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941

零余者的孤独 - 论郁达夫的孤独体验

희뢰

[NRF 연계] 영남중국어문학회 중국어문학 Vol.61 2012.12 pp.487-499

...Yu dafu created some of “superfluous man” images, which are common with failure in life, emotional inferiority, and the plaintive feeling of been ignored. In this paper the reason of this kind of loneliness summarized into three aspects: one is lack of love, the conflict between body and soul brings loneliness. The second is the anguish of survival after entering society, the conflict between the individual and society. The third is their complex nostalgia for the homeland. The “superfluous man” who created by Yu dafu is one of the important characters in the new literature movement.

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원문보기

Due to the influence of personality liberation thought, “May 4th” new literature writer’s creation in addition to show resistance, but at the same time also showed sentimental, depressed, and hesitant emotion. Among them, the very important one is the writer’s loneliness experience. From the “destruction” to “cypressvineset”, Yu dafu created some of “superfluous man” images, which are common with failure in life, emotional inferiority, and the plaintive feeling of been ignored. In this paper the reason of this kind of loneliness summarized into three aspects: one is lack of love, the conflict between body and soul brings loneliness. The second is the anguish of survival after entering society, the conflict between the individual and society. The third is their complex nostalgia for the homeland. The “superfluous man” who created by Yu dafu is one of the important characters in the new literature movement.

942

유도순(劉道順) 가요시의 테마와 유형 -1930년대 식민지 대중문화 아카이브의 새로운 정리-

이동순

[NRF 연계] 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 민족문화논총 Vol.52 2012.12 pp.360-422

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원문보기

이 논문은 1920년대 식민지조선의 문단에서 활동했던 시인 유도순(劉道順:1904∼1938)의 가요시 작품에 대한 최초의 실증적 연구이다. 유도순은 1920년대에서 1930년대에 이르는 시기의 한국근현대사, 한국대중문화사와 관련하여 매우 중요한 위상을 지니는 인물이다. 1925년 <조선문단>지를 통해 등단한 뒤 낭만주의 계열의 시작품을 주로 발표하다가 1934년부터 본격적인 가요시 작사가로 활동을 전개하였다. 「국경의 부두」, 「압록강 뱃노래」, 「통군정 노래」 등 대중들에게 널리 인기를 모았던 가요작품들의 노랫말을 창작했던 유도순은 대중문화를 통해 민족의식을 고취시키고자 했던 작가의 의도를 짐작할 수 있게 한다. 하지만 그동안 유도순의 가요시작품에 대한 연구는 전무하였다. 이에 본 연구자는 유도순 시인의 가요시 작품 132편의 아카이브를 직접 수집 정리하고, 이에 대한 본격적이고 체계적인 최초의 연구 분석을 시도해서 학계에 보고하고자 한다. 이를 통하여 유도순 가요시 작품이 지니는 의미와 문학사적 위상을 도출하고, 창작된 가요시 테마의 여러 유형을 분석해서 그 결과를 가요시에 특히 관심을 가진 일반 독자들과 전문연구자들에게 알리고자 한다.

943

문암 유본학의 전 작품 연구 -입전인물에 대한 서술태도와 작가의식을 중심으로

윤태식

[NRF 연계] 중앙어문학회 어문론집 Vol.51 2012.09 pp.255-273

...Yu Bon-hak(柳本學) Jeon (傳). Usually previous research papers investigated the author's consciousness with his social status. However, showing the difference between what is actually the same hierarchy of authors. To prove this was compared with the works of authors belonging to the same hierarchy. As a result, characteristics of the work in the same hierarchy of authors were as follows. First, Positive gaze about the character was appeared. Second, Mysterious behavior described for the pursuit of interesting etc. In contrast, the works of Yu Bon-hak jeon Appeared sympathetic gaze because it did not use character's ability.

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원문보기

The purpose of this paper is to examine narrative aspect of character and author's consciousness in the work of Yu Bon-hak(柳本學) Jeon (傳). Usually previous research papers investigated the author's consciousness with his social status. However, showing the difference between what is actually the same hierarchy of authors. To prove this was compared with the works of authors belonging to the same hierarchy. As a result, characteristics of the work in the same hierarchy of authors were as follows. First, Positive gaze about the character was appeared. Second, Mysterious behavior described for the pursuit of interesting etc. In contrast, the works of Yu Bon-hak jeon Appeared sympathetic gaze because it did not use character's ability.

944

662년 김유신의 군량 수송작전

이상훈

[NRF 연계] 국방대학교 국가안전보장문제연구소 국방연구 Vol.55 No.3 2012.09 pp.97-122

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원문보기

660년 백제가 멸망하고, 661년 당은 고구려를 다시 공격하였다. 소정방은 고구려의평양성을 포위하였으나 함락시키지 못하였다. 당은 신라에 군량을 요청하였고, 662년 김유신이 평양으로 군량 수송을 담당하게 되었다. 5만 명이 한 달간 사용할 수 있는 군량을 육로로 수송해야 하는 위험한 작전이었다. 김유신은 소로를 이용하여 마식령 산맥을 넘었으며, 수안을 거쳐 양오(楊隩)라는 곳에서 당군에게 군량을 전달해 주었다. 군량을 전달한 후 김유신의 부대도 서둘러 철수를 해야 했다. 고구려군이 김유신의 부대를 차단하려고 하자, 김유신은 소를 이용하여 기만작전을 폈다. 결국 고구려군을 따돌리고 야음을 틈타 무사히 신라로 귀환하였다. 김유신의 군량 수송작전은 주로 해곡도와 다곡도로 이루어졌는데, 668년 나당연합군의 평양성 공격시에도 그대로 활용되었다. 662년 군량 수송작전의 성공적 경험은 평양성 공격과 점령에 적지 않은 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 판단된다.

945

介詞“於”的前附性及其功能

김종찬

[NRF 연계] 한국중국언어학회 중국언어연구 Vol.40 2012.06 pp.67-81

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원문보기

吕叔湘, 劉兵 등 학자들은 개사 “於”가 개사빈어와 결합하여 보어가 된다고 본다. 그런데 이러한 학설에 대해 의문을 제기하는 학자들이 나오고 있다. 吳爲善, 葉景烈 등 학자들은 개사 “於”의 前附性을 근거로 전통학설과 다른 견해를 피력한다. “等於”, “用於”, “處於” 등은 이미 학자들이 하나의 사로 인정하는 추세이다. 흥미로운것은 “等於”, “用於”, “處於” 등과 대조를 이루는 성분으로서 “雙音節+於”가 존재한다는 점이다. 뿐만 아니라 그 뒤에 접속사나 쉼표, 콜론 등의 부호가 나오는 경우가 많다. 吳爲善,葉景烈 등은 객관적 자료에 근거하여 개사 “於”의 前附性으로 이러한 현상을 설명한다. “於”는 현대한어에서 前附性에 인해 더 이상 그 뒷 성분과 결합하지 않고 그 앞 성분과결합하여 술어가 된다고 볼 수 있다. “單音節+於”에 비해 “雙音節+於”의 경우 그 구성요소가 복잡하지만 공통점은 이들 유형이 모두 문장에서 술어의 기능을 한다는 점이다. 이경우 “於”는 넓은 의미의 형태표지 역할을 하는 것으로 볼 수 있을 것이다.

