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Kim, Eun-Yeong. 2004. A Study on the Meaning of Synonym of the Emotion Verbs. Korean Semantics, 14. This is a study on the meaning differences not only between ‘즐겁다’(enjoy oneself) and ‘기쁘다’(be pleased), ‘재미있다’(be amused), ‘신난다’(be excited), which are synonym of ‘즐겁다’, but also between ‘무섭다’(be scared) and ‘두렵다’(be afraid), ‘겁나다’(be feared), ‘섬뜩하다’(be frightened), which are synonym of ‘무섭다’. Although the method of analyzing vocabularies is generally to observe the denotation of them, it is difficult to identify the denotation of the emotion verbs for they describe the state of emotion. Therefore the meaning differences are analyzed by iden- tifying the denotation of the emotion verbs through the relations to co-occurrence constraint with nouns at this study. The important point of this study is to analyze the relations to co-occurrence constraint with all nouns objectively. In addition to this, there have never been the preceding study on the meaning differences of them. The results of analyzing the meaning differences show the differences according as whether they can connotate the concrete movements or not, they can respond to the concrete objects or abstracts as well, they are affected strongly by the sense of sight or not, they have the strong estimative meaning or not, they are expecting something or not, they put the point of meaning on showing speaker's state of emotion or the objects which emotion responds to.

Recently recommendation methods need personalization and diversity as well as accuracy whereas the traditional researches have been mainly focused on the accuracy of recommendation in terms of quality. The diversity of recommendation is also important to people in terms of quantity in addition to quality since people's desire for content consumption have been stronger rapidly than past. In this paper, we pay attention to similarity of data gathered simultaneously among different types of contents. With this motivation, we propose an enhanced recommendation method using correlation analysis with considering data similarity between two types of contents which are movie and music. Specifically, we regard folksonomy tags for music as correlated data of genres for movie even though they are different attributes depend on their contents. That is, we make result of new recommendation movie items through mapping music folksonomy tags to movie genres in addition to the recommendation items from the typical collaborative filtering. We evaluate effectiveness of our method by experiments with real data set. As the result of experimentation, we found that the diversity of recommendation could be extended by considering data similarity between music contents and movie contents.

This study analyzes the synonym relationships between Japanese loanwords and native vocabulary using Google Trend data and examines the differences in their usage contexts and semantic nuances. The research focuses on three pairs of synonyms: “kakunin (確認) and check (チェック),” “torikeshi (取り消し) and cancel (キャンセル),” and “setsuzoku (接続) and access (アクセス),” aiming to clarify how these words are used in specific situations and what nuances and roles each word carries. The analysis revealed that “kakunin (確認)” emphasizes reliability and accuracy and is primarily used in formal and systematic contexts, whereas “check (チェック)” highlights simplicity and practicality, making it more suitable for informal and everyday situations. Similarly, “torikeshi (取り消し)” is appropriate in legal and technical contexts to nullify decisions with caution, while “cancel (キャンセル)” is better suited for practical scenarios involving reservations, purchases, or transactions, conveying a more casual and consumer-oriented nuance. Finally, “setsuzoku (接続)” focuses on the physical process of connecting devices or networks, whereas “access (アクセス)” encompasses both digital and physical accessibility, including pathways or methods to reach specific locations, demonstrating a broader semantic scope. This study leverages big data to elucidate the semantic differences and contextual usage of synonyms, providing valuable resources for Japanese language learners and researchers. By doing so, it contributes to synonym research and Japanese language education.

