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『Gup Yu Bang 』 is the first Korean book that specialized in pediatrics. It was written by Jo Jeong-jun on the 25th year of King Young Jo in the Choson dynasty. He quoted a lot of information from 『Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun』by Yi-cheon in the Myung dynasty and 『Xiao Er Yao Zheag Zhi Jue』by Qian Yi in the Song dynasty, but he added his own opinions and clinical experiences to the book. In addition to that, the book explains not only symptoms and prescriptions but also the etiology and pathology of children's diseases. In particular, he showed a great deal of creativity in his book called 「Dong Bang Six Fu's Qi Principle」 After studying 『 Gup Yu Bang 』, I have drawn the following conclusions. 1. Prevention is more important than treatment in pediatrics. 2. When we make a diagnosis, facial inspection has priority. 3. In terms of treatmemt, Wu zang is a general rule. Therefore, we should focus on Wu zang and Pi Wei. 4. The following terms definition symptom cause prescription clinical example prevention are to be explained with reference to the nature or symptoms of the disease. 5. We can see that smallpox was more widspread than the measles in the period of King Young Jo. 6. Even though he was influenced by 『Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun』, 『Xiao Er Yao Zheag Zhi Jue』, and 『Dong eui bo gam』, his own explanation is clearer in his book called 『 Gup Yu Bang 』which is based on his own clinical experiences. 7.『 Gup Yu Bang 』 is a practical and experiential book.

So far, Han Yu(韓愈)'s four-line poem has not been researched overall, so the goal of this paper is to see his poem with bird eyes view through research of his four-line poem. It had researched its contents and style. First of all, the content of Han Yu's four-line poem are very various and they has two peculiarities. One was that subjects of poem changed variously from traditional subject to subjects such as political issues, and daily works. Another one was that it included philosophical reasons, and speculative and rational thoughts. Second, The peculiarity of styles are that it used a lot of sentences which are not followed rhyme scheme(拗句) and prosed sentence patterns, and it has pretty a lot of works which didn't rhyme the first line in four line-seven character poem. Third, Han Yu's four-line poem is distinguished pingshi(平實), chenzhuo(沈着), haofang(豪放) and the main style is pingshi. It was a sense of beauty which is not ornate and describes it with normal conversation words. The pingshi style represents his four-line poem and it is distinct from his Pre-Tang poetry.In conclusion, Han Yu's four-line poem was written in a new way and style which did not followed the ordinary four-line poem of Tang's era.

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The purpose of this study is to propose a solution for Goguryeo costume and its materials, colors, patterns, and accessories, which have not been dealt with in precedent studies and were treated as irrelevant subjects. The specific object of reconstruction with identification from the historical viewpoint is noble woman's costume(Yu and Gun) on the mural paintings of Jang-Cheon No.1 tomb in Jip-An province. As above, the reconstruction process of Yu(Jacket) and Gun(Skirt) worn by noble woman as depicted on the mural painting of the Baek-Hee-Gi-Ak-Do(百戱伎樂圖) in Jang-Cheon No.1 ancient tomb is suggested in this study. The most important issue for consideration was how to represent and exhibit it so that it resembles the mural painting as closely as possible. And the problems that arose at the time were the ratio and silhouette, which revealed disparities between the one on the mural painting and the costumes reproduced with identification from a historical viewpoint. The most difficult aspect of this work was due to the fact that the actual mural paintings were not available for verification. Therefore accuracy on details such as structure, materials, colors, patterns and accessory were difficult to obtain. So a further analysis of patterns, silhouettes, materials and colors are required for the precise representation of costume and dress on the mural painting.