946

「詩經」 ‘于’字 用法 小考

임수진

[NRF 연계] 중국인문학회 중국인문과학 Vol.50 2012.04 pp.59-79

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원문보기

“于”字在≪詩經≫中是一个十分灵活的词,≪詩經≫中共出现330多次。当前学术界对“于”字的看法颇有分歧,经过初步考察,本文总结出“于”字主要有动词、助詞、介詞、嘆詞的语法功能。其中用做介詞的用例最多,达到整个“于”字用法的 68%。动词“于”相当于“往”已经在甲骨文中经常出现,在≪詩經≫中以“于”+非移动动词的形式表现。介詞“于”主要带动作涉及的地点、对象或主动者、被动者,但很少见到带时间的。特别是介詞“于”带被动者时,本文认为这是话者有意图强化宾语的语气。助詞“于”是从动词“往”发展而来的,在≪詩經≫中大多以“于”+移动动词的形式表现,通过这样的形式,“于”起到强调动词语气的作用。在≪詩經≫经常出现调节音节的衬音助詞,特别是“于”和“以”一起连用,以“于以”的形式起到增加音节的作用,有时候以“越”、“維”代替“于”。“于”和“越”都为匣母,属于牙音;“維”为餘母,属于舌頭音。牙音和舌頭音在≪詩經≫的衬音助詞中是最常见的声母。可以说“于”、“越”、“維”是一个语法功能相似的助詞。段玉裁说“于”和“於”是古今字,但是在≪詩經≫中“于”和“於”字同时出现,在≪詩經≫“於”主要有歎詞用法,“于”也有一些歎詞用法,换句话说“于”的部分用法和“於”的主要用法一致。这是因为歎詞的表音性质决定的,就这两个字的读音来看,“于”和“於”的共同读音为yú,不同的读音为xū和wū。因此,本文认为有可能后来刻印者将甲本≪詩經≫的歎詞刻印到乙本时,按照他的读音标准混用不同的读音。

947

이제하의 「유자약전」 연구 ―근대성을 중심으로

진선영

[NRF 연계] 현대문학이론학회 현대문학이론연구 Vol.47 2011.12 pp.319-337

...Yu Ja Yak Jeon」, there are three different artists show up, and they have essentials of the art that writer idealizes between the relationship with “Yu Ja” and receive the alternative value. Yu Ja, reacts unsociably, is the existence of ‘Jonah’ which is backward to the mother's womb through the sleeping that denies simbolic cosmos and her painting is likely to be the shamanism's behavior for the people who are locked up in the blind spot to warn dangers and threatens of real life. The image of ‘Jonah’ and ‘Shaman’ is the symbol of the identity which are not isolated and fragmented, and it shows the mystic figure that are not damaged with restriction of modern symbol apiece. They exist in the core of modern society but not to be captured by modern violence, it is the anti-modernities' main theme to work as real signifier in the modernism. Otherwise, ‘Teacher Poong Dang’ and ‘My’ violence to the ‘Yu Ja’ reflects that the subject who internalized 1960's violent modernism's attribute commit violent to the ‘Yu Ja’s world. ‘Yu Ja’ receives this violence as a social purification through the voluntary sacrifice. An ‘Yu Ja’s intrinsic attribute awakens the belief about anti-valuation of the modernism.. The ultimate narrative consciousness which the writer wants to show the positive artist aspect reinvents reality through the illusion of absolute value that modernism incarnates and its deficit, and urges the regret for the subject who have been accumulated a violent modernism unconsciously or voluntarily.

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본고에서는 이제하의 소설을 예술가 소설로 전제하고 작가가 긍정적으로 구현하는 예술가 상이야말로 작가의 목적의식과 세계관을 반영하는 인물로 정의한다. 긍정적인 예술가는 획일화된 자본주의 사회에서 지배논리에 굴복하지 않고 ‘자기성’을 유지한다. 더불어 현실의 폭력성을 극복할 수 있는 대안적 가치로서 새로운 질서를 구상한다. 「유자약전」에는 세 명의 다른 양태를 지닌 예술가가 등장하는데 이들은 모두 ‘유자’와의 관계성을 통해 작가가 이상화하는 예술의 본질과 대안적 가치로 수렴된다. 육체의 방기와 내면적 고립을 통해 현실에 폐쇄적으로 대응하는 유자는 잠을 통해 상징계적 질서를 거부함으로써 어머니의 뱃속으로 퇴행하는 ‘요나’적 존재이며, 그녀의 그림 그리기는 창호지의 세계에 갇힌 사람들에게 현실의 위험성과 두려움을 알려 경계하기 위한 처방, 즉 샤먼의 주술적 행위와 유사하다. ‘요나’와 ‘샤먼’의 이미지는 소외되지 않고 파편화되지 않은 정체성의 표상으로 상징적 구속에 훼손되지 않은 신화적 기표로 드러난다. 이들은 근대 중심에 존재하지만 대항적 가치를 지닌 상징으로 되풀이 언급됨으로써 안티 모더니티의 핵심적 표상물이 된다. 반면 ‘나’와 ‘풍당 선생’이 유자에게 가하는 폭력성은 1960년대의 폭력적 근대의 속성을 내면화한 주체가 유자로 대변되는 세계에 가하는 폭력이다. 유자는 이러한 폭력성을 자발적 희생을 통한 사회적 정화로 받아치고 있다. 폭력성, 획일성, 제도화에 대항하는 유자의 이미지들은 근대성의 대항적 가치에 대한 믿음을 일깨운다. 긍정적인 예술가 상을 통해 작가가 보여주고자 했던 궁극적인 서사의식은 근대가 구현하고 있는 절대적 가치의 허상이다. 더불어 그 결락을 통해 현실을 재조명하고 그것을 무의식적으로 체화한 스스로 무력하길 자처하는 주체에 대한 반성적인 인식을 촉구하고 있다.

This study tells that a writer pictures the artist aspect reflects the writer's world perspective with based on Lee Jeha's novel is the Artist-novel. In the Story of 「Yu Ja Yak Jeon」, there are three different artists show up, and they have essentials of the art that writer idealizes between the relationship with “Yu Ja” and receive the alternative value. Yu Ja, reacts unsociably, is the existence of ‘Jonah’ which is backward to the mother's womb through the sleeping that denies simbolic cosmos and her painting is likely to be the shamanism's behavior for the people who are locked up in the blind spot to warn dangers and threatens of real life. The image of ‘Jonah’ and ‘Shaman’ is the symbol of the identity which are not isolated and fragmented, and it shows the mystic figure that are not damaged with restriction of modern symbol apiece. They exist in the core of modern society but not to be captured by modern violence, it is the anti-modernities' main theme to work as real signifier in the modernism. Otherwise, ‘Teacher Poong Dang’ and ‘My’ violence to the ‘Yu Ja’ reflects that the subject who internalized 1960's violent modernism's attribute commit violent to the ‘Yu Ja’s world. ‘Yu Ja’ receives this violence as a social purification through the voluntary sacrifice. An ‘Yu Ja’s intrinsic attribute awakens the belief about anti-valuation of the modernism.. The ultimate narrative consciousness which the writer wants to show the positive artist aspect reinvents reality through the illusion of absolute value that modernism incarnates and its deficit, and urges the regret for the subject who have been accumulated a violent modernism unconsciously or voluntarily.