This article is about corpus analysis on collocation of ‘gang/gang gang/gang cai+V+le’ and ‘gang/gang gang/gang cai+V’, focused on verb classification of Guo Rui (1993). First of all, while verbs used in ‘gang/gang gang/gang cai+V+le’ were limited to Vc, Vd, Ve, almost all type of verbs were usable in ‘gang/gang gang/gang cai+V’. Second of all, ‘gang/gang gang/gang cai+V+le’ types highlighted end of the verbs ? signalling that the action of the verb used has not long since ended. However, ‘gang/gang gang/gang cai+V’ types usually highlighted the start of the verb - signalling that the action/state of the verb used has not long since started. Last of all, if not only the completion(realization) of the action but also the consequence that follows were highlighted when ‘le’ was combined with ‘gang/gang gang’, when ‘le’ was not used, only the completion(realization) of the action was highlighted, and the consequence that follows was not. However, if ‘gang cai’ was combined with ‘le’, the completion(realization) of the action was highlighted, while if ‘le’ was not combined, the starting point was highlighted. From above, the conclusion is needs to be reconsidered the previous argument that a time noun ‘gang cai’ has no restrictions in coexisting with ‘le’, and an adverb ‘gang’ and ‘gang gang’ have no restrictions in the usage of the action postposition ‘le1’ behind the verb, but coexistence mood postposition ‘le2’ with at the end of the sentence is impossible.

이 글은 시간부사 유의어 ‘드디어, 마침내, 끝내, 결국’의 의미를 변별하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 시간부사는 유의어가 많고 각 언어마다 어휘 분화 정도가 달라 번역만으로는 한국어 학습에 어려움이 있다. 이에 각 시간부사의 어원을 참고하여 의미 초점을 명확하게 변별하고자 하였으며, 한국어 교육 현장에서의 활용을 위하여 ‘화자의 기대, 시제 제약’을 살폈다. 이와 함께 실제 모국어 화자의 사용 예를 통해 주된 사용 문체를 알아보기 위하여 말뭉치를 점검하였다. ‘드디어, 마침내, 끝내, 결국’은 모두 상황의 마지막 양상을 드러낸다는 공통점을 가지나, ‘결과’ 또는 ‘과정’으로 서로 다른 의미 초점을 가졌으며 화자가 의미에 영향을 미치는 여부 또한 달랐다. 모두 완료 시제와 호응하였으나, 현재 시제와 미래 시제와의 호응 여부는 각기 달랐으며, 주로 사용되는 문체에서도 차이를 보였다. 이 글에서 밝힌 변별 정보는 외국인 학습자의 어휘 교육을 위한 자료로 활용될 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있을 것이다.

This paper aims to discriminate between the meaning of the time adverb ‘deudieo(Finally), machimnae(Finally), kkeunnae(Finally), gyeolguk(Finally)’. It is difficult to understand only by translation. Because time adverbs have many synonyms and there are differences in the way the lexical differentiation for each language. Therefore, I tried to distinguish the focus of meaning clearly. And in order to use it in Korean language education, I checked ‘relationship with speakers’, ‘tense constraint’ and ‘sentence form’ with actual examples of native speakers. Although they have the common meaning of ‘the last situation’, they showed differences on focus of meanings as ‘results’ and ‘processes’. And It has difference to whether speaker influenced the meaning. Although they can be combined with past tense, It has difference to whether combined with present tense and future tense. And they are used in different sentence form. This discrimination information can be used as a source for vocabulary education for foreign learners.

There are asymmetric usages of apologetic expressions in Korea, and those have in common in vocabulary meaning, but also don’t have in common specially in fields of discourse and ritual functions. This study aims at articulating the function's differences about discourse marker and ritual by exploring the data from 15th century to 21th corpus. Given the asymmetric usage of the apologetic expressions, it is necessary to grasp their functions by locating them within larger syntactic structure, such as the conjunctive ending forms, and adjacency pairs. However the functions of these designating apology gradually changed in different discourse contexts, and were replaced by a new conjunctive ending by time.

In this paper, the Chinese corpus was used to examine methodology for analysis of Chinese synonyms. Specific findings are as follows: First, from a corpus linguistic perspective, we have examined concept and scope of corpus and methods of using specific techniques and tools used for corpus. Also we have introduced how to use Text Editor, a spreadsheet program, word segmentation & POS Tagging tools as analysis tools for processing Chinese corpus. Based on these, we have introduced a specific study-design procedure for searching and analyzing Chinese corpus. More specifically, modern Chinese synonyms ‘産生’ and ‘發生’ were selected for the research, and based on CN Corpus and CCL Corpus a synonym analysis research method through corpus programs AntConc and WordSmith Tools was attempted. Finally, through a statistical analysis a significant tendency in synonyms ‘産生’ and ‘發生’ was deduced.

