.3%. Especially the compositions of Chevron type and diagonally divided type were relatively high in African countries flags. Next, for charge, heavenly bodies related shapes were found 80.0% and the major meaning of charge was about sovereignty of nation 60.0%, next about religion 20.0%, about tradition 14.3%. The shapes about sovereignty were used like star, sun, olive branch and eagle in Africa. And then, the colors of charges were used black, yellow, white in order of percentage. Especially the color of black was highly used in Africa. Furthermore, a shape like star had various colors because colors were adopted in consideration of one nation's symbol, ideology, or inherent feeling of color, or color combination and harmony. In conclusion, the design of the African national flags had highly shown on specific proportion 2:3 and charge like star rather than that of Asian national flags. Also, the main meaning of the used charges was connected with sovereignty of nation and black was the most frequently used color as their unique color.

본 연구는 한국인 유전체 역학 조사사업 자료를 활용하여 40-69세 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로 8년간의 추적 기간 동안 수산물 섭취와 심혈관 질환과의 관련성에 대해 불면증 여부에 따라 분석하였다. 수산물 섭취량이 높을수록 열량을 비롯한 대부분의 식품과 영양소 섭취량이 높았으나, 곡류 및 탄수화물의 섭취량은 낮았다. 또한, 불면증이 없는 대상자에게서 수산물의 섭취량이 높을수록 심혈관 질환의 발생 위험이 낮았다. 따라서 수산물의 섭취와 더불어 수면의 질이 개선될 때 심혈관 질환의 위험을 감소시키는데 보다 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 이에 관한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이기 때문에 수산물 섭취와 심혈관 질환 발생의 관련성에 있어 적절한 수면의 질이 영향을 줄 수 있다는 본 연구의 시사점을 토대로 추후 연구가 필요하다.

Purpose: Accumulating evidence suggests that seafood and its components, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are known to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, little is known about whether sleep quality, which has been recognized as a risk factor for CVD, might influence these associations. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the longitudinal associations between seafood consumption and CVD in Korean adults with or without insomnia. Methods: The data were collected from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) and included 3,168 participants aged 40-69 years. Dietary intake was measured by a validated 106-item food-frequency questionnaire, and insomnia was assessed using a questionnaire on sleep-related symptoms. The CVD events included myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Associations of seafood consumption with CVD were assessed using time-dependent Cox regression analyses to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: During the 8-year follow-up period, the incidence of CVD was 5.1%. There was a positive association between seafood consumption and most food groups, as well as nutrients. In contrast, as seafood consumption increased, the consumption of grains decreased. Regarding nutrient intake, there was a negative association between seafood consumption and carbohydrate intake. After adjustment for confounding factors, the risk of CVD was inversely associated with seafood consumption, with a 56% lower risk (HR_{T3 vs. T1}, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.75; p = 0.002), only in the non-insomnia group. Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that seafood consumption might lead to more favorable outcomes against CVD if accompanied by good sleep quality.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess exposure to traumatic events, knowledge and attitudes concerning post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the level of resilience among nurses and paramedics working in emergency departments. Methods: Data were collected from May 22 to June 12, 2022, using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The participants comprised 135 nurses and 80 paramedics working in emergency departments. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, a t-test, and an analysis of variance with Scheffé's test. Results: Compared with emergency room nurses, paramedics were more positive about the government's spending on job opportunities for people with PTSD. There were no significant differences in attitude regarding government strategies and people with PTSD between nurses and paramedics. Paramedics had higher scores on the effective treatment for PTSD, while emergency room nurses showed higher scores on effective psychotherapy. General knowledge of PTSD differed according to sex (t=-2.33, p=.021) and education level (F=3.21, p=.042). Resilience scores differed significantly according to sex (t=2.02, p=.045), education level (F=4.10, p=.018), self-reported economic state (F=10.34, p<.001), and self-reported health (F=11.57, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings support that emergency department nurses and paramedics are in need of self-care programs to support their mental health and indicate that intervention programs should be developed to enhance resilience in emergency department professionals.