948

김유정의『동백꽃』의 갈등과 소통의 문제

김은정, 장도준

[NRF 연계] 대구가톨릭대학교 인문과학연구소 인문과학연구 Vol.16 2011.12 pp.235-255

...Yu Jeong’s “Dongbaekggo” was analyzed for this study. In particular the love relationship between the boy and Jeomsun was analyzed. The boy who was from a poor family, and the girl, Jeomsun,who was born with a silver spoon in her mouth, had problems with communication during her time of slumming; the problems were dealt with very humorously in “Dongbaekggo.”“Dongbaekggo” structural and content studies, which have focused on the difficult relationship between the boy and Jeomsun, have mainly focused on the class contradictions. Therefore, this study will focus on the problems and reconciliations, and the failures and successes which come with such a situation. The background is an old, rural village, and those who are involved in the unfolding of the romance between a boy and a girl help bring laughter during the time of the love tug-o-war, which makes everything feel more beautiful. In “Dongbaekggo,” the extroverted, aggressive, and strong minded Jeomsun’s own love is represented through the potato and the cockfighting (both signifiers), and through those actions Jeomsun wants to reach the boy, who is a sharecropper’s son. Symbolically, Jeomsun is aggressive with the potato (signifier) and the warm feelings (the signified). However, the boy can’t quite grasp and misreads the true meaning of the signifier and the signified. Jeomsun aggressively pulls the boy’s attention through the chicken (signifier). Even though the chicken is a signifier of Jeomsun’s own opinions, to the boy, because of the value he puts on life,problems appear more quickly. The problems between the clever and active young girl and the simple and honest adolescent boy progress throughout “Dongbaekggo” to a more exciting climax. The communication between Jeomsun and the boy becomes more ironically fun in the story, and help maximize the fun as the accomplishment of the love approaches. In the end, “Dongbaekggo” the pure love between the boy and Jeomsun bring about many conflicts,which help achieve the fulfillment of the love as the resolution of the story progresses.

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Kim Yu Jeong’s “Dongbaekggo” was analyzed for this study. In particular the love relationship between the boy and Jeomsun was analyzed. The boy who was from a poor family, and the girl, Jeomsun,who was born with a silver spoon in her mouth, had problems with communication during her time of slumming; the problems were dealt with very humorously in “Dongbaekggo.”“Dongbaekggo” structural and content studies, which have focused on the difficult relationship between the boy and Jeomsun, have mainly focused on the class contradictions. Therefore, this study will focus on the problems and reconciliations, and the failures and successes which come with such a situation. The background is an old, rural village, and those who are involved in the unfolding of the romance between a boy and a girl help bring laughter during the time of the love tug-o-war, which makes everything feel more beautiful. In “Dongbaekggo,” the extroverted, aggressive, and strong minded Jeomsun’s own love is represented through the potato and the cockfighting (both signifiers), and through those actions Jeomsun wants to reach the boy, who is a sharecropper’s son. Symbolically, Jeomsun is aggressive with the potato (signifier) and the warm feelings (the signified). However, the boy can’t quite grasp and misreads the true meaning of the signifier and the signified. Jeomsun aggressively pulls the boy’s attention through the chicken (signifier). Even though the chicken is a signifier of Jeomsun’s own opinions, to the boy, because of the value he puts on life,problems appear more quickly. The problems between the clever and active young girl and the simple and honest adolescent boy progress throughout “Dongbaekggo” to a more exciting climax. The communication between Jeomsun and the boy becomes more ironically fun in the story, and help maximize the fun as the accomplishment of the love approaches. In the end, “Dongbaekggo” the pure love between the boy and Jeomsun bring about many conflicts,which help achieve the fulfillment of the love as the resolution of the story progresses.

949

鄭東愈와 그 一門의 저술

이종묵

[NRF 연계] 진단학회 진단학보 Vol.110 2010.12 pp.301-328

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본고는 18세기의 이름난 학자 鄭東愈와 그 一門의 저술에 대한 개괄적 보고를 목적으로 한다. 鄭東愈의 학문은 일제강점기부터 학계의 주목을 받았지만 그의 문집이 국내에 전하지 않아 『晝永編』을 중심으로 한 단편적인 연구에 머물렀으며, 소론의 명문가였던 그 一門의 저술 역시 거의 연구되지 못하였다. 이에 본고에서는 본고에서는 미국 버클리대학에 소장되어 있는 『玄同室遺稿』, 『閒古董』 등을 통하여 정동유의 생애와 학문, 문학에 대해 종합적으로 검토하였으며, 또 정동유의 막내 아들 鄭友容의 문집 『密巖遺稿』, 정동유의 당질 鄭耆容의 문집 『蓼庵遺稿』, 그리고 鄭覺先의 『杜陵漫筆』, 鄭克淳의 『淵雷遺稿』 등 그간 우리 학술사에서 조명되지 못한 일련의 저술을 통하여 정동유 집안의 학문적 경향을 조명하였다. 이를 통하여 조선 후기 소론의 명문가였던 정동유 집안의 학문적 경향을 조망하고자 하였다.

950

유치환 시에 나타난 죽음과 윤리의 문제 - 에듀테인먼트와 시의 연계성 제안을 겸하여

김종태

[NRF 연계] 한국언어문학회 한국언어문학 Vol.74 2010.09 pp.481-506

...Yu Chi Hwan's poems. Yu Chi Hwan's Poems was classified into 'poem of reason' and 'poem of sensitivity'. But poems of these two trend pertain to sense about death in his poems. Also, poems of these two trend demonstrated dynamic about ethics. The chapter Ⅱ explained will to renew ego through self-qwareness about 'passing away'. The poet pursued endurance and will of self to meet own death in order to overcome futility. He suppressed own corporality and seeked a prospect about new self-realization. Work of abstract and ethical trend appears here. The chapter Ⅲ explained passion pursue to have a manner to surmount death. The poet that realized the proposition that we all have to die shows nihilistic thought for the death as a method to respond to life's finitude. Consciousness of poem that death can't recover from life gives shape to imagination accepting love and lust. It is difficult to the other works to mention in the preceding chapter to repeat imagining continually. The chapter Ⅳ explained moral law dwelling in a view of life and death of a vicious circle. While works debated in the chapter Ⅱ and the chapter Ⅲ appear variously through the beginning of his poems and the middle of his poems, works debated in the chapter Ⅳ appear in late period poems. Moral law of Yu Chi Hwan is connected by ethic which reason rules. This poet who has realized cosmic circulation embodied humanism. Yu Chi Hwan's poem appeared various thought for the death and thought for the ethics. As on the one hand they call him a poem preparing morality and will, on the other they call him a poem preparing love and happiness, they perceived his poems as only one side. He embraced all thought about poem. He embodied fusion and impulse in all his poem.

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This thesis examined in being sorted into three categorization about matters of death and ethic in Yu Chi Hwan's poems. Yu Chi Hwan's Poems was classified into 'poem of reason' and 'poem of sensitivity'. But poems of these two trend pertain to sense about death in his poems. Also, poems of these two trend demonstrated dynamic about ethics. The chapter Ⅱ explained will to renew ego through self-qwareness about 'passing away'. The poet pursued endurance and will of self to meet own death in order to overcome futility. He suppressed own corporality and seeked a prospect about new self-realization. Work of abstract and ethical trend appears here. The chapter Ⅲ explained passion pursue to have a manner to surmount death. The poet that realized the proposition that we all have to die shows nihilistic thought for the death as a method to respond to life's finitude. Consciousness of poem that death can't recover from life gives shape to imagination accepting love and lust. It is difficult to the other works to mention in the preceding chapter to repeat imagining continually. The chapter Ⅳ explained moral law dwelling in a view of life and death of a vicious circle. While works debated in the chapter Ⅱ and the chapter Ⅲ appear variously through the beginning of his poems and the middle of his poems, works debated in the chapter Ⅳ appear in late period poems. Moral law of Yu Chi Hwan is connected by ethic which reason rules. This poet who has realized cosmic circulation embodied humanism. Yu Chi Hwan's poem appeared various thought for the death and thought for the ethics. As on the one hand they call him a poem preparing morality and will, on the other they call him a poem preparing love and happiness, they perceived his poems as only one side. He embraced all thought about poem. He embodied fusion and impulse in all his poem.