백두대간 덕유산지역 일대에 분포하는 식물상을 조사한 결과 91과 243속 353종 53변종 5품종 총 411종류가 확인되었다. 개비자나무, 생강나무, 대팻집나무 및 노각나무 등이 나타나 남부아구로 볼 수 있으나 거제수나무, 사스래나무, 처녀치마 및 금강애기나리 등 중부아구 식물도 확인되었으며, 해발 1,000m 이상인 곳에는 고산식물이 많이 분포하였다. 산림청이 지정한 희귀 및 멸종위기종은 솔나리와 산작약, 그리고 구상나무, 금강애기나리, 말나리, 뻐꾹나리, 누른종덩굴, 등대시호, 흰참꽃 및 꽃창포 등으로 총 10종이 확인되었다. 환경부지정 보호 야생 동ㆍ식물에 포함되어 있는 종은 솔나리 1종이 확인되었다. 한국특산식물종은 개비자나무, 구상나무, 일월비비추, 죽대, 뻐꾹나리 등 12과 21속 20종 1품종 1변종으로 총 22종류가 확인되었다.

The vascular plants of Mt. Deog-yu area in the Baekdudaegan were recorded as 411 taxa; 91 families, 243 genera, 353 species, 53 varieties and 5 forma. From the floristic point of view, the Baekdudaegan, a main mountain range of the Korean peninsula, in the region of Mt. Deog-yu, belongs to the southern province in Korea, as the species like Cephalotaxus koreana, Lindera obtusiloba, Ilex macropoda and Stewartia koreana. are ranged in this region. But the species of the Northern element such as Betula costata, Betula ermani, Heloniopsis orientalis and Disporum ovale are also recorded in the region. Above the sea level from 1,000m, many sub alpine plant species are recorded. Rare and endangered plant species which are categorized by the Office of Forestry were 10 species such as Lilium cernum, Paeonia obovata, Abies koreana, Disporum ovale, Lilium distichum, Tricyrtis dilatata, Clematis chiisanensis, Bupleurum euphorbioides, Rhododendron schonoskii and Iris ensata var. spontanea. The protected plant species which are categorized by the Ministry of Environment were recorded only Lilium cernum. The Korean endemic plant species were recorded as 22 taxa; 12 families, 21 genera, 20 species 1 varieties, and 1 forma. Among them the plant species such as Cephalotaxus koreana, Abies koreana, Hosta capitata, Polygonatum lasianthum var. coreanum and Tricyrtis dilatata are representative ones in the region.

이 글은 한성사범학교 설립 130주년을 맞이하여 유길준이 한성사범학교의 태동과 설립 과정에서 어떤 측면에서, 그리고 어떻게 공헌했는지를 규명하기 위한 시도이다. 이를 위해 유길준의 생애를 통해 근대교육의 사상적 기반이 된 그의 개화사상이 어떤 과정을 거쳐 형성되었는지를 살펴본 후, 한성사범학교의 태동과 설립에서의 유길준의 기여를 세 가지 측면에서 탐색한다. 첫째, 이념적 측면에서 『서유견문』에 나타난 유길준의 개화사상은 조선이 정치·사회·경제적으로 근대적 체제로 개혁되는 데 필요한 교육의 중요성과 이념적 방향을 제시하였다. 둘째, 교육론적 측면에서 그가 강조한 소학교 교육은 근대교육의 출발점으로서 소학교 설립과 교사 양성기관인 사범학교의 설립을 촉진하였다. 셋째, 제도적·정책적 측면에서 그는 갑오경장의 산실인 군국기무처의 설립 기초위원으로 참여하여 근대 개혁의 청사진을 그림으로써, 사범학교 설립을 위한 정책적·제도적 실천을 가능하게 하였다. 유길준은 한국 교육체계를 근대화하는 초석을 마련한 점, 초등교육의 보편화와 의무교육을 촉진한 점, 우리나라 최초의 근대 교원양성 교육을 가능하게 한 점에서 의미가 있다.