본 연구는 AVOD 숏폼 플랫폼에서 소비되는 예능 방송 동영상 클립에서 실연자가 클립의 재생수 및 좋아요 수에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 선행연구를 검토해 방송 프로그램 시청요인들과 실연자 화제성 지수를 독립변수로 설정하고, 종속변수는 클립의 재생수와 좋아요수로 설정하여 다중회귀분석을 수행했다. 분석결과, 클립 재생수에는 본방송 시청률, 관찰 예능 및 사전 방송 클립 여부, 실연자 화제성 지수가 정(+)의 영향을, 클립 좋아요수에는 본방송 시청률, 사전 방송 클립 및 재방송 클립 여부, 클립 분량, 실연자 화제성 지수가 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 방송사 채널 점유율과 방송연도는 두 종속변수 모두에 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 실연자의 영향력을 분석하기 위해 회귀분석식의 표준화계수를 본 결과, 클립 재생수에서 실연자 화제성 지수의 표준화계수는 약 0.204로 변수 중 두 번째로 높았고, 좋아요수의 경우 약 0.338로 가장 높았다. 본 연구의 결과는 실연자가 AVOD 숏폼의 흥행에 많은 기여를 하고 있음을 시사한다.

This study examines the effect of performers on the number of views and likes of entertainment show clips consumed on AVOD short form platform. Multiple regression analysis was performed, setting program viewing factors and performer's topicality index as independent variables, and setting the number of views and likes of clips as dependent variables. As a result of the analysis, performer's topicality index had a positive(+) effect on both dependent variables. According to standardized coefficient, on the number of views, the standardization coefficient of the performer's topicality index was the second highest, and on the number of likes it was the highest among variables. The results suggest that performers contribute a lot to the success of clips on AVOD short form platform.

본 연구는 국내에서 소비되는 총 41종의 동물성 식품 중의 비타민 B₁₂ 함량을 immunoaffinity-HPLC방법을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 이를 국가표준식품영양성분표로 활용하기 위한 분석데이터 신뢰성 확보를 위하여 분석법 검증 및 분석품질관리를 수행하였다. 동물성 식품 총 41종의 비타민 B₁₂ 함량은 0.00-12.45 ㎍/100 g으로 식품군과 조리 및 가공방법에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 햄류에서는 살코기 햄이 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈으며 그중 구운 살코기 햄(0.65 ㎍/100 g)이 데친 살코기 햄(0.48 ㎍/100 g)보다 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 난류에서는 메추리알, 달걀, 오리알 중 메추리알이 0.37-12.45 ㎍/100 g으로 가장 높은 비타민 B₁₂ 함량을 나타냈으며 난황이 난백보다 최대 100배까지 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 식용곤충에서는 쌍별귀뚜라미 성충이 6.70 ㎍/100 g으로 가장 높은 함량을 보여 비타민 B₁₂ 섭취의 좋은 급원이 될 수 있을 것으로 보였으나 누에 번데기와 장수풍뎅이 유충에서는 비타민 B₁₂가 검출되지 않았다. 수산식품류에서는 조개젓(26.80 ㎍/100 g)이 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈으며 이 외 수산식품에서는 0.87-10.37 ㎍/100 g의 범위를 보였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 비타민 B₁₂ 분석에 대한 분석법의 검출한계, 정량한계, 직선성, 정확성 및 정밀성을 분석한 결과 모든 지표에서 분석법 검증 가이드라인 기준에 충족하였으며, 분석품질관리를 통하여 전체 분석 기간 동안 모든 분석이 신뢰성 있게 진행되었음이 확인되어 본 연구에서 생산된 동물성 식품류의 비타민 B₁₂ 데이터는 국가표준식품성분표 개정을 위한 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 평가된다.

In order to create the national food nutrient database, a total of 41 animal foods (ham, seafood, edible insects and eggs) were analyzed for their vitamin B₁₂ content and the applied immunoaffinity-HPLC was verified. Ham vitamin B₁₂ contents were 0.30-0.65 ㎍/100 g. Seafood showed relatively high vitamin B₁₂ level, where the values of fermented clam were the highest (26.80 ㎍/100 g) followed by fermented pollack roe. Vitamin B₁₂ was not detected in silkworm pupae and beetles, while relatively high levels were found in the two-spotted cricket imago (6.70 ㎍/100 g). Chicken and quail egg yolk had roughly 100- and 30-times higher vitamin B₁₂ levels as compared to their egg white. Vitamin B₁₂ contents in quail and chicken eggs were significantly enhanced by boiling (p<0.05). Results based on accuracy (97-102% recovery) and precision (<5% RSD) indicate that this study provides reliable vitamin B₁₂ information on animal foods consumed in Korea.

