Earticle

This paper focuses on the ellipsis mechanism present in the source text written in Russian and how it appears in the translated Korean literary text. The research reveals that most of the ellipsis mechanism present in the Russian source text was retained in the Korean text. However, in some cases, the Korean translated text did not follow the same ellipsis mechanism as the source text; instead, the translator included the missing sentence components. Approximately 90% of the Russian sentences that had used the ellipsis mechanism remained unchanged in the translated Korean text due to both languages being pro-drop languages. In some cases, the translator did not preserve the source text’s ellipsis mechanism; instead, they included the missing components in the translated text. Restoring components took the form of third-person subject and verb at 31% each, followed by first-person subject at 26%, object at 7%, and second-person subject at 5%. When restoring first and second-person subjects, the text revealed the author’s pragmatic intent by applying a strategy of explicitly including the omitted sentence components. Therefore, when translating, the translator needs to think about the context of the literature and consider whether to retain the ellipsis mechanism present in the source text or include the missing sentence components to preserve the pragmatic intent of the author.

This article examines the translation strategies for domestication and foreignization in translation for children by using Lewis Carroll's novel Alice in Wonderland and its five translated texts as text analysis objects. When translating the contents of the source text that are not familiar to the culture of translated text, the translator must carefully decide whether to domesticate it to improve understanding for readers who read the translated text or foreignize it to convey the meaning of the source text properly. However, since such a translation strategy is a subjective judgment of the translator, the translators who translate the source text can take a different approach to the same source text because they adopt the translation strategies they pursue. In the case of translating literary works for children, the translation strategy should be decided according to the level of knowledge the children have. In other words, if the translator does not recognize the level of background knowledge of the readers who read the translated text, it can halve the joy of reading. Since the translation of literary works for children is different from that for adults, when translating for children who lack background knowledge, it is necessary to carefully consider which translation strategy will be more effective for the reader.

The aim of this paper is to analyze and examine what translation strategies are used to cope with the non-equivalence of culture-specific items. To achieve this end, this paper chooses many modern Korean poems and several Korean short stories that have a number of culture-specific items. To analyze translation of culture-specific items, nine proper translation strategies are chosen from the Mona Baker, Vinay & Darbelnet, and Newmark's theories. It is not easy to translate culture-specific items.Translators need fluent and accurate language skills for both target and source languages, but even more importantly, translators should possess the capability to convey exact understanding and similar feeling that source readers enjoy for target readers, much more critical thinking.

This paper examines the complexities of cultural and linguistic diversity in Indian English literature, suggesting the ways in which it can be better translated into the Korean language. Focusing on the dynamics of code-mixing and code-switching, it stresses the importance of cultural translation in terms of the relations of power between the hegemonic language of English and the vernacular languages of India in a postcolonial context. As an example, the paper takes the Korean-language translation of Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things in order to examine the effect of translation in conjunction with the shifting relationship between the English language and the vernacular Malayalam. Ultimately, it proposes the strategic use of demestication and foreignization for the practice of translation by appropriating Lawrence Venuti’s concept of the translator’s invisibility. The limits and possibilities of cultural translation are explored in the context of ideas by Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand, and Salman Rushdie, while the paper draws on the theories of Susan Bassnett and Lawrence Venuti, among others. This paper demonstrates that Indian English literature is a subject of constant negotiations for cultural translation whereby it is possible to counter the homogenization of difference, the minimization of alterity, and the hegemonic ownership of language.

In this study, English literature A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce and its three Korean translations are selected to analyse the following with the viewpoints of the fidelity for the original text and the pragmatic level: first, what translation strategies are used to implement politeness of dialogue sentences using address terms in the original; and second, whether the effects are similar to those of the original. From the contrastive analysis of the texts, it is concluded that politeness is also expressed in Korean translations even without using address terms due to the proper use of the Korean's honorific system, but that the character's personality or attitude and the relation of the characters are a little different from those of the original when the situational context of the text is not considered.