This paper elucidates Yu Kil-chun’s contributions to the establishment of Hanseong Normal School on the occasion of its 130th anniversary. It begins by tracing the development of Yu’s Enlightenment(Gaehwa) thought, which formed the intellectual foundation of his educational philosophy. Building on this analysis, the study explores his role in the schools’s founding from three interrelated perspectives. First, from an ideological perspective, Yu viewed education as the primary driving force behind political, social, and economic reforms in late Joseon society, as articulated in Seoyugyeonmun(Observations on the Western World). Second, from the perspective of educational theory, his emphasis on elementary education as the cornerstone of a modern educational system contributed to both the expansion of elementary schools and the establishment of Hanseong Normal School. Third, from an institutional and policy perspective, Yu’s involvement in the formulation and implementation of the Gabo Reforms helped create the legal and administrative conditions necessary for the school’s establishment. Thus, Yu Kil-chun played a pivotal role in the modernization of Korea’s educational system by promoting the universalization of elementary education, introducing compulsory schooling, and contributing to the creation of Korea’s first modern teacher-training institution.

Death constitutes the profound background and core dynamic of Yu Hua's novels. Focusing on Yu Hua's five major novels (excluding Chronicle of a Blood Merchant), this paper systematically analyzes the internal constitution, operational mechanisms, and ideological evolution of his “death narrative” from a narratological perspective. First, the study classifies death events into “Major Deaths” and “Minor Deaths” based on their plot functions, demonstrating the complementary tension between structural framework construction and historical background rendering. Second, by examining narrative chronology, the paper identifies three forms: “Destined Death,” “Sudden Death,” and “Post-Mortem Death,” It reveals how the manipulation of narrative time?from fatalistic foreshadowing to retrospective reconstruction?constructs a multi-dimensional experience of tragedy and reflection. Third, the paper analyzes the structural models of death narratives, pointing out that “Explosive Death,” “Gradual Fading,” and “Ritualistic Destruction” correspond to external violent devastation, compromise under time's erosion, and spiritual transcendence, respectively. Finally, the paper traces the evolution of Yu Hua's death narrative from the indifferent spectatorship of his avant-garde period to the fatalistic compassion of his transition period, and ultimately to the search for spiritual redemption in his new century works. The study concludes that Yu Hua transforms the philosophical proposition of “being-towards- death” into concrete narrative rhetoric. By establishing an aesthetic distance through the reorganization of time and form, he achieves a “reverse confirmation” of life's resilience via the reconstruction of death, thereby offering a unique literary response to the existential state of individuals within history.

“语”“文”关系是国际中文教育的核心问题。长期以来, 中国内地以“语文一体”为主的教学模式在课程设计与教材编写中取得了一定成效, 但在初级阶段仍普遍面临“汉字难学、阅读障碍、输入输出效率低下”等困境。其根源在于汉语语言系统与汉字书写系统的不一致性, 而“语文分开”正是而“语文分开”正是基于这种差异所提出的教学策略。本文基于13个典型案例, 系统梳理了“先语后文”“语文分进”“语文并进”等不同实践模式, 总结其教学背景、组织结构与成效特点。案例分析表明, 不同模式的实施效果取决于学习者类型、课程目标与教学周期。总体而言, “语文分开”不仅是一种教学策略, 更关乎语言本体特征、学习规律与教育结构的系统性思考。