현재 한국어 교재에 유의어에 대한 정보가 충분히 제공되어 있지 않고 교실에서 교사의 판단에 의해서 유의어를 가르치고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 실제 언어 자료 분석함으로써 유의어의 쓰임을 밝히고 이러한 결과물을 외국인 학습자를 위한 한국어 유의어 교육에 활용할 수 있는 것이 필요하다. 본고에서는 말뭉치를 통해서 ‘공부하다-배우다’의 사용빈도와 공기관계의 경향성을 밝히고 이를 바탕으로 하여 외국인 학습자를 위한 보다 효과적인 교수 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

This study aims to analyse lexical co-occurrence and colligation of Korean verbs of endurance and to reveal how description of lexical tendencies contribute to discrimination of synonyms. The data used for this study is 2,928 sentences of verbs of endurance which are collected in the 21st Sejong Balanced Corpus. In Chapter 2, the theoretical background of a quantitative approach to grammatical tendency is introduced as a methodology of data-oriented linguistics, focused on systemic functional grammar, lexical priming theory and so on. Chapter 3 consists of two parts, one is colligation of negation and the other is semantic preference of arguments, comparing the outputs of the analysis with other Korean sentences extracted in the 21st Sejong Balanced Corpus. This study proposes the analysis of lexical tendencies and grammatical preference play an important role in explaining the existence of synonyms.

A close relationship between Korea and Mongolia has been developed over the years. Consequently, Korean cultures become familiarized among the people in all most all part of Mongolia. Education and research institutions of the two countries were also found to be influenced by this historical relationships. In order to further strengthen this, the necessity of a competent education programs has been placed among the top priorities. However, due to lack of appropriate education materials about synonym effective communication was aslo found to be affected. The present research was aimed at analyzing the Korean and Mongolian synonyms in order to evaluate as to how Korean Hal lyu(called Korean wave Hal lyu) develop in Mongolia. Furthermore, feasibility of the Korean Hal lyu as an effective mean of learning and understanding Korean synonyms was also assessed. In Mongolia, Korean culture has been in the mainstream as in most of the other Asian countries. The first Korean drama was broadcasted in 1999, and still Korean dramas are fashionable in Mongolia. Not only the dramas but TV programs and Korean movies are also among the favorites. Due to this great interest, Korean language is getting in demand as well. Therefore, dramas and/or TV programs could be considered as effective means of learning and understanding synonyms properly.

This study aims at categorizing and describing pragmatic information in synonyms dictionary for Korean language learners. Most of learners of second language have difficulty in using synonyms. Thus they consult a dictionary to distinguish synonyms. But at present, synonym dictionary doesn't deal with pragmatic information even though it is as important as syntactic and semantic information. So this thesis is focused on pragmatic information in synonym dictionary. This study regards pragmatic information as a kind of event from perspective of vocabulary use and classifies pragmatic information depending on 5W1H. And this study gives examples of each synonyms and dictionary models. According to this model, description of pragmatic information is not limited to specific microstructure. That is, pragmatic information can be represented in overall descriptions in synonym dictionary, for example, mark(#), definition,exemplification, usage, and usage box, etc.

This work was motivated by the need for an efficient item-weight-assignment and the need that a test result makes a sense to an examinee which well accords with the purpose of a given test. In this paper,we showed empirically that classical test theory served the needs up to some level and in the same context, we pointed out that score approach may not suffice the needs. Vocabulary is the most fundamental element to get the abilities of using chinese correctly and effectively. The most basic element which composes an individual’s vocabularies is to know the meaning of each word clearly. One word has its own basic meaning and also has a relative meaning that depends on the relation of another word. Therefore the right vocabulary teaching should be like this ; Learners are able to know the word’s basic meaning and related meaning correctly enough to use it in a context in a right way. Each result was presented in numerical value as a statistical data and was analyzed. As the result I confirmed this synonym teaching method is more effective one to grasp the difference of the meaning existed between synonyms. As a matter of facts, the study in this thesis doesn’t get to suggesting a perfect vocabulary teaching model, for this study was done in restricted conditions. But by proposing the point of views and the method the synonym teaching has to get, it seems to obtain some results which raise the necessities to reconsider the directions and the ways the future Chinese vocabulary teaching has to pursue.