Aided by the advancement in information and telecommunications technologies, many news texts are translated and reported internationally to interested readers around the globe. The difficulties in translating the news stem from the lack of sociocultural background and subject knowledge on the part of the Target Text (TT) readers, which may result in misunderstanding or even distortion of meaning unless the translator intervenes. In addition, news text is often limited in the amount of print space as well as the information contents that can be included, restricting the translator’s room for intervention. This study examines the examples of English into Korean and Korean into English news translations printed by two major daily newspapers in Korea to investigate the translation strategies utilized by these two publishers to bridge the knowledge gap between Source Text (ST) and TT readers. Some of the strategies by the translators to adjust the informativity gap include addition of information, deletion of information, parenthesis, and localization of information. Investigation of translations of 50 news texts showed that relevance theory provides an important framework for translators when they intervene to enhance the understanding of the target readers.

The fundamental problem in Japanese writing class is that the challenge for student activity-oriented classes must be well organized in the process of B1 level learners in translating Korean language into Japanese. Although a sentence looks very simple, it is necessary to understand the nature of the message in Korean, and when it is translated into Japanese, the nuance of the message in Japanese will be fully connected to the Japanese people. Therefore it is necessary to do research in terms of 'translation strategy'. Thus this study can induce 'learning motivation' for B1 level learners as an effective alternative to process-oriented and learner activity-centered classes, as well as clarify various relevant contexts with more details. This study discusses Japanese writing teaching and learning methods along with case analysis of “Parasite” by using Baker's idiom-level translation strategies. As a textbook, “Parasite” with the Japanese subtitle was translated by a professional translator. As a result, the introduction of the translation strategy can help enrich learner activity-centered classes in the process of translating Korean into Japanese for Japanese writing, especially for B1 level adult learners. In addition, it can be expected that learners can develop logical, critical, diffuse, and creative thinking skills and learn more about Japanese language culture on the basis of discussion-oriented classes through collaboration and communication.

As critical components of the text, punctuation marks serve many functions: the end of sentence, the speaker's tone, the meaning of the word and the logic of the text, among others. This paper, therefore, is to discuss the translation strategy in accordance with the comparison of Korean-Chinese punctuation marks in morphology and to illustrate how important punctuation marks are in translation. Accordingly, in this paper Korean-Chinese translations are compared through concrete examples in the following methods. The punctuation marks are (a) transferred as they are, (b) having the form changed, (c) having the position changed, (d), deleted, and (e) added. Although this may not be the most detailed approach to this subject, I’m confident that the results of this study will be helpful for an accurate Korean-Chinese translation, especially when it involves punctuation marks.

한국과 중국은 유교 문명에 속하는 가까운 이웃으로서 이미 오래 전부터 긴밀하게 교류해왔다. 고려⋅조선 시대에는 번역 및 통역 등역학(譯學)에 관한 일을 담당했던 역관(譯官)이 있었던 것처럼, 번역 자는 양국 교류에 큰 역할을 해왔다. 번역자는 한국과 중국의 역사적 배경과 문화적 축적을 바탕으로 양국의 수많은 문학작품을 번역하여 지금까지도 많은 분야에서 활발하게 활동하고 있다. 그러나 시대적 배경에 따라 언어는 점진적인 변화가 이루어지고 한 가지의 형태와 의미에 갇히지만은 않는다. 중국 외교 언어도 마찬가지이다. 관습 화된 외교 언어는 사람들의 사고방식이 바뀌고 사회가 변하함에 따라 끊임없이 변화하고 있다. 이처럼 시시각각 새로운 텍스트가 만들 어지고 현재의 의사소통 상황을 맞게 사용하는 언어 텍스트가 다양 하게 출현하고 있다. 이러한 의미에서 번역자는 급변하는 중국을 이해하고 생동하는 중국어를 체득하기 위해서 다양한 시각으로 중국어 텍스트를 관찰하는 것이 필요하다. 최근 들어 국내에서 중⋅한 번역과 관련한 많은 연구가 나오면서 연구주제들도 다양해지고 있다. 특히 중국의 연설문, 신문, 대외홍보책 등을 비롯한 외교 언어 실용 문에 관한 번역분석연구들이 나오고 있다. 그간 한국과 중국의 번역학 연구에서 정치적 텍스트를 다루지 않았지만 최근 들어 학계에서는 정치적 텍스트를 비롯한 외교 언어에 관한 번역전략연구를 다루고 있어 주목할 만한 가치가 충분히 있음을 보여준다. 본 연구는 중국 외교 언어의 번역에 대한 번역전략을 관찰하기 위해 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 3국 협력사무국(TCS)에서 발표한 공동선언문을 연구 대상으로 삼는다. 중국 외교 언어는 현재 중국에서 하나의 해외 홍보 수단으로 사용하고 있다. 해외 홍보의 수단의 일환인 만큼 중국 외교 언어에 관한 번역연구는 번역학계에서 뜨거운 인기를 얻었다. 특히 중국 특색 어휘 텍스트의 번역연구는 해외 홍보텍스트의 번역전략 연구에 매우 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. 그뿐만 아니라 번역자는 외교 언어의 번역을 통해서 외국인 독자에게 중국을 새롭게 생각하고, 새롭게 바라보는 계기를 제공해줄 수 있다.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze and examine how translator carry the discourse situation and aesthetic effects of the original literature text. To achieve this end, this paper compared the Han River's The Boy is Coming with the Deborah Smith's Human Acts to analyze carefully in terms of the form and content of the language. Also this study analyzed the two texts by providing some theoretical background first and by classifying research results into seven categories. Translators should possess fluent language skills for both source language and target language, yet even more importantly, translators should have the ability to deliver discourse situation and aesthetic effects as well as accurate understanding and critical thinking.