이 연구는 중학교 '진화' 단원을 디지털 교재로 개발하여 학생들의 진화 개념 형성과 학습에 대한 흥미에 효과가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 오랜 시간에 의한 생물의 변화를 설명하는 생물 진화에 대한 설명은, 많은 내용을 다양하게 제공할 수 있고, 영상을 제작하고 편집할 수 있으며, 어려운 개념을 재미있게 제공할 수 있는 디지털 교과서가 서책형 교과서를 통해 이루어질 때 효과적일 수 있다. 연구를 위해 먼저 5E 순환학습 모형을 기반으로 전자책 저작 도구인 iBooks Author를 활용하여, 4차시로 구성된 진화수업을 만들었다. 개발한 디지털 교재의 효과 검증을 위해 서책형 수업과 디지털 교과서를 활용한 수업을 비교했다. 서책형 교재를 통한 수업과 디지털 교재를 활용한 수업 모두 진화 개념 형성에 유의미한 효과를 보였으나 생명 과학 흥미도와 진화 흥미도는 디지털 교재 수업 집단에서만 유의미하게 증가하였다. 또한 학생을 유형별로 나누어 디지털 교과서 효과를 확인한 결과 디지털 리터러시에 따라 스마트 기기에 친숙한 그룹이 수업에 더 적극적이었고 흥미가 높았다. 개발된 디지털 교재의 만족도 역시 디지털 리터러시가 높은 그룹에서 긍정적인 점수를 나타냈다. 이 연구 결과는 진화 영역 디지털 교재 개발은 어려운 진화 개념을 쉽고 재미있게 접근할 수 있는 수업 도구가 될 수 있음을 알려준다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of students' formation of evolutionary concept and learning on the development of digital teaching materials. The explanation of biological evolution, which explains the changes that living organisms undergo over a long period of time, can provide various contents for use in a book. The production and editing of images in digital textbooks would provide explanation of difficult concepts in a fun way. For this study, we designed instructional materials consisting of four class hours using iBooks Author, an electronic book authoring tool based on the 5E learning cycle model. In order to verify the effectiveness of the developed digital textbooks, we compared instructions by the general textbooks to those using digital textbooks. Both teaching through general textbook form and teaching using digital textbook materials had a significant effect on the formation of the concept of evolution, but interest in biological science and evolution increased significantly only in the group taught using digital textbooks. As a result of testing the instruction effect by the digital textbooks by classifying the students by type, the group that is familiar with smart devices was more active and interesting in class depending on digital literacy. The satisfaction of the developed digital textbooks also showed a positive score in the group with high digital literacy. The results of this study suggest that the development of digital textbooks in the unit of evolution can be an instructional material for easy and interesting approach to difficult concepts in the teaching of evolution.

컴퓨터그래픽스에서 고품질의 렌즈 플레어 생성은 대부분 오프라인 렌더링을 사용해왔다. 최근, 행렬 기반의 근사를 사용하여 실시간 응용에 적합한 고품질의 렌즈 플레어 생성이 가능해졌지만, 렌즈플레어의 선형 패턴만 지원하므로 그 품질이 저하되었다. 이에 본 연구는 비선형 렌즈 플레어 패턴을 선형 패턴의 렌즈 플레어 렌더링에 블렌딩하여 선형/비선형 패턴을 모두 포함하는 고품질의 렌즈 플레어 렌더링 방법을 소개한다. 비선형패턴은 오프라인에서 미리 렌더링하거나 사진을 찍어 룩업테이블에 저장하고, 온라인 렌더링에서는 광원의 각도에 따라 읽어오기만 하므로, 기존의 방법보다 고품질을 가지면서도 성능저하가 거의 없는 고성능 렌더링이 가능하다.

In computer graphics, high-quality lens flares have been generated using costly offline rendering. A recent matrix-based approximation has enabled generation of high-quality lens flares suitable for real-time applications, but its quality degrades due to the lack of nonlinear patterns of lens flares. This paper introduces a method for high-quality lens-flare rendering, which includes blending of both nonlinear as well as linear patterns. The nonlinear patterns are pre-rendered or photo-graphically captured offline and stored in a look-up table. The online stage reads only the pattern by looking up the table using a light angle, hence making its performance drop negligible while greatly improving the quality.