The relationship between “yu” (language) and “wen” (script) lies at the core of international Chinese education. For a long time, the prevailing “Yu-Wen integration” model in mainland China has achieved certain results in curriculum design and textbook compilation. However, at the elementary stage, learners still commonly encounter difficulties such as the perceived complexity of Chinese characters, reading obstacles, and low efficiency in both input and output. The root cause of these challenges lies in the structural discrepancy between the Chinese linguistic system and the Chinese writing system. In response to this, the “Yu-Wen separation” approach has been proposed as a pedagogical strategy. Drawing on 13 representative cases, this study systematically reviews practical models such as “language before script,” “parallel but separate development,” and “integrated progression,” summarizing their instructional contexts, organizational structures, and learning outcomes. The analysis indicates that the effectiveness of each model largely depends on learner profiles, curricular goals, and instructional duration. Overall, the “Yu-Wen separation” approach is not merely a teaching strategy, but also reflects a systematic consideration of linguistic features, learning patterns, and educational structures.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Yu Yong-mo (Daseok)’s “Spirit Christology” in the context of the history of religions, and to clarify its features and implications. The method employed is a textual analysis of primary sources such as Daseok Ilji and collections of sayings, combined with a review of existing scholarship. The study focuses on his distinction between body-self (몸나) and spirit-self (얼나), his interpretation of the Spirit in relation to ŏl(얼), and his critique of substitutionary atonement. The findings show that Daseok does not absolutize Jesus as an independent divine being, but rather understands him as one who realized intimate union with God through the maturation of the spirit-self. Moreover, Daseok expands the meaning of Christ into a universal possibility of spirituality accessible to all humans, and reinterprets salvation not as blood atonement but as existential participation and inner transformation. His thought incorporates Buddhist emptiness, Daoist void, and Confucian nature, thereby redefining Christian faith as a horizon of inner cultivation and ethical practice. The significance of this study lies in extending Daseok's Christology beyond dogmatic theology into a religious-studies discourse that emphasizes interreligious dialogue and mutual understanding.

김유정 소설의 수치심은 작가가 다루는 다양한 정서와 감정 중에서도 특징적이다. 기존 논의에서는 수치심을 주체 자신의 불완전함과 관련된 개인적 차원에 한정하며, 극복해야 할 대상으로 분석했다. 그러나 보다 근본적으로 수치심은 타자의 응시로부터 비롯된다. 응시는 안정된 현실을 구성하기 위해 가려져 있던 결여가 가까이 다가오는 것과 같다. 김유정 소설 속 인물들은 타자의 응시에 노출되면서 자신의 욕망을 구성하는 현실이 뒤흔들리는 것을 겪고, 수치심을 느끼게 된다. 동시에, 불안과 마찬가지로 수치심은 응시와의 마주침에 대한 경고로 기능한다. 수치심은 인물들의 현실이 무너지지 않고 자신의 욕망을 지속할 수 있도록 상징적 현실의 ‘베일’을 유지하게 만든다. 이처럼 김유정 소설의 수치심에 대한 재해석을 통해 작가 특유의 결여에 대한 인식과 이를 통해 구조화된 현실을 문학적으로 구현하는 방식을 읽어낼 수 있다.

The shame in Kim Yu-jeong’s novels is a characteristic among various emotions. In previous discussions, shame was limited to personal emotions and analyzed as something to be overcome. However, more fundamentally, shame comes from the gaze of the Other. The gaze reveals the underlying lack that structures reality. When the characters in Kim Yu-jeong’s novels are exposed to the gaze of the Other, the reality that constitutes their desires collapses and they feel shame. At the same time, shame functions as a warning about encountering the gaze. Shame maintains the ‘veil’ of symbolic reality so that the characters’ reality does not collapse and they can continue their desires. Through the reinterpretation of shame in Kim Yu-jeong’s novels, it becomes possible to read the author’s unique perception of the lack and the the structured reality reprensented in his novels.

A Confucian scholar Jung Dong-yu(1744~1808) of the late Joseon Dynasty, was a descendant of Jung Nan-zong, and left writings “Ju Yeong-pyeon(晝永編)” and “Hyeondongsil-yugo(玄同室遺稿)” that showed ideological characteristics in his later years. The contents of these two writings each show his practical values and an opened attitude toward various studies. In the case of “Ju yeong-pyeon”, It shows a critical perspective of the prosecuted academic situation and non-empirical academic style of Neo-Confucianism in that times, and also shows a naturalistic and archaeological approach of classics, and an open perception of Confucianism that transcends time and space. it indicating that he was at the center of the turning point of Confucianism in the late Joseon Dynasty. And, in the “Hyeondongsil-yugo”, we can find his fundamental exploration of the origin and meaning of the Zhou-yi(周易)’s system and the perspective of viewing Taegeuk(太極) as Ki(氣), Thus, The writing shows the times and development in that he emphasis not only the independence of his philosophy but also the original value of "Yi-li YI(義理之易)".