本稿では、1998年から2009までに韓国に輸入された日本映画及び日本に輸入された韓国映画の映画題目の翻訳パターンを分類・比較し、その結果に基づいて韓国と日本の映画題目の翻訳戦略について比較を行った。まず、翻訳パターンを分類・比較した結果、原題目との類似度は日本の映画題目の韓国語翻訳が韓国の映画題目の日本語翻訳に比べてより高いことが明らかになった。具体的な翻訳パターンの分析では、英語の原題目を韓国語に音訳した可能性のあるものを除くと、音訳の比較では、目立つ違いはみられなかった。意訳と改訳を分析した際、韓国と日本に共通してみられる映画題目の翻訳戦略として次の三つがあげられる。第一、固有名詞と固有の文化及び風習と関連した語彙を含む映画の題目を意訳・改訳する戦略である。第二、映画のバージョンやシリーズ名を省略または追加して意訳・改訳する戦略である。第三、映画の内容と直接かかわりのある映画の素材を表す語彙を加えて映画にかかわる情報を提供する戦略である。次に、韓国の映画題目の日本語翻訳にだけみられる特徴的な翻訳戦略としては、映画のジャンル的特性や映画の雰囲気と関連性のある表現を追加し、意訳または改訳したり、副題を通じて映画とかかわる情報を伝える戦略があげられる。結論として、日本の映画題目の韓国語翻訳では、映画の原題目の性格によって翻訳パターンが決まる受動的な翻訳戦略が行われている反面、韓国の映画題目の日本語翻訳では原題目にない表現を加えて映画の雰囲気や性格などを伝えようとする積極的な翻訳戦略が行われていることが明らかになった。

The purpose of the present paper is to identify the cultureme translation strategies employed in film translation from Korean into English. To this end, “King and the Clown,” a film directed by Lee Jun-ik in 2005, was chosen and analyzed based on four cultureme categories established by the author: proper nouns, society-specific terms, idiomatic phrases, and puns. After the analysis, it was found that various types of translation strategies such as localization, foreignization, explicitation, omission, and enhancement of politeness were used according to the translator's ‘arbitrary' strategies, which shall guarantee the coherence. Furthermore, the reduction, which had been believed as a common phenomenon in film translation, was not observed in cultureme translation in this study, and accordingly, follow-up studies shall be conducted with other films to secure an enlarged corpus and to assure the reliability of this research.