951

楓石 徐有榘의 <金華耕讀記>

조창록

[NRF 연계] 한국실학학회 한국실학연구 Vol.19 2010.06 pp.287-307

...Yu-Gu(徐有榘, 1764~1845), and to examine its content. The Geumhwa gyeongdok-gi, a set of 7 volumes and 7 corresponding workbooks owned by Tokyo Metropolitan Central Library of Japan, was originally comprised of 8 volumes, but now contains 289 pages of about 80,000 characters with the last 8th volume omitted. Although the Geumhwa gyeongdok-gi has been known as a draft of Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志), most of its content is found to be writings which could not have been seen in Imwongyeongjeji. The reason probably is that he selected and recorded the items corresponding to the details of Imwongyeongjeji and then organized them into the structure of Geumhwagyeongdokgi. In this context, Geumhwagyeongdokgi has a value as an independent writing and is definitely in complementary relations with Imwongyeongjeji. Especially, 'Gisambaekhae(朞三百解)' and 'Yeoksanggyemong(易象啓蒙)' in the second volume, the writings written by Kim yeong(金泳, 1749~1817) who was known as a talented mathematician, are recognized as most valuable materials whose contents have been unknown.

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This thesis was intended to introduce 'Geumhwagyeongdokgi', one of major writings of Pungseok(楓石), Seo Yu-Gu(徐有榘, 1764~1845), and to examine its content. The Geumhwa gyeongdok-gi, a set of 7 volumes and 7 corresponding workbooks owned by Tokyo Metropolitan Central Library of Japan, was originally comprised of 8 volumes, but now contains 289 pages of about 80,000 characters with the last 8th volume omitted. Although the Geumhwa gyeongdok-gi has been known as a draft of Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志), most of its content is found to be writings which could not have been seen in Imwongyeongjeji. The reason probably is that he selected and recorded the items corresponding to the details of Imwongyeongjeji and then organized them into the structure of Geumhwagyeongdokgi. In this context, Geumhwagyeongdokgi has a value as an independent writing and is definitely in complementary relations with Imwongyeongjeji. Especially, 'Gisambaekhae(朞三百解)' and 'Yeoksanggyemong(易象啓蒙)' in the second volume, the writings written by Kim yeong(金泳, 1749~1817) who was known as a talented mathematician, are recognized as most valuable materials whose contents have been unknown.

952

復古中的發展:談摯虞《文章流別論》

료동량

[NRF 연계] 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 외국학연구 Vol.14 No.1 2010.06 pp.453-490

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원문보기

摯虞文論,頗得東晉以降的六朝文士的好評,劉勰、鍾嶸稱許其為精」、「詳」之製,本傳亦推崇說「辭理愜當,為世所重。」反觀今日,作為文學教育之用的文學批評史却多指責摯虞「屬於保守派」,「其暗於當代文學之趨勢」,「與時代精神適相背馳」,「他的基本觀點,依然與漢人無異,持一種十分守舊的態度」,「他很少論及文學本身的特徵,對於創作上的新傾向是認識不足的」。循此,本文從古今評價的差異中作為起點,盼能不囿於成見,以比較寬廣的態度,重新來認識摯虞的文論。摯虞是一位「古典主義者」,他的文論即由此信仰而展開,當然注意「向傳統回歸」。他承襲漢儒舊說,沿用〈毛詩序〉的觀點,自然就被批評為「保守」、「落後」。本文首先指出〈毛詩序〉是複雜的,它一方面有關於詩歌所言之志的涵義的明確的政治教化指向;同時又有關於詩歌的審美成因的描述。一方面是對詩的應用屬性之「工具角色」;同時又是對詩的本質屬性之「價值理性」。社會性視域使儒學將文論的關切重心定位在教化,但即使是教化也並不等於狹義的政治教育和道德教化。在中國文學批評史的研究中,一些學者總昧於斯一直把中國文學缺乏獨立性、自覺性追溯到儒家文化,追溯到〈毛詩序〉而進行批判。顯然這樣的批評是不合實際也稍嫌簡化的,實不可一概而論。其次,本文從文學本質論、作家論、創作論以及文體論等項,說明摯虞文論絕不是簡單化的文學復古主張,而是在順應文學思潮下折衷當時新舊文論思潮。這個復古中帶有發展的文論,既體現著時代的主要特徵,同時又較同時代其他文論所涉為廣。尤其摯虞文論結合文學本論、作家論、文體論,通貫文學史和文學理論等來展開文學批評的特色,實代表著一種批評範式,已預示了稍後文論發展的大致趨勢。另外,從文學史來考察,鍾嶸說四言詩「世罕習焉」恐非事實,四言詩其實具有相當的延續性,魏晉時期的四言詩數量很大,有人甚至宣稱魏晉時期是四言詩中興時代,此種情形說明摯虞對四言詩的推重,與他所處時代的風氣一致的,反映作為秘書監、撰定官書的摯虞的文學史意識。這是文學史事實,與是否「保守」無關。

953

이양지(李良枝)의『유희(由熙)』 - 그 언어적 특성 -

황봉모

[NRF 연계] 중앙대학교 일본연구소 일본연구 Vol.41 2009.09 pp.269-290

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954

해방 직후, 유인본 국어교과서의 발견과 해석 - 대전공업학교 편, 『중등 국어 교재』를 중심으로

박형준

[NRF 연계] 국어교육학회(since1969) 국어교육연구 Vol.45 2009.08 pp.65-86

...Yu-in-bon'(유인본) Korean language textbook, after the liberation of Korea. An official curriculum is as yet undeveloped after the liberation of Korea. As this cause, the text book of school field is function as an substantial manual of teaching and learning. This study is to appreciate substance of ‘Yu-in-bon'(유인본) Korean language textbook and to demonstrate the significance of existence Focus on the Korean language textbook 『Korean language textbook for Secondary school(중등 국어 교재)』 from DaeJeon Technical School. It has historical meaning in several kinds. First, it excavate an historical data of Korean language education and seek possibility to systematize. Second, it make up for blank space in Korean language education-system-research and reconstruct all kinds of Korean language education history. It means that extension about a teaching and learning medium and method. Third, by the diversification of Korean language education history approach, it can make clear identity of studies in Korean language education.

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This study is intended about the generative background and characteristics of ‘Yu-in-bon'(유인본) Korean language textbook, after the liberation of Korea. An official curriculum is as yet undeveloped after the liberation of Korea. As this cause, the text book of school field is function as an substantial manual of teaching and learning. This study is to appreciate substance of ‘Yu-in-bon'(유인본) Korean language textbook and to demonstrate the significance of existence Focus on the Korean language textbook 『Korean language textbook for Secondary school(중등 국어 교재)』 from DaeJeon Technical School. It has historical meaning in several kinds. First, it excavate an historical data of Korean language education and seek possibility to systematize. Second, it make up for blank space in Korean language education-system-research and reconstruct all kinds of Korean language education history. It means that extension about a teaching and learning medium and method. Third, by the diversification of Korean language education history approach, it can make clear identity of studies in Korean language education.