이 연구는 김유정 소설을 농촌소설과 도시소설로 구분하고 각 계열의 특징을 대비적으로 이해하기 위해 소설의 어휘를 계량언어학적인 연구방법을 통해 분석하였다. 각 계열에서 출현하는 일반명사의 빈도 비교, 작품별 유의미어 비교, 공기어 분석을 통한 계열 간 비교를 통해 이러한 논의를 진행했다. 그 결과 어휘의 빈도 분석을 통해 농촌과 도시의 공간적 특징을 드러내는 ‘산’과 ‘방’ 을 포착할 수 있었다. 유의미어 비교를 통해서는 농촌소설에서 해당 계열의 특징을 드러내는 유의미어들이 도시소설보다 두드러지게 출현하고 있음을 이해할 수 있었으며, 도시소설의 경우에는 도시적 배경이나 소재보다는 인물의 직업과 관련된 어휘들이 다수 출현하였다. 이러한 특징은 공기어 분석을 통해서도 일부 드러났는데, 이를 통해 김유정 소설의 계열별 특징을 보다 수량적으로 명시함으로써 개별적인 연구자의 시각에의존해온 작품에 대한 이해를 보다 구체화할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to divide Kim Yujung's novels into rural novels and urban novels and to understand the characteristics of each series in contrast. For this purpose, the vocabulary of the novel was analyzed using quantitative linguistic research methods. In this study, discussions were conducted through comparison of the frequency of common nouns that appear in each series, comparison of meaningfulness for each work, and comparison between series through analysis of the co-occurring words. As a result, through frequency analysis of vocabulary, we were able to capture ‘mountain’ and ‘room’, which reveal the spatial characteristics of rural areas and cities. And through the comparison of meaningful words, it was possible to understand that meaningful words that reveal the characteristics of the series appear more prominently in rural novels than in urban novels. In the case of urban novels, many vocabulary related to the character's occupation appeared rather than to the urban background or matter. Some of these characteristics were also revealed through analysis of the co-occurring words. As a result, this study was able to specify the characteristics of each series of Kim Yu-jeong's novels more quantitatively, thereby concretizing the understanding of the works that had been dependent on the perspectives of individual researchers.