2015년 중국 외문국은 한국 출판사 ‘와이즈베리’와 중국 정치 텍스트의 대표작 《시진핑, 국정운영을 말하다》가 한국어로 번역되며 한국 독자들이 중국의 신세대 중국 특색 사회주의 정치 이념을 이해하는 데 중요한 역할을 했다. 이는 중국을 이해하는 중요한 통로이며, 세계화 시대에 중국 정부가 국제 사회에 중국의 목소리를 전하고, 중국의 소프트파워를 선보이는 중요한 전략이라고 볼 수 있다. 《시진핑, 국정운영을 말하다》는 현대 중국의 정치 상황을 심도 있게 논하는 서적으로, 시진핑 주석은 중국 5000년 역사와 전통문화의 정수가 담긴 고대 경전을 다수 인용하여 정치적 사상을 표현했다. 본 논문은 《시진핑, 국정운영을 말하다》(제1권)의 한국어 번역본에서 나타난 인용문에 중점을 두고, 정치 텍스트를 중국어에서 한국어로 번역할 때 어떻게 원문과 상호텍스트성을 유지하여 정치적 등가 효과를 나타내는지 살펴보았다. 본 논문은 크리스테바（Kristeva）의 상호텍스트성 이론에 기반하여 명시적 상호텍스트성과 구조적 상호텍스트성 두 가지 측면에서 고찰했다.

In 2015, the Chinese Foreign Ministry and Korean publisher Wiseberry published the Korean version of <Xi Jinping The Governance Of CHINA> a representative Chinese political text, was translated into Korean and played an important role in helping Korean readers understand China's political ideology. China is a country with a splendid history and traditional culture of 5000 years. <Xi Jinping The Governance Of CHINA> expresses political ideas by quoting a large number of ancient scriptures, the essence of Chinese culture. was translated into Korean and played an important role in understanding China's new generation of socialist political ideology. This is an important channel for understanding China, and it can be seen as an important strategy for the Chinese government to convey China's voice to the international community and showcase China's soft power in the era of globalization. In this paper, based on the theory of intertextuality, in terms of manifest intertextuality and constitutive intertextuality, the book is used as an example when translating political texts from China into Korean. Whether it exhibits a political equivalence effect through intertextuality was examined.

The purpose of this paper is to translate Korean ‘확보’ into Chinese. In this paper, we will classify into several phrases by analyzing ‘확보’ and nouns. Let's look at the aspects that can appear when translating these phrases into Chinese, and then divide them into several patterns. After doing this, you will be able to translate Korean ‘확보’ into Chinese. ‘확보+Nouns’ can be roughly divided into six Class. A) Abstract nouns: 객관성, 투명성, 공정성, 유동성B) Power nouns: 의결권, 주도권, 지분, 능력, 경쟁력, 기술력C) Objects nouns: 차량, 도메인, 부지, 중고물품D) Others nouns: (주차)공간, 마일리지, 스폰서, 영업점망, 진술E) People nouns: 인재, 전담 직원, 회원, 가입자F) ‘Number and quantity’ nouns: 3,012억 원, 335만 달러, (점유율) 1위, 가입자 100만 명, 예산, 재원, 의석After changing these nouns into Chinese, they distinguished between nouns that corresponded to ‘确保’ and those that did not. For nouns that don't match ‘确保’, you need to use another verb instead of ‘确保’. Abstract nouns and power nouns can all be ‘确保’. For example: Abstract nouns(确保客观性, 确保透明性, 确保公正性, 确保流动性), power nouns(确保表决权, 确保主导权, 确保所持股份, 确保(信息收集)能力, 确保竞争力, 确保技术含量) Object nouns and Others nouns cannot all be ‘确保’. For example: Objects nouns(准备车辆, 获得域名, 注册域名, 获取域名, 增增地皮, 获取用地, 取得用地, 收集二手物品, 获取二手货, 购买二手货), Others nouns(提供车位, 分配车位, 积攒积分, 达到消费积分, 获得消费积分, 得到消费积分, 获取消费积分, 累积消费积分, 取得赞助, 获得赞助, 拉到赞助, 扩增营业点, 新增营业网点, 设立营业点, 取得口供, 得到供词, 获取口供, 收集口供) The people noun and the ‘Number and quantity’ noun can be translated as ‘确保’, while others cannot be translated as ‘确保’. First, these are nouns that can be translated into 确保. People (确保(30%的女性)议席), Number and quantity (确保第一, 确保资金来源) Second, they are nouns that cannot be translated into ‘确保’. People(招募人才, 吸引人才, 引进人才, 招募专员, 拥有会员, 招募会员, 吸引会员, 拥有用户, 拥有会员, 吸引用户, 招揽用户, 招募用户), Number and quantity (获得3,012亿韩元, 获得335万美元, 赚取335万美元 , 吸引100万名用户, 拥有100万名用户, 保证充分的预算, 获得充分的预算).