955

유치환 초기 시의 동물상징 체계 - 『靑馬詩鈔』·『生命의 書』를 중심으로 -

이지원

[NRF 연계] 어문연구학회 어문연구 Vol.58 2008.12 pp.535-562

...Yu´s earlier works is very useful basic work in that it can prove his poet's essence, the change of consciousness accroding to creation times and the aggregate harmony as an aim. This paper can confirm the system of animal symbol based on Cheongmasicho, Sangmyounuiseo. First, ‘KKamaki'(crow) represents an enclosed self who stands alone in dark reality. ‘KKamaki' contains the negative notion that the human has granted, including images such as black color, dark times, space in an enclosed space on the earth. Yu Chi-Hwan experiencing enclosed self in gloomy reality spece combines heaviness, gloom of darkness with Kkamaki´s essential attributes. Through this, he reveals his conscious world. Especially, He sees himself as Kkamaki, leading him to self-torture of poet. Second, the ‘Barkjie(bat)', ‘Tarjoo(ostriches)', 'Hark(crane)' in the mixed context of the dark and light reflects the contradictions of human beings. Yu Chi-Hwan´s conern toword the nature of human linked the contradictory nature of human beings. His consciousness is materialized in poetry through the controdictory way to identify himself with animals and empathy. The structural contradiction of animals caused by innate property, contradictory nature and attitude of existence which stays in darkness of the earth, heading heavenly light, play a major role to release being's contradictoriness. In addition, Yu Chi-Hwan recognizes light as more vivid world of consciousness. He has an intention to understand being's contradictoriness by placing animals in the middle of dark and light. Third, the ‘Hwanggeumsarza(Golden Lion)', ‘Byeongaari(chick)', ’sorigae (Kite)' is transcendental existence in the intense light world. ‘Hwanggeumsarza' and ’Byeongaari' with a transcendental power and absolute value and ‘sorigae' as Him who tries to escape human world. A poet connects the vicious Hwanggeumsarza staring the sun with 'Byeongaari' having same color with gold and the sun, thus creates new meaning. Also 'Sorigae' trying to transcend human world has symbolic meaning as transcendental being. In the light of the sun is transcendence done. Thus Yu Chi-Hwan selects the penetration and immanence of light. In particular, when singing transcendence, he shows tough tone of men as speaking ways. In short, the system of animal symbol in Yu´s earlier works is his conscious system to aware existence. In the system of darkness, light and their mixing, his consciousness moves dynamically. In other words, Yu´s conscious path, from the darkness to light, earth to heaven, enclosed to open self, is known through the variety of symbol system of animal. And his hylomorphic techniques as well as thoughts is a great system. Therefore, there are enough possibilities to reinterprete Yu Chi-Hwan´s poetry world through studying the system of animal symbol.

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지금까지 유치환의 초기 시를 중심으로 동물상징 체계를 분석하고 그 의미를 밝힘으로써 다음과 같은 결과를 추출할 수 있었다. 첫째, ‘까마귀’의 상징적 의미는 어두운 현실에 고립되어 있는 밀폐된 자아를 표상한다. 까마귀는 인간이 부여한 부정적인 관념을 내포하는데, 검은 빛깔의 이미지, 어두운 시․공간의 이미지와 함께 지상의 밀폐된 공간 안에 놓이는 특징으로 나타난다. 유치환은 암울한 현실공간 안에서 밀폐된 자아를 절감하였으므로, 어둠이 갖는 답답함, 암울함과 까마귀가 환기하는 본질적 속성을 결합시킴으로써 자신의 밀폐된 존재의식을 드러낸다. 특히 유치환이 스스로를 부정적 관념의 까마귀와 동일화시킨다는 점은 그의 시가 갖는 자학적 측면과도 연결되는 것이다. 둘째, ‘박쥐’, ‘타조’, ‘학’은 어둠과 빛이 혼재된 시적 맥락 안에서 인간 존재의 모순성을 반영한다. 유치환의 인간 존재의 본질에 대한 관심은 존재의 모순성으로 이어지고 있으며, 이러한 의식은 모순성을 함의하는 동물들에 대한 동화와 투사의 방법을 통해 시 안에 구현된다. 동물들의 생래적인 속성에서 비롯되는 구조적 모순, 지상의 어둠에 머물 수밖에 없으면서도 천상의 빛을 향하는 태도나 행위 등은 존재의 모순성으로 상징되는 주요 요인으로 작용한다. 유치환은 보다 생생한 의식의 세계로 빛의 세계를 인식하는데, 그가 어둠과 빛의 중간에 동물들을 위치시킨다는 것은 양가성의 원리 속에서 존재의 모순을 확인하려는 의도로 파악된다. 셋째, ‘황금사자’, ‘병아리’, ‘소리개’는 강렬한 빛의 세계 속에서 초월적 존재로 상징된다. 황금의 절대적 가치와 불변하는 초월적 힘으로 변용된 ‘황금사자’와 ‘병아리’, 인간 세계를 탈피하기를 갈구하는 자아를 투사한 ‘소리개’는 인간 존재 안에서 일어나는 갖가지 모순된 감정과 그 존재 자체를 초월하려는 시인의 존재방식을 표상한다고 할 수 있다. ‘황금사자’의 맹렬한 본성과 태양을 노려보는 행위, ‘병아리’의 빛깔이 황금색의 태양과 연결됨으로써 생성되는 새로운 의미, 인간 세계를 뛰어넘으려는 ‘소리개’의 비상 등은 초월적 존재라는 상징적 의미로 수렴된다. 초월은 일관성 있게 태양의 빛 속에서 이루어지는데, 유치환이 택하고 있는 방식은 빛의 침투 및 내재화로 나타난다. 특히 초월을 노래할 때 그의 말하기 방식은 굴강하고 거친 남성적인 어조로 나타난다는 점에서 특징적이다. 동물과 관련하여 어둠, 어둠과 빛의 혼재, 빛의 삼원체계는 일정한 순서로 배열된 것이 아니라 그의 의식 안에서 복합적으로 움직인다. 빛과 어둠이라는 외부세계는 유치환에게 원형 상징으로 무의식 안에 침투되었을 가능성이 크다. 그러나 보다 중요한 것은 원형을 바탕으로 다양한 세계를 체험하는 과정에서 시인이 독창적인 상징 형성의 힘을 갖는가의 문제이다. 나아가 이것이 텍스트 안에서 독특한 상징체계를 구축하는가도 문학성을 논할 때 반드시 요구되는 조건이다. 이러한 관점에서 봤을 때 어둠에서 빛으로, 지상에서 천상으로, 닫힌 자아에서 열린 자아로, 또는 그 반대로 움직여가는 과정 안에서 동물들의 다양한 상징체계는 그의 의식의 경로를 보여주는 한편, 그 형상화 기법도 그의 사상 못지않게 의미화의 미적 체계를 지니고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 본고가 이상으로 살펴본 유치환 초기 시의 동물상징 체계는 ...

In the studying process of poetry text, Analysing and extracting the meaning of symbol is a very important to understand consciousness of a poet. A study on symbol can be dealt with in various ways. This paper, particularly, pays attention to animal symbol because poetic language about animal appears frequently. In addition, the poetic language offers clues to understand poet´s consciousness. A study that detects the unique system on animal symbol and reserchs relationship between symbol's ways and consciousness in Yu´s earlier works is very useful basic work in that it can prove his poet's essence, the change of consciousness accroding to creation times and the aggregate harmony as an aim. This paper can confirm the system of animal symbol based on Cheongmasicho, Sangmyounuiseo. First, ‘KKamaki'(crow) represents an enclosed self who stands alone in dark reality. ‘KKamaki' contains the negative notion that the human has granted, including images such as black color, dark times, space in an enclosed space on the earth. Yu Chi-Hwan experiencing enclosed self in gloomy reality spece combines heaviness, gloom of darkness with Kkamaki´s essential attributes. Through this, he reveals his conscious world. Especially, He sees himself as Kkamaki, leading him to self-torture of poet. Second, the ‘Barkjie(bat)', ‘Tarjoo(ostriches)', 'Hark(crane)' in the mixed context of the dark and light reflects the contradictions of human beings. Yu Chi-Hwan´s conern toword the nature of human linked the contradictory nature of human beings. His consciousness is materialized in poetry through the controdictory way to identify himself with animals and empathy. The structural contradiction of animals caused by innate property, contradictory nature and attitude of existence which stays in darkness of the earth, heading heavenly light, play a major role to release being's contradictoriness. In addition, Yu Chi-Hwan recognizes light as more vivid world of consciousness. He has an intention to understand being's contradictoriness by placing animals in the middle of dark and light. Third, the ‘Hwanggeumsarza(Golden Lion)', ‘Byeongaari(chick)', ’sorigae (Kite)' is transcendental existence in the intense light world. ‘Hwanggeumsarza' and ’Byeongaari' with a transcendental power and absolute value and ‘sorigae' as Him who tries to escape human world. A poet connects the vicious Hwanggeumsarza staring the sun with 'Byeongaari' having same color with gold and the sun, thus creates new meaning. Also 'Sorigae' trying to transcend human world has symbolic meaning as transcendental being. In the light of the sun is transcendence done. Thus Yu Chi-Hwan selects the penetration and immanence of light. In particular, when singing transcendence, he shows tough tone of men as speaking ways. In short, the system of animal symbol in Yu´s earlier works is his conscious system to aware existence. In the system of darkness, light and their mixing, his consciousness moves dynamically. In other words, Yu´s conscious path, from the darkness to light, earth to heaven, enclosed to open self, is known through the variety of symbol system of animal. And his hylomorphic techniques as well as thoughts is a great system. Therefore, there are enough possibilities to reinterprete Yu Chi-Hwan´s poetry world through studying the system of animal symbol.