Although the improvements in the health sanitary facilities of the elementary school were made by the implementation of the 7th curriculum, color design and concept of toilets used by lower classes students were shown to be still insufficient and so, it is also necessary to have color planning for toilets considering users' preferences. This study is targeting lower classes children of elementary schools under Seoul Gangseo Office of Education. The purpose of this study is to propose a toilet color design direction preferred by children as users. Therefore, the toilets of elementary school were investigated and at the same time, juvenile pictures were analyzed. The results of this study are that the color space used in the current design, the following gives a substantial psychological and emotional impact for many elementary school children in the developmental stages of children leads to an interesting use of color. Therefore, this study propose to improve the toilet to a more familiar environment with high accessibility considering the development of the child when using color in design space through color preference.

본 연구의 목적은 한국십진분류법 제5판의 기독교 분야에 내부보조표를 설정하여 체계적이고 상세한 전개가 가능하도록 분류표를 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위해 기독교의 학문적 범주와 분류체계 분석, 내부보조표에 대한 분석, 이를 바탕으로 한 내부보조표의 설계 및 적용 후 평가를 수행하였다. 학문적 범주를 설정하기 위해 기독교 개론서의 목차를 분석하였으며 분류표 개발을 위해 DDC, UDC, NDC, LCC, 유니온 신학분류법, 한국교회문헌분류법의 분류체계와 내부보조표를 비교하였다. 이를 통해 성경, 설교, 예배, 교회사 분류항목의 신설과 내부보조표를 설정하였으며 이를 도서관의 실무자와 학계 전문가에게 평가받고 수정 보완하였다. 이러한 내부보조표의 설정은 상세 분류를 통해 검색의 효율성을 높이고 향후 다른 분야의 내부보조표 개발의 기초 자료로 활용될 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to develop internal tables in Christian religion in the 5th edition of Korean Decimal Classification. The scope of the Christianity, its structure of various classification schemes, and the concepts of internal tables were analyzed. The contents of several textbooks were analyzed for the scope of the discipline and the classification schemes and internal tables of DDC, UDC, NDC, LCC, Classification of the Library of Union Theological Seminary and the Classification of the Korea Theological Library were compared. And then, internal tables in Bible, sermon, worship, church history were built and those tables were evaluated by librarians and experts in the fields. And finally, internal tables of the Christiainity and new headings were suggested. New internal tables in Christianity will increase the effectiveness of information retrieval and it will provide a foundation for developing internal tables in other disciplines.

Elementary school's physical environment is critical to lower grade students. Among the many physical conditions, Toilet, which belongs to health and sanitation category is very important to those who start school for the first time. The purpose of this study is for suggesting the guidelines of toilet design reflecting psychological and behavioral aspects of lower grade students. The research was executed as follows. Firstly, focused survey groups were carefully chosen. Five elementary schools were selected, being all open after 2005 under Seoul Gangseo District Office of Education. Secondly, field study was executed to find out toilet usage, during the period between April to June 2012, by visiting schools to see basic facilities, taking pictures and making actual measurement in each toilets. The architectural analysis was focused on location, moving line, actual size and space zoning, while the interior analysis being on finishing materials and the design of sanitary equipments. And the design elements such as color, lighting fixture, art works or signage were analysed, too. Finally, questionnaire survey was done to find out preferences of lower grade students. As a result, the guidelines of toilet design can be divided into two main parts, Physical and Psychological. For the Physical part, it is necessary for related facilities to be concentrated in order to give easy access. In addition, good ventilation, better lighting and to install sanitary equipments ergonomically are required. Furthermore, safe and clean maintenance should be considered. Psychologically, the design should be directed for making lower grade students come to toilets with comfort and more pleasantly.

This study is aimed to identify the color characteristics of the current Korean Brand Apartment, focused on the color of kitchens and dining rooms in the cyber model houses. The Brands which were selected for this study ranked from first to fifth in the contractor ranking and now account for 64 percent of the apartments in sale in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. In addition, the size between $99m^2$ and $165m^2$ were selected, because it was most preferred at the 2011 survey for user preference on the size of apartment. As this study is for the colors shown on the monintor, colors were extracted from the images of web site with L*, a*, b*. And then, they were converted to Munsell values through computer program, which values were used to identify the color characteristics of hue, tone and to apply the theory of Moon Spencer. The result of the study on the color characteristics of the kitchen and dining room of the five brands' apartments is as follows. Regarding the color use, most of the brands used Y and YR color while as the accent color, P, PB and G were used. This result of main color use for hue was same as the guideline by the literature review, but color for tone showed the difference between brands and the difference between sizes. Next, regarding the color combination, first ambiguity of color harmony was shown the most. And the larger the size was, the more the contrast of color harmony was shown. It means that the color tone had close relation with the sizes of households.