The purpose of this paper is to present the strategy by stage of translation in the perspective of the social cognitive writing theory for effective translation. Since the translation is a series of process to yield translated sentences as a result object, it can be referred to as writing process. Based on the point of view that the translation is the writing process integrated with 'reading-writing', we re-establish the concept of translation in the perspective of the social cognitive writing theory, and present with the principle of translation and the translation strategy by stages during the translation process. As the social cognitive writing theory regards the writing as the meaning composition process through interactions with members of the discourse community and emphasizes the social environment which influences the meaning composition process through interaction with the writer, it compliments the strategy of solving problems required in the writing process. So we re-establish the concept of translation as 'communication process as well as meaning composition process which re-produce and re-create a completed text, by interpreting the text of a start language as the text of a target language in consideration of social and cultural context of discourse community through conversation with audience' in the perspective of social cognitive writing theory. And we set up the principles of translation with five categories of 'participation principle to discourse community', 'integration principle of reading-writing', 'conversation theory', and 'interdisciplinary principle'. We establish the process of translation as categories of 'Planning→understanding(data investigation→rough reading)→Expressing→Revising', and suggest the translation strategy by stages required during the course of translation for effective translation, referring to the problem solving strategy by stages during the writing process presented as method of writing in the social cognitive writing theory.

이 연구에서는 가와바타 야스나리 『손바닥소설』을 대상으로 일본문학 텍스트가 한국어로 번역될 경우 생기는 문제점을 고찰했다. 그 양상을 첫째는 풍토적 계절감, 둘째는 전통 문화, 셋째는 일본 고전과의 콘텍스트성에 관한 것으로 고찰하고 그 전략과 방안을 제시했다. 분석 결과 비등가 단어일수록 원천 텍스트의 본래의 의미가 생략되는 경우가 확인되었다. 그 이면에는 풍토적 문화적 차이에 의한 일반적 의미 외에도 원작자의 의도와 배경이 있을 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 계절감이 있는 어휘에서는 그 계절을 충분히 전달 못한 경우를 발견할 수 있었고, 전통 문화의 경우는 자국화와 이국화 사이에서 적정선을 찾으려는 번역가들의 행보를 찾을 수가 있었다. 시가에 있어서는 번역가들의 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 그 역량이 좌우되는 경우를 발견할 수가 있었다. ‘원문을 죽이는 것이 원문을 살린다’는 명제도 있지만 경우에 따라서는 원문을 살리는 것 역시 중요하다고 결론지었다. 그와 함께 기계 번역의 한계 역시 확인하는 계기가 되었다. 문제에 대해 베이커(Mona Baker)의 이론을 원용하여 전략을 제시했다.

In this study, the problems that arise when Japanese literature texts are translated into Korean were considered with Kawabata Wasunari’s Palm of the Hand Stories. The aspects of the translation related to first, a sense of endemic seasons, second, traditional culture, and third, the contextuality of the text with Japanese classics were considered and strategies and measures were presented. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the original meaning of the source text was omitted more as the words were more non-equivalent. It could be seen that behind the scenes, there may be the intention and background of the original author in addition to the differences in general meaning due to endemic and cultural differences. In the case of vocabularies with a sense of seasons, cases where the season was not sufficiently conveyed could be found, and in the case of traditional culture, the translators’ steps to find an appropriate level between localization and exoticization could be found. In the case of poetry, it could be found that the translators' capabilities were dependent on their deep understanding. It was concluded that although there is a proposition that “killing the original text saves the original text,” saving the original text is also important in some cases. Along with the foregoing, this study became an opportunity to identify the limitations of machine translation. For the problems, a strategy was proposed by citing Mona Baker's theory.

This study investigates sight translation strategies of learners of interpreting. Sight translation serves as a useful tool for practicing consecutive and simultaneous interpretation. It is particularly useful for developing strategies for simultaneous interpretation. In order to explore the diverse strategies employed by learners and understand the difficulties in conducting sight translation from Korean to English arising from syntactic differences between the two languages, this study, conducted a sight translation experiment on 20 learners of interpreting. Participants were divided into two groups ? 10 learners with simultaneous interpreting skills and 10 learners with only consecutive interpreting skills. The result indicates that learners with simultaneous interpreting skills are more prone to transform meaning units in ST into sentences in TT; participants prefer to interpret segments containing verbs into sentences in TT; segments without verbs present difficulties in predicting the verb and formulating output in the target language.