956

唐 韓愈와 朝鮮 正祖의 ‘文論’에 대한 考察- 古文運動과 文體醇正을 중심으로 -

서윤석, 김선희

[NRF 연계] 중국인문학회 중국인문과학 Vol.40 2008.12 pp.351-370

...Yu(韓愈) of Tang dynasty and the Pure and Right Style movement(文體醇正) of King Jeongjo(正祖) of Choseon, and to investigate the meanings contained in each stylistics from the aspects of 'carrying Tao by writing(文以載道)' and 'congruence of Tao and writing(道文一致). Looking ate Jeongjo and Han Yu through 'carrying Tao by writing(文以載道)' and 'congruence of Tao and writing(道文一致), Han Yu aimed at realization of Tao of early Confucianism, and Jeongjo focused on the reign based on the idea of Sung(宋) Confucianism. On the development of literature, the two literary movements which are arisen by inevitable trends, are not only limited in style reforming movement, but also included thoughts characteristics. With the Antiquated Style Movement, Han Yu attempted to reform the framed style(騈文) which was aesthetic technic at the time of Wei(魏) and Jin(晉), to abolish the abuses of Buddhism and Taoism, to recover the old Tao and to succeed to lineage of Confucianism. Jeongjo performed the Pure and Right Style movement for correction of vices arisen from the literatures between later Ming(明) and early Ching(淸), the literatures based on folk stories, the bibliographical study, the doctrines of Wang Yang-Ming(王陽明), the western studies, etc., and tried to realize stylistic of Sung Confucian congruence of Tao and writing, and to establish the base of reign. The returning to 'the antiquated style(古文)' which began with recognition on new style, was not only opposing the aesthetic technic or form of framed style. It was a reformation of new style asserting carrying Tao by writing with acceptance of old one. Han Yu asserted the recovery of confucian old Tao by the antiquated style, and the usage of contemporary writing by the comprehension of old Tao without attachment on sentence and phrase. It can be said as the state of 'catching fish and forgetting weir(得魚忘筌)'. Han Yu's such antiquated style movement was satisfied with the trend of the time and influenced to later. Writers of later Choseon had a desire of individual and liberal style. Some of them wrote individually and put importance on secret of nature. And some of them asserted that writings had to express the contemporary things and events in the language of the time, because, influenced with the emergence of modern thinking, they considered Tao and writing separately and thought change of Tao in accordance with flow of time. Sung Confucian writing style was declined by especially, the change of style for civil service examination, and the attitude of adoration on Chinese products and culture which was prevalent among noble. Therefore, King Jeongjo advocated the policy of the Pure and Right Style movement, and asserted the recovery old Tao by the carrying Tao by writing. He attempted to recover Sung Confucian writing style with the Pure and Right Style movement, and to strengthen sovereign power by reflecting it on reign. He accomplished the movement in certain level at politic. However, regretably, he could not lead the contemporary writing trend to the pure and right antiquated style, and develop as literature movement corresponding with the time.

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This article is to observe the developing phases of the Antiquated Style movement of Han Yu(韓愈) of Tang dynasty and the Pure and Right Style movement(文體醇正) of King Jeongjo(正祖) of Choseon, and to investigate the meanings contained in each stylistics from the aspects of 'carrying Tao by writing(文以載道)' and 'congruence of Tao and writing(道文一致). Looking ate Jeongjo and Han Yu through 'carrying Tao by writing(文以載道)' and 'congruence of Tao and writing(道文一致), Han Yu aimed at realization of Tao of early Confucianism, and Jeongjo focused on the reign based on the idea of Sung(宋) Confucianism. On the development of literature, the two literary movements which are arisen by inevitable trends, are not only limited in style reforming movement, but also included thoughts characteristics. With the Antiquated Style Movement, Han Yu attempted to reform the framed style(騈文) which was aesthetic technic at the time of Wei(魏) and Jin(晉), to abolish the abuses of Buddhism and Taoism, to recover the old Tao and to succeed to lineage of Confucianism. Jeongjo performed the Pure and Right Style movement for correction of vices arisen from the literatures between later Ming(明) and early Ching(淸), the literatures based on folk stories, the bibliographical study, the doctrines of Wang Yang-Ming(王陽明), the western studies, etc., and tried to realize stylistic of Sung Confucian congruence of Tao and writing, and to establish the base of reign. The returning to 'the antiquated style(古文)' which began with recognition on new style, was not only opposing the aesthetic technic or form of framed style. It was a reformation of new style asserting carrying Tao by writing with acceptance of old one. Han Yu asserted the recovery of confucian old Tao by the antiquated style, and the usage of contemporary writing by the comprehension of old Tao without attachment on sentence and phrase. It can be said as the state of 'catching fish and forgetting weir(得魚忘筌)'. Han Yu's such antiquated style movement was satisfied with the trend of the time and influenced to later. Writers of later Choseon had a desire of individual and liberal style. Some of them wrote individually and put importance on secret of nature. And some of them asserted that writings had to express the contemporary things and events in the language of the time, because, influenced with the emergence of modern thinking, they considered Tao and writing separately and thought change of Tao in accordance with flow of time. Sung Confucian writing style was declined by especially, the change of style for civil service examination, and the attitude of adoration on Chinese products and culture which was prevalent among noble. Therefore, King Jeongjo advocated the policy of the Pure and Right Style movement, and asserted the recovery old Tao by the carrying Tao by writing. He attempted to recover Sung Confucian writing style with the Pure and Right Style movement, and to strengthen sovereign power by reflecting it on reign. He accomplished the movement in certain level at politic. However, regretably, he could not lead the contemporary writing trend to the pure and right antiquated style, and develop as literature movement corresponding with the time.

957

유길준의 ‘한국 독립’ 인식

현광호

[NRF 연계] 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 인문연구 Vol.55 2008.12 pp.417-448

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원문보기

서구 열강은 중국의 영토를 침범했다. 이 때 유길준은 한국, 중국, 일본이 공동운명체라고 주장했다. 그는 유교 문화와 한국의 독립을 유지하고자 동아시아의 협력을 강조했다. 중국은 임오군란 이후 한국에 대한 침략정책을 강화했다. 이에 유길준은 중국을 경계하기 시작했다. 유길준은 일본이 중국의 진출을 저지하고, 한국의 독립을 보호하고자 한다고 인식했다. 그러므로 유길준은 일본정부와 협력하면서 개혁을 추진했다. 한국의 독립을 추구하는 그의 키워드는 ‘동아시아 협력론’과 ‘문명론’이었다. 그런 의미에서 일본에의 의존은 필연적인 선택이라 할 수 있었다. ‘동아시아 협력론’과 ‘문명론’은 일본이 한국을 침략하기 위하여 마련한 논리였다. 유길준은 일본 측의 논리를 ‘신의론’에 입각하여 별다른 의심없이 수용했다.