As Korea has rapidly entered the aging society, the Korean government and academia are currently undergoing many researches on senior citizens. There also has been an increase in senior citizens' awareness on the importance of spatial designs that reflect the newly emerged needs brought out by their psychological and emotional changes as well as their physical aspects. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to propose a model for senior citizens' image preference to be adopted in future developments for senior-friendly spatial designs. A literature review and a questionnaire survey were implemented as research methods. The questionnaire survey was conducted at two senior welfare centers located in Seoul and Ansan and two disparate senior colleges, on the subjects of 86 senior citizens aged 60 and older. 7 styles of Romantic, Classic, Country, Modern, Natural, Casual, and Traditional were chosen for the study and the realms to apply the image preference were divided into Space, Element1 and Element2. For Space, its subcategories have been restricted to living room and bedroom while color, furniture and lighting for Element1 and material, pattern and props for Element2. Survey results were statistically analyzed for the correlation among socio-demographic factors of senior citizens, spaces and the elements. The study result showed that older age and men tended to prefer the modern style than younger age or women, and younger women preferred the romantic style. For the color preference in Element1, older men preferred the classic style while women preferred the romantic style. And, for the furniture preference, men with higher income preferred the natural style while women preferred the romantic style. For the pattern preference in Element2, younger people preferred the casual style and it showed that the housing type was the main reason for their preferences. Therefore, the image preference according to their age and gender shall be taken account of as the most important factors when designing environments for senior citizens.

This study identified characteristics of Christmas window display, which is one of visual marketing methods used in department stores, using cases of department stores in Seoul and the New York and to compare the characteristics between Seoul and New York department stores in order to extract the directions and components of window display in each country. Based on the photographs of Christmas window display at the sampled Seoul and New York department stores, we analyzed the window display of each department store. From the results of analysis were drawn conclusions as follows. First, as to the direction of Christmas window display design in Seoul and New York department stores, window display was designed using various themes according to the characteristic of each department store. In case of Seoul department stores, however, specific luxury brands linked to the characteristics of the department stores displayed their products separately, but in New York department stores, various Christmas themes, images related to the department stores, and products were displayed together according to the characteristic of the department stores. Second, among display components, the formative structure and the frequency of mannequin use were different between Seoul and New York department stores. Various formative structures and diverse mannequins used in the window display of New York department stores played the role of stamping the brand image of each department store and exhibiting various designs through window display.

Due to the development of modern society, desire for residence is not merely for the purpose of habitation. It's also used to represent the joy of living, the resident's emotional expressions, and social status. In order to express such desires, one of the most important factors used to portray them visually is the usage of color. When apartments are constructed, model houses are created to show potential tenants a sample house. The color scheme of those sample houses have been changed in accordance to the transition in the eras. Since 2000, construction companies have created their own apartment brand in order to create their own signature image. To achieve this signature image, one can alter the surface level and use other materials, and colors. I have researched the usage of colors out of the above. The criteria that need to be fulfilled to be a subject for my research are in the top 5 construction companies of the year 2010, within the metropolitan area, and open after 2009. As the result, all construction companies used colors Y and YR. An as accent colors on props such furniture and curtains, they used colors P, PB, and R. They were differences in color tones in each construction company and as the square footage increase, they used color contrasts. Hillstate and Raemian used darker shades in the larger houses. But the color tones YR and Y were used in all houses regardless of their size. E-world, Xi, and Prugio showed differences in shade and tone of colors regardless of size but rather depending on the locations of the apartments.