The present study aims at clarifying the relationship between synonym and antonym with respect to their semantic similarity other than their differentiation. It's believed that the two items consisting of antonymy occupy different positions where one excludes the other from the same semantic field. Here we examined the inter-relationship between the two categories in a two-choice reaction time (RT) based on the lexical decision task and ERPs(Event-related Potentials) signatures. As expected, RTs were shorter for the condition of antonym than that of synonym relation possibly due to the prominence over the synonymous words. However no difference is found between antonym and unrelated word class. For the ERPs' component, P300s (positive peak at about 300ms after the stimulus onset) and N400s (negative peak around 400ms) morphology of the ERP reflecting the perceptual familiarity among the stimuli and semantic distance respectively, were found in all conditions. Though synonym and antonym were not differentiated in the P300, they both produced larger P300 response than other words in the unrelated condition. By contrast, the N400 of them recruited the difference in its amplitude mainly over the frontal areas. These results suggest that the structure of synonym and antonym should be constructed via identical semantic space indexed as the P300 as well as the N400 critical difference based on the specific semantic feature.

This paper proposes a cost-effective solution to the synonym problem of virtual caches. In the proposed solution, a minimal hardware addition guarantees the correctness whereas the software counterpart helps improve the performance. The key to this proposed solution is an addition of a small physically-indexed cache called U-cache. The U-cache maintains the reverse translation information of the cache blocks that belong to unaligned virtual pages only, where aligned measns that the lower bits of the virtual page number match those of the corresponding physical page number. The page alignment is a simple software optimization to improve the performance of the U-cche hardware. With the combination of both hardware and software, the proposed solution reduces the hardware costs and minimizes software modification and performance degradation. Performance evaluation base on ATUM traces shows that a U-cache, with only a few entries, performs almost as well as fully-configured hardware-based solution when more than 95% of the pages are aligned.

This paper is aim to find out virtue. This paper analyzes the meanings and syntactic characteristics of the modern Chinese synonyms ‘keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’ based on BCC corpus analysis. The modern Chinese words ‘keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’ belong to the same group of synonyms, all of which can express the meaning of speculation. However, there are differences in their semantic characteristics and usage in sentences. ‘Keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’ all indicate an uncertain ‘speculative meaning’. ‘Yexu’ expresses vague speculation and is used in choice questions. Compared to ‘yexu’, ‘dagai’ and ‘kongpa’ have relatively stronger certainty and are not used in choice questions. ‘Dagai’, ‘keneng’, and ‘kongpa’ are used to denote speculation based on objective grounds, indicating that the speculative result is singular. ‘Keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’ all possess ‘euphemism’. Especially ‘kongpa’, which implies concern and worry, can feel more euphemistic and polite. Like ‘yexu’, ‘keneng’ also carries the meaning of speculating about more than one possible outcome. When ‘keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’ are placed before the subject, they emphasize speculation or possibility regarding uncertainty. ‘Keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’ can appear at the end of a sentence, having moved from the sentence-initial position. They can also be used in the object clause when verbs related to mental or cognitive actions such as ‘zhidao(知道), mingbai(明白), gaosu(告訴), juede(覺得)’ serve as predicates. Commonly appearing before 'keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa' are syntactic collocations such as ‘v+[ ]’, ‘r+[ ]’, and ‘u+[ ]’. In the syntactic collocation ‘r+[ ]’, ‘zhe(這)’ has the highest frequency of combination. Verbs, adverbs, pronouns, and adjectives commonly appear after ‘keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’, with verbs having the highest frequency in the ‘v+[ ]’ combination. The verb with the highest frequency of combination with ‘keneng, yexu, dagai, kongpa’ is ‘shi(是)’. ‘Keneng’ mainly combines with verbs indicating results such as ‘chuxian(出現), fasheng(發生), daozhi (導致)’. ‘Yexu, dagai’ mainly collocate with mental and cognitive verbs such as ‘zhidao(知道), juede(覺得), renwei(認爲), yiwei(以爲)’, while ‘kongpa’ combines with negative vocabulary such as ‘wufa(無法)’. In the relationship between ‘dagai’ and ‘yexu’, ‘dagai’ generally precedes ‘yexu’. ‘Yexu’ and ‘kongpa’ can appear before or after each other, but they are rarely used consecutively. ‘Keneng’, like ‘yexu’, is also interpreted in a choice relationship, but in the following sentences, examples of the form ‘ye keneng(也可能)’ were more common. ‘Keneng’ and ‘yexu’ can appear in the same sentence, and the order of ‘keneng’ and ‘yexu’ is relatively free.