958

유길준의 『서유견문』의 교육론 구상 전사(前史) -미국 유학 을 중심으로-

이은송

[NRF 연계] 교육사학회 교육사학연구 Vol.18 No.2 2008.12 pp.87-111

...Yu Kil-Chun `s educationl idea after studying in U.S.A. This research makes three arguments. First, Previous works state that Yu Kil-Chun's idea of social evolution was affected by E.S. Morse when Yu studied in America. I dispute this previous discourse by following arguments; Morse's theory of evolution focused on biological aspects rather than social factors. Second, Morse maintained a close relationship with Fukuzawa Yukichi not only when he stayed in Japan as a foreign professor of the University of Tokyo but also after he returned to America. This close relationship was strengthened by their mutual belief that Japan must civilize herself in the Western way. Yu shared their belief with Morse and Fukuzawa. Third, Yu's educational idea emphasized the significance of social discipline, which respected both competition and morality. His idea is controled by himself within the theory of social evolution and traditional thought of Chosun.

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이 연구는 유길준의 미국 유학 이후의 교육론이 구상되는 전사(前史)를 추적하는 데 중점을 두고, 보빙사의 기록과 미국 유학기의 인터뷰 자료, 『서유견문』의 서문 등에서 밝히고 있는 유길준의 ‘서양이해와 교육’을 추적하였다. 그 결과 다음 세 가지 논점을 고찰 할 수 있었다. 첫째, 유길준의 사회진화론적 경향이 E. S 모스로부터 영향 받았다는 기존 연구의 관점을 검토하기 위하여, E. S 모스의 진화론적 경향을 살펴본 바, 스펜서 이후 발전한 사회진화론적 경향보다는 생물학적 진화론에 기초한 적자생존, 우승열패의 생물학적 진화론이었음을 고찰하였다. 둘째, 유길준이 미국 유학을 하는 동안 후원자가 되었던 E. S 모스는 후쿠자와 유키치와 친밀한 인간관계를 유지하고 있는 학자로, 두 지식인은 일본이나 조선이 서구적인 방식으로 발전해가야 한다는 우승열패의 견해에 공감하고 있음을 고찰하고, 유길준이 그러한 사상적 경향에 영향을 받았음을 이해하였다. 셋째, 유길준의 미국 유학 이후에 쓴 『서유견문』에서 교육론이 어떠한 사상적 전개 위에서 성장하고 있는지 파악하기 위하여, 미국 유학중에 남긴 인터뷰 기사와 E. S 모스에게 보낸 편지 내용을 통하여, 미국의 시민사회를 경험한 그의 서양 이해가 최우선적 과제를 ‘교육 개혁’에 두고 있었음을 밝히었다. 특히, 상경상려라는 개념에 기초한 그의 교육사상이 사회진화론과 조선의 유학적 전통의 영향을 받고 있음을 제안하였다. 따라서 이 연구는 궁극적으로 그의 교육사상의 성격을 명확히 하는 후속 연구를 가능하게 하는데 일조 할 것으로 기대한다.

This research explores the significance of Yu Kil-Chun `s educationl idea after studying in U.S.A. This research makes three arguments. First, Previous works state that Yu Kil-Chun's idea of social evolution was affected by E.S. Morse when Yu studied in America. I dispute this previous discourse by following arguments; Morse's theory of evolution focused on biological aspects rather than social factors. Second, Morse maintained a close relationship with Fukuzawa Yukichi not only when he stayed in Japan as a foreign professor of the University of Tokyo but also after he returned to America. This close relationship was strengthened by their mutual belief that Japan must civilize herself in the Western way. Yu shared their belief with Morse and Fukuzawa. Third, Yu's educational idea emphasized the significance of social discipline, which respected both competition and morality. His idea is controled by himself within the theory of social evolution and traditional thought of Chosun.

959

문명론과 인종주의, 아시아 연대론- 유길준과 윤치호의 비교를 중심으로

김경일

[NRF 연계] 한국사회사학회 사회와 역사 Vol.78 2008.06 pp.129-167

...Yu Gil-jun and Yoon Chi-ho, two leading enlightenment thinkers of the time. Yu and Yoon are two leading intellectuals who supported a gradual introduction of enlightenment during Korea’s transitional period to modernity. Experiences of study abroad to Japan and the US were critical in the formation of their ideas. Nevertheless, the influence of the western thoughts and civilization was neither extensive nor unilateral. Their family backgrounds, upbringings, education, opinions on their own society, and the prospects for the future constantly interacted with the culture shocks and impacts of modernization and westernization. Born into an affluent yangban family, Yu Gil-jun was recognized as a young man of a great future. On the other hand, despite his inherent talents and characters Yoon Chi-ho never reconciled with the established society due to his marginal status of being an illegitimate son of a mugwan(military functionary). Accordingly, their attitudes and preferences toward Confucianism and Christianity, the traditional and new knowledge systems, respectively, were very different. Eventually, their choices were expressed through their dualistic positions: individuality vs. collectivity and individualism vs. statism. Yu Gil-jun suggested an ideal and optimistic view of the transition to civilization through educating the elites and collective efforts. Appreciating the value of tradition, he saw the state as the middle point on the way to civilization. In contrast, overwhelmed by the grandeur of the western civilization Yoon Chi-ho thought that the western ideals like liberty and human rights can be explained through the logics of the real power that is in play. Distrusting and being critical of the tradition of the civilization which he belonged to, Yoon thought that his society was in the state of barbarism like that of China. From the social reality ridden with backwardness, incompetence, and obstinacy he found a dismal future dominated by despair and pessimism. He attempted to overcome such despair and frustration through identifying with Japan who is of same race and have achieved civilization. Using race as a medium, Yoon sought to transpose his inferiority complex and desperation to his desire and envy of Japan who was the only one to have succeeded in the East. In this regard, Yu Gil-jun who considered civilization before race could not be a dire supporter of Asian solidarity whereas for Yoon Chi-ho who thought race was more important than civilization the idea of Asian solidarity dominated his thinking. On civilization itself, two thinkers represented two different models, stage theory and essentialism. Stage theory seeks to understand civilization through a historical process of development and transition. Essentialism seeks to turn the stages of civilization into abstract concepts through dehistoricization. Therefore, stage theory and essentialism each having two different approaches to race and civilization led two thinkers to have two opposite views on Asian solidarity.