한국문학이 세계문학의 역동적 장에서 나름의 목소리를 내기 위해서는 무엇을 쓸 것인가와 어떻게 쓸 것인가에 대한 고민이 지속되어야 한다. 세계문학은 나름의 차이를 지닌 다양한 문학이 세계로 확산되어 만들어 가고 있는 역동적 개념이기 때문이다. 본고는 신경숙의 <엄마를 부탁해>의 영미권 출판 시장의 개입의 사례를 통해서 세계문학의 장에 진입하기 위해 한국문학이 취해야 할 서사적 전략과 번역의 전략을 정리해 보았다. 신경숙 소설은 서사 전략에 대한 창조적 사유가 있었기에 새로운 차이를 가지고 한국문학 바깥의 문을 두드릴 수 있었다. 신경숙 소설의 서사적 전략으로 인해 반복되어 익숙한 원형으로서의 ‘엄마’는 ‘아무도 모르는’ 낯선 존재로서 우리 모두가 죄책감을 가지고 찾아야 할 대상이 된다. 원형의 존재인 ‘엄마’는 소설가 신경숙의 서사전략을 통해 경계적 존재인 ‘엄마’가 된 것이다. 그리고 경계인 김지영이라는 번역가의 프리즘을 통과한 신경숙의 <엄마를 부탁해>는 경계인 번역가 김지영이 자신이 위치해 있는 경계에서 다시 쓴 새로운 창작품이 된다. 김지영은 미국의 수요에 응답하는 한국의 작품을 해석한 후 자신을 길러 준 문화적 시각으로 ‘다시 쓰는’ 재생산의 과정으로 번역을 창의적 활동으로 전환한다. 그리하여 이 경계의 긴장감으로 타 번역가와는 다른 차이를 생산할 수 있게 되었다. 신경숙 작가와 김지영 번역가가 만들어낸 세계문학으로의 소통은 비서구와 서구가 함께 문학의 생산과 번역을 통한 수용 과정으로 구축해 낸 것이라 할 수 있다. 이 작품에 대한 국내외 평가와 국내외 수용의 평가를 통해 앞으로 세계문학에서 한국문학이 더 많은 영역을 점유하기 위해 어떠한 노력을 해야 할 것인가에 대한 답을 찾을 수 있다.

In order to make the voice of Korean literature strong and influential enough in the dynamic field of world literature, any relevant fields and authors should keep working hard to figure out what and how they write. The reason for such argument is that in terms of world literature, it has been built upon this dynamic concept of introducing any diverse pieces of literature of their own originalities to as many readers as possible around the world. Referring to how 『Please Look After Mom』 written by SHIN Kyung-sook entered English and American publishing markets, this study looked into a narrative strategy and a translational strategy as well which Korean literature should work on to get itself introduced to the market of world literature. Since the novel of SHIN Kyung-sook had creative reasons in relation to the narrative strategy, it was able to make use of these new differences to knock on a door beyond the world of Korean literature. ‘Mom’ as the original form which had become familiar after being repeated via the narrative strategy of the novel by SHIN Kyung-sook develops into not only some stranger whom no one would know but also a subject that we should see with a sense of guilty. The narrative strategy of Author SHIN Kyung-sook made ‘mom’, the being of the original form, another ‘mom’, the boundary being. Not only that, 『Please Look After Mom』 by SHIN Kyung-sook passed through a prism of Translator KIM Ji-young, a boundary individual, and it became a whole new creation that the boundary individual had written on the boundary in collaboration with the main agent who created the piece from the beginning. She first interpreted the Korean literature which was trying to respond to demands of US market and afterwards, as far as the study understands, the tension of the boundary that the translator came to experience through the process of reproduction to ‘re-write’ the piece from the angle of this culture that had been growing her must have been a driving force to help her make distinguishable differences in comparison with other translators. The communication that the novel written by SHIN Kyung-sook had as world literature and that both the author and Translator KIM Ji-young had accomplished is believed to be something that could not have been realized without this process that the non-western world and the western world were engaged in to accept each other through production and translation of literature.