본 연구에서는 부사 유의어 쌍의 형태적 특징에 따라 인간이 판단한 유사성 평점에 통계적으로 차이가 있는지 탐구하였다. 이로써 현대국어 화자의 내재한 유사성 판단 인식을 밝히는 동시에 국어학적 함의 도출에 힘썼다. 이때 사용한 자료는 2020년에 공개된 <국립국어원 어휘 관계 자료(버전 1.0)>이다. 먼저 926쌍의 부사 유의어를 공통 구성요소를 중심으로 형태론적 조작이 발견되는 분석형과 그렇지 못한 비분석형으로 분류하였다. 그리고 분석형을 형태의 도치가 발견되는 도치형, 형태의 삭감이나 첨가가 발견되는 증감형, 형태의 대치가 발견되는 대치형으로 세분화하였다. 분석형과 비분석형을 대상으로 했을 때, 유의어 쌍의 유형에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났고, 분석형의 유사성이 더 높게 평가되었다. 이로써 현대국어 화자의 인식 속에 높은 형태적 유사성을 가지면서 내부 구조를 파악할 수 있는 유의어 쌍이 단순한 의미적 유사성을 가진 유형보다 더 비슷하다고 인식된다는 결론을 내릴 수 있었다. 아울러 4가지 세부 유형을 대상으로 했을 때, 현대국어 화자들이 생각하기에 가장 유사한 유의어가 형태적 순서가 바뀐 ‘도치형(4쌍)’이고, 이와 버금갈 만큼 형태의 증가나 삭감이 발견되는 ‘증감형(358쌍)’이 매우 높은 유사성을 갖는 유형으로 인식되었다. 게다가 해당 유형은 양적으로도 매우 생산적인 분포를 보인다. 다음으로 보다 낮은 유사성을 갖는 유형은 형태의 대치가 발견되는 ‘대치형(215쌍)’과 형태론적 분석 접근이 어려울 것으로 판단되는 ‘비분석형(349쌍)’이다. 마지막으로 이상에서 도출한 유사성 인식과 결부하여 ‘쓰임과 빈도’, ‘도상성의 관계’, ‘접사와 어기의 인식’의 문제를 두루 다루었다.

This study investigated whether there are statistically significant differences in semantic similarity assessments, as judged by humans, based on the morphological types of adverb synonym pairs. We aimed to elucidate the perception of semantic similarity judgment of contemporary Korean speakers and derive linguistic implications. The data used in this study is NIKLex(Version 1.0). First, we classified 926 pairs of adverb synonyms into analytical and non-analytical types based on morphological manipulations. Then, within the analytical type, we further subdivided them into metathesis(4 pairs) where morphological inverting is found, augmentatives(358 pairs) where morphological addition or reduction is observed, and replacives(215 pairs) types where morphological replacement is detected. When considering analytical and non-analytical types, statistically significant differences in the types of synonym pairs were observed, and the similarity of analytical types was evaluated to be higher. Thus, it can be concluded that synonym pairs with high morphological similarity, enabling the understanding of underlying structures, are perceived as more similar within the cognition of contemporary Korean speakers compared to types with simple semantic similarity. Furthermore, when considering four specific subtypes, contemporary Korean speakers perceive adverb synonyms with altered morphological order, termed metathesis as the most similar. Additionally, augmentatives are recognized to have very high similarity. Moreover, this type exhibits a highly productive distribution quantitatively. Subsequently, types with morphological substitution, termed replacives and those considered difficult for analytical approaches, referred to as non-analytical types are perceived to have lower similarity. Finally, we extensively addressed issues related to usage and frequency, the relationship between iconicity, and the recognition of the functions of affixes and base, in connection with the perceived similarity derived from the above.