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이 연구는 인종과 문명이라는 두 변수의 각각이 아시아연대의 이론에 어떠한 영향을 미치게 되는가를 이 시기의 대표적인 두 개화사상가인 유길준과 윤치호의 두 사람을 통하여 검토한 것이다. 유길준과 윤치호는 근대로의 이행기에 문명개화의 점진적 도입을 지지하였던 대표적인 지식인으로서, 일본과 미국 유학의 경험이 이들의 사상 형성에서 주요한 계기가 되었다. 그러나 두 사람에게 서구의 문물이나 사상의 영향력이 전면적이거나 일방적이지는 않았다. 두 사람이 생장해 왔던 가족적 배경이나 훈육과 교육, 현실에 대한 상황 인식과 판단, 그리고 미래에 대한 전망 등은 근대화, 서구화가 가져다 준 충격 및 효과들과 지속적인 상호작용을 하였다. 유길준은 유수한 양반 가문에서 태어나 그에 걸맞은 재능을 갖춘 촉망받는 젊은이였다. 반면 윤치호는 천부의 지능과 자질은 뛰어났지만 서얼 출신의 무관의 아들이라는 신분적 주변성에 의해 기성 체제와 화해할 수 없었다. 이와 관련하여 전통 지식 체계로서의 유교와 새로이 받아들인 기독교에 대한 두 사람의 선택과 선호도는 다르게 나타났다. 궁극적으로 이는 개체와 전체, 개인주의와 국가주의로 각각 요약되는 두 사람의 입장 차이를 가져 왔다. 유길준은 엘리트의 선도와 집단의 노력을 통한 계몽의 효과를 통하여 문명의 단계적 이행이 가능하다는 이상적이고 낙관적 전망을 제시하였다. 전통의 자산이 지니는 가치에 충분히 주목하면서 자신의 국가가 문명의 발전 단계의 중간쯤에 속해 있다고 보았다. 이와 대조적으로 윤치호는 서구 선진 문명의 위용에 압도되면서, 서구가 표방하는 자유나 인권과 같은 이상들은 그 배후에서 작용하는 실제적인 힘의 논리에 의해 설명할 수 있다고 생각하였다. 자신이 속한 문명의 전통에 대한 불신과 비판을 배경으로 그는 자신의 사회가 중국과 마찬가지로 야만의 상태에 있다고 보았다. 낙후와 무능, 완고가 지배하는 사회 현실에서 그는 절망과 비관이 지배하는 암울한 미래를 읽었다. 이러한 절망과 좌절을 그는 같은 인종으로서 문명의 영역에 도달하였던 일본과의 동일시를 통하여 해소하고자 하였다. 인종이라는 매개를 통하여 그는 자신이 지닌 열등의식과 패배감을 동양에서 유일하게 적자로 생존한 일본에 대한 동경과 선망으로 전치시키고자 하였던 것이다. 이에 따라 인종보다도 문명을 상위에 두었던 유길준에게서는 아시아연대에 대한 적극적 제안을 찾아 볼 수 없는 것과 대조적으로 문명보다도 인종이 상위의 개념으로 작용하였던 윤치호에게서는 아시아연대에 대한 사유가 지배적인 것으로 나타난다. 문명 자체에 주목해 보자면 두 사람의 차이는 각각 단계론과 본질론이라는 상이한 두 유형을 대표하는 것이었다. 단계론은 문명을 발전과 이행이라는 역사적 과정을 통하여 문명을 이해하고자 하는 입장을 말하며, 본질론은 문명의 단계를 고립화시키는 구조 틀 안에서 그 자체를 탈역사화하여 추상화시키는 것을 말한다. 인종과 문명에 대한 상이한 두 접근으로서의 단계론과 본질론은 아시아연대에 대한 두 사람의 상반된 입장의 차이를 가져왔던 것이다.

This study examines how race and civilization each influenced the discourse on Asian solidarity through a comparative study of Yu Gil-jun and Yoon Chi-ho, two leading enlightenment thinkers of the time. Yu and Yoon are two leading intellectuals who supported a gradual introduction of enlightenment during Korea’s transitional period to modernity. Experiences of study abroad to Japan and the US were critical in the formation of their ideas. Nevertheless, the influence of the western thoughts and civilization was neither extensive nor unilateral. Their family backgrounds, upbringings, education, opinions on their own society, and the prospects for the future constantly interacted with the culture shocks and impacts of modernization and westernization. Born into an affluent yangban family, Yu Gil-jun was recognized as a young man of a great future. On the other hand, despite his inherent talents and characters Yoon Chi-ho never reconciled with the established society due to his marginal status of being an illegitimate son of a mugwan(military functionary). Accordingly, their attitudes and preferences toward Confucianism and Christianity, the traditional and new knowledge systems, respectively, were very different. Eventually, their choices were expressed through their dualistic positions: individuality vs. collectivity and individualism vs. statism. Yu Gil-jun suggested an ideal and optimistic view of the transition to civilization through educating the elites and collective efforts. Appreciating the value of tradition, he saw the state as the middle point on the way to civilization. In contrast, overwhelmed by the grandeur of the western civilization Yoon Chi-ho thought that the western ideals like liberty and human rights can be explained through the logics of the real power that is in play. Distrusting and being critical of the tradition of the civilization which he belonged to, Yoon thought that his society was in the state of barbarism like that of China. From the social reality ridden with backwardness, incompetence, and obstinacy he found a dismal future dominated by despair and pessimism. He attempted to overcome such despair and frustration through identifying with Japan who is of same race and have achieved civilization. Using race as a medium, Yoon sought to transpose his inferiority complex and desperation to his desire and envy of Japan who was the only one to have succeeded in the East. In this regard, Yu Gil-jun who considered civilization before race could not be a dire supporter of Asian solidarity whereas for Yoon Chi-ho who thought race was more important than civilization the idea of Asian solidarity dominated his thinking. On civilization itself, two thinkers represented two different models, stage theory and essentialism. Stage theory seeks to understand civilization through a historical process of development and transition. Essentialism seeks to turn the stages of civilization into abstract concepts through dehistoricization. Therefore, stage theory and essentialism each having two different approaches to race and civilization led two thinkers to have two opposite views on Asian solidarity.

960

余光中詩的古典音韻美及其轉化

黃榮順

[NRF 연계] 한국중국언어문화연구회 한중언어문화연구 Vol.16 2008.05 pp.277-292

...Yu Kwang-chung’s poetry is the use of rhyming patterns. Not only do rhymes abound in his earlier works, the sentence structures also contain a degree of symmetry, which is highly reminiscent of classical Chinese poetry. Since the diction of vernacular Chinese is different from that of classical Chinese, the freedom of form enjoyed by free verse is hence much greater than classical poems. As such, the poet is bound to ponder a transformation in the merging process in order to achieve a form that is more versatile. Based on Vol. 1 (1949-1981) and Vol. 2 (1982-1998) of Yu’s anthology, this article examines the aspect of timing of the poet, and how he gradually transforms what appears as rigid rules of rhymes of classical poems into the flexible rhythms of free verse.

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作者簡介 : 黃榮順 (Jung-Shun HUANG), 1975年生。臺灣臺中人。臺大中文系、臺大中文研究所碩士,現為中研院史語所專任助理。高中時啟蒙對現代詩的喜好,於余光中、鄭愁予等名家獲益良多,詩作曾獲校內文學獎。大學時詩作亦多次刊登於系刊上。研究所轉而投入傳統小學文字聲韻的研究,期望能對文學開拓多角度的視野,以及深度廣度的經營。 內容題要 : 音韻形式的運用是余光中詩的一大特點。早期作品不僅頻繁地押韻,甚至連句式也相當整齊,儼然脫胎於中國的古典詩歌。然而白話文語詞的應用相異於文言,現代詩在形式上的自由也非古典詩歌所可比擬。詩人必然在融合的過程中思考一種轉化,嘗試更為靈活的新的型態。限於學力,本文專以余光中詩選第一輯 (1949-1981) 為對象,考察詩人在時間的向度上,如何將古典詩看似呆板的音韻格律,逐步轉化為現代詩靈活的節奏的鼓點。

One of the main characteristics of Yu Kwang-chung’s poetry is the use of rhyming patterns. Not only do rhymes abound in his earlier works, the sentence structures also contain a degree of symmetry, which is highly reminiscent of classical Chinese poetry. Since the diction of vernacular Chinese is different from that of classical Chinese, the freedom of form enjoyed by free verse is hence much greater than classical poems. As such, the poet is bound to ponder a transformation in the merging process in order to achieve a form that is more versatile. Based on Vol. 1 (1949-1981) and Vol. 2 (1982-1998) of Yu’s anthology, this article examines the aspect of timing of the poet, and how he gradually transforms what appears as rigid rules of rhymes of classical poems into the flexible rhythms of free verse.

 
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