본 논문은 재중 한인 아나키스트이자 문예론자인 유기석이 20세기 20년대 중반부터 50년대 초반까지 중국매체들에 발표한 자료 중, 새로 발굴한 자료들을 주로 고찰하면서 그 자료들의 가치를 분석하여 평가하고 그에 새로운 의미를 부여하는 것을 연구목적으로 삼았다. 재중 항일아나키스트로서 유기석은 독립운동에 적극 참가하는 한편 중국의 여러 매체들에 자신의 아나키즘 이상과 사상을 표명한 문장들을 다수 발표했는바 현재까지 발굴하여 정리한 글들이 무려 170 여 편에 달한다. 그리고 유기석은 이 시기 중국 여러 신문과 잡지들의 창간이나 편집에 관여하였는데 그 관련 매체수가 27종에 달한다. 이와 같은 활발한 문필활동과 편집활동들에서 우리는 그의 아나키즘이상에 대한 집념과 추구를 엿볼 수 있다. 그가 발표한 문장들은 대체로 다음과 같은 몇 가지 특징이 있다. 우선, 장르가 다양하다. 그의 문장에는 문예평론 외에도 기행문, 시, 수필(산문), 회고록 같은 문체가 있는가 하면 사회와 경제, 또는 국제정치를 다룬 정론도 있다. 유기석은 이와 같은 문체들을 통해 자신의 사상과 감정을 다각도로 표현하고 있다. 다음, 내용이 매우 풍부하다. 유기석의 문예비평들은 주로 아나키즘문예이론에 대한 견해, 즉 그가 극구 주장한 민중 중심의 ‘민중예술론’ 등을 주로 보여주고 있으며 시나 수필 및 기행문들은 디아스포라 한인으로서 이국땅에서 살아가면서 느낀 사적인 감정, 사상적인 고민, 소감 등을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 정론이나 사회 논평들은 주로 식민지 국내현실과 조선에 대한 일본의 약탈정책과 탄압에 대한 비판, 미국과 일본, 러시아, 그리고 유럽의 독일, 영국, 이탈리아, 프랑스 등 세계열강들 간의 외교 및 군사적 갈등, 각 나라들의 내부 법률제도와 경제정책, 또는 한국과 인도, 필리핀 등을 포함한 동방약소민족 국가들의 자유민주운동과 독립운동 상황이나 각국의 무정부주의운동에 대한 견해, 반식민지 중국의 농업경제상황과 사회현실문제 등에 대한 유기석 나름의 견해들을 보여주고 있다. 총괄적으로 유기석의 문장들에서 우리는 아나키스트로서 그의 아나키즘이상에 대한 추구와 자유평등에 대한 갈망, 높은 시대적 사명감, 강자가 약자를 억압하는 불합리한 현실을 개혁하고자 하는 강인한 의지와 투쟁정신, 그리고 남다른 국제적 안목과 넓은 학식, 깊은 문예 소양도 엿볼 수 있다. 유기석은 아나키즘사상을 철학적으로 논의한 문예론자일 뿐만 아니라 그것을 민중 해방의 실천에 접목시키고자 노력한 행동주의아나키스트였다.

This paper mainly investigates newly discovered articles published in Chinese media from the mid-20s to the early 50s of the 20th century by Yu Ki-seok, a Korean anarchist and literary scholar in China, analyzes and evaluates the value of those articles, and gives them new meaning. As an anti-Japanese anarchist in China, Yu Ki-seok actively participated in the independence movement and published many articles expressing his anarchist ideals and thoughts in various Chinese media. As many as 170 articles have been discovered and organized to date. Yu Ki-seok was involved in the founding and editing of various Chinese newspapers and magazines during this period, and the number of related media reached 27 types. In these active writing and editing activities, we can get a glimpse of his obsession and pursuit of anarchist ideals. The articles he published generally have the following characteristics. First of all, there are various genres. In addition to literary criticism, his writings include styles such as travel writing, poetry, essays (prose), and memoirs, as well as political opinions dealing with society, economy, or international politics. Yu Ki-seok expresses his thoughts and emotions in various ways through these writing styles. Next, the content is very rich. Literary criticism mainly shows his views on anarchist literary theory, that is, the people-centered ‘people’s art theory’ that he strongly advocated, and his poems, essays, and travel writings reflect his personal emotions, ideological concerns, and impressions he felt while living in a foreign land as a diaspora Korean. It shows the back. Political opinions and social commentary mainly include criticism of the colonial domestic reality and Japan’s plundering policy and oppression of Joseon, diplomatic and military conflicts between the United States, Japan, Russia, and world powers such as Germany, Britain, Italy, and France in Europe, and Each country’s internal legal system and economic policy, the situation of liberal democratic movements and independence movements in Eastern countries including Korea, India, and the Philippines, views on anarchist movements in each country, and the agricultural economy and social problems of semi-colonial China. It introduces awareness, etc. Overall, through Yu Ki-seok’s articles, we can observe his pursuit of anarchist ideals as an anarchist, his yearning for freedom and equality, his strong sense of duty towards the times, his unwavering will and fighting spirit to challenge the unreasonable reality where the powerful oppress the weak, and his remarkable international perspective. We can also gain a glimpse of his extensive knowledge and profound literary understanding. Yu Ki-seok was not only a literary scholar who philosophically explored anarchist ideas, but also an active anarchist who endeavored to integrate them into the practice of people’s liberation.