본고는 중국인 학습자에게 적합한 교육 내용을 구축하기 위해 변별 정보에 초점을 맞추어 동사 유의어를 논의하였다. 우선 동사의 어휘 특징을 반영하는 변별 정보를 정리하고 이를 바탕으로 중국인 학습자가 이해하기 쉬운 1단계, 동사 특징이 잘 나타나는 2단계, 보충이 필요한 3단계로 나누어 동사 유의어 교육 내용을 설계하였다. 그 결과물 자체가 교육 자료 개발과 교수 방법 연구에 기여하리라고 확신한다.

In order to construct educational contents that suit for Chinese learners, this study focuses on discrimination of verbs. It sorts out the discrimination items reflecting the characteristics of verbs, and on this basis, designs “understanding easily, reflecting the characteristics of the verbs, the necessary supplement” three analysis steps of verb synonyms. The results of this study will contribute to the development of educational materials and teaching methods in the future.

为了适应教学的需求，本文以二元对立的方式来考察了表示‘场所(地方)’范畴的汉语近义词。首先考察了现存同义词词典所说明的辨别方式，而批评这种辨别方式的复杂性和模糊性。接着以语素分析来解释处所近义词的二元对立。先分析单音节语素来它们的意义范畴之差异而进行双音节近义词之间的二元对立。第三章对‘单音节语素范畴进行了图象化,以此来考察对构成词语的语素进行以‘背景-焦点’的两个角度来区分‘地、点、方、区、域、址’的意义范围。例如，点(圆-面)、方(方-线)、区(图形-线)、域(图形-面)、地(无形-范围)、址(数-范围)。第四章根据单音节语素的图象对比开考察了双音节词汇的语素分析，并通过例句来对比各种近义词二元对立。

This study aims to show discrimination and description methods of Korean synonym, especially based on 『Yonsei Modern Korean Dictionary』. Synonymy is widely used to enrich learner's vocabularies in Language Teaching. For providing materials in language teaching, first of all this study shows Korean synonym are divided into three which are based on the etymology, and those classifications aren't explanatory of discrimination of synonyms and enriching vocabularies to language learners. Insead of this study classifies Korean synonym four types based on their language properties. These classifications are explanatory of discrimination of Korean synonym and moreover those are closely related to description of Korean synonym. Secondly, this study aims to discriminate between tests of discrimination synonym based on functional burden. According to my observation, those test are used differently according to category. Lastly this study shows the description of Korean synonym based on their property, sematinticㆍsyntagmaticㆍprgmatic informations etc.

This study aims to show discrimination and description methods of Korean synonym, especially based on 『Yonsei Modern Korean Dictionary』. Synonymy is widely used to enrich learner's vocabularies in Language Teaching. For providing materials in language teaching, first of all this study shows Korean synonym are divided into three which are based on the etymology, and those classifications aren't explanatory of discrimination of synonyms and enriching vocabularies to language learners. Insead of this study classifies Korean synonym four types based on their language properties. These classifications are explanatory of discrimination of Korean synonym and moreover those are closely related to description of Korean synonym. Secondly, this study aims to discriminate between tests of discrimination synonym based on functional burden. According to my observation, those test are used differently according to category. Lastly this study shows the description of Korean synonym based on their property. For example, nouns are described by using signposts or modifier or predicates. Verbs are described by using case frame or the properties of their arguments. And adverbs are described by using modifier or conjunctional ending etc.