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 glass ionomer cement (GIC)와 혼합한 mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)의 경화 시간, 압축 강도, 용해도, pH를 평가하고 이것을 MTA, GIC, IRM, SuperEBA와 비교하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 경화 시간과 압축 강도는 ISO 9917, 그리고 용해도는 ISO 6876 기준에 따라 측정하였다. pH는 고체시편 전용 전극이 연결된 pH meter를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: GIC와 혼합한 MTA의 경화시간은 MTA보다 유의하게 짧았으며 압축 강도는 7일간 모든 시점에서 다른 재료보다 유의하게 낮았다. GIC와 혼합한 MTA 중에서 1 : 1과 2 : 1 시편의 용해도는 다른 실험군보다 유의하게 높았다. 또한 GIC와 혼합한 MTA의 pH는 혼합직후 2-4의 범위에서 1일 후 5-7 사이로 증가하였다. 결론: GIC와 혼합한 MTA의 경화시간은 MTA에 비해 개선되었으나 압축강도 및 pH와 같은 다른 성질들은 MTA에 비해 오히려 열등한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 임상적 사용이 가능하려면, MTA의 기존 장점을 저해하지 않으면서 단점을 개선하기 위한 적절한 혼합비를 찾아내고 생체친화성을 평가하는 추가적인 연구가 필수적이다.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the setting time, compressive strength, solubility, and pH of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed with glass ionomer cement (GIC) and to compare these properties with those of MTA, GIC, IRM, and SuperEBA. Materials and Methods: Setting time, compressive strength, and solubility were determined according to the ISO 9917 or 6876 method. The pH of the test materials was determined using a pH meter with specified electrode for solid specimen. Results: The setting time of MTA mixed with GIC was significantly shorter than that of MTA. Compressive strength of MTA mixed with GIC was significantly lower than that of other materials at all time points for 7 days. Solubility of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 specimen from MTA mixed with GIC was significantly higher than that of other materials. Solubility of 1 : 2 specimen was similar to that of MTA. The pH of MTA mixed with GIC was 2-4 immediately after mixing and increased to 5-7 after 1 day. Conclusions: The setting time of MTA mixed with GIC was improved compared with MTA. However, other properties such as compressive strength and pH proved to be inferior to those of MTA. To be clinically feasible, further investigation is necessary to find the proper mixing ratio in order to improve the drawbacks of MTA without impairing the pre-existing advantages and to assess the biocompatibility.

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 glass ionomer cement (GIC)와 혼합된 mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)의 생체친화성을 평가하고 이것을 MTA, GIC, IRM, SuperEBA와 비교해보는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 재료의 세포독성을 평가하기 위해 MG-63세포를 이용해 주사전자 현미경 관찰과 XTT assay를 실시하였다. 결과: 주사전자 현미경 관찰에서는 GIC와 혼합한 MTA, MTA, GIC의 표면에서 세포질 돌기를 가진 많은 세포들이 밀집되고 융합된 형태로 관찰되었다. 반면 IRM과 SuperEBA에서는 세포들의 수가 적고 둥근 양상을 보여주었다. XTT assay에서는 GIC와 혼합한 MTA에서의 세포 활성도는 모든 시점에서 MTA 또는 GIC와 유사하였다. 반면 IRM과 SuperEBA에서는 모든 시점에서 세포활성도가 다른 그룹에 비해 유의하게 더 낮았다. 결론: 본 연구에서 GIC와 혼합된 MTA는 MTA, GIC와 유사한 세포 반응을 나타냈다. 이것은 GIC와 혼합된 MTA가 MTA, GIC와 마찬가지로 좋은 생체친화성을 가진 재료라는 것을 시사한다.

Objectives: The purpose of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed with glass ionomer cement (GIC), and to compare it with that of MTA, GIC, IRM and SuperEBA. Materials and Methods: Experimental groups were divided into 3 groups such as 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 1 : 2 groups depending on the mixing ratios of MTA powder and GIC powder. Instead of distilled water, GIC liquid was mixed with the powder. This study was carried out using MG-63 cells derived from human osteosarcoma. They were incubated for 1 day on the surfaces of disc samples and examined by scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of test materials quantitatively, XTT assay was used. The cells were exposed to the extracts and incubated. Cell viability was recorded by measuring the optical density of each test well in reference to controls. Results: The SEM revealed that elongated, dense, and almost confluent cells were observed in the cultures of MTA mixed with GIC, MTA and GIC. On the contrary, cells on the surface of IRM or SuperEBA were round in shape. In XTT assay, cell viability of MTA mixed with GIC group was similar to that of MTA or GIC at all time points. IRM and SuperEBA showed significantly lower cell viability than other groups at all time points (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In this research MTA mixed with GIC showed similar cellular responses as MTA and GIC. It suggests that MTA mixed with GIC has good biocompatibility like MTA and GIC.