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541

롼링위와 조선 ― 김염과 정기탁, 그리고 조선 매체를 통한 초국적 교섭

장동천

[NRF 연계] 고려대학교 중국학연구소 중국학논총 Vol.86 2024.12 pp.319-359

...yu(阮玲玉) is a leading Chinese actress with the most contact with Korean filmmakers in the Japanese colonial era. She has appeared in seven films with Kim Yeom(or Jin Yan, 김염), who has been referred to as old Shanghai's “Movie Emperor”, and has also worked on seven films with Jeong Ki-tak(정기탁), a famous Korean director and actor. Her film collaboration with the two Koreans has been important in her acting life. On the other hand, news about Shanghai films and reports about Ruan began to appear in the Korean media’s film discourse after the 1930s. In particular, writers like Jeong Rae-dong(정래동) focused on the reform of Shanghai films and Ruan’s role. In this paper, I will largely explore three parts. First, I will examine the meaning of Ruan’s co-appearance with Kim Yeom, secondly, the Korean media’s perception of Ruan, centered on Jeong Rae-dong’s writing, and finally, I will examine the characteristics of Ruan’s collaboration with Jeong Ki-tak, focusing on Goodbye, Shanghai(再會吧, 上海!) starring Ruan and directed by Jeong Ki-tak. Through this analysis, I will explore the meaning of transnational contact between Ruan Ling-yu and the Koreans from the late 1920s to the early 1930s.

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Ruan Ling-yu(阮玲玉) is a leading Chinese actress with the most contact with Korean filmmakers in the Japanese colonial era. She has appeared in seven films with Kim Yeom(or Jin Yan, 김염), who has been referred to as old Shanghai's “Movie Emperor”, and has also worked on seven films with Jeong Ki-tak(정기탁), a famous Korean director and actor. Her film collaboration with the two Koreans has been important in her acting life. On the other hand, news about Shanghai films and reports about Ruan began to appear in the Korean media’s film discourse after the 1930s. In particular, writers like Jeong Rae-dong(정래동) focused on the reform of Shanghai films and Ruan’s role. In this paper, I will largely explore three parts. First, I will examine the meaning of Ruan’s co-appearance with Kim Yeom, secondly, the Korean media’s perception of Ruan, centered on Jeong Rae-dong’s writing, and finally, I will examine the characteristics of Ruan’s collaboration with Jeong Ki-tak, focusing on Goodbye, Shanghai(再會吧, 上海!) starring Ruan and directed by Jeong Ki-tak. Through this analysis, I will explore the meaning of transnational contact between Ruan Ling-yu and the Koreans from the late 1920s to the early 1930s.

542

다석 류영모와 신학적 민주주의: 다석의 독생자론을 중심으로

이동형

[NRF 연계] 연세대학교 신과대학 연합신학대학원 신학논단 Vol.110 2022.12 pp.189-219

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누군가에게 사랑의 하나님이 다른 누군가에게는 고통과 폭력의 하나님이 되기도 한다. 현대에 여전히 남아있는 제왕적 하나님의 형상과 더불어 신앙의 객체로서 인간을 바라보는 전통적인 대속주의는 우리로 하여금 구원이 가지는 의미에 대하여 끊임없이 성찰하기보다 그저 있는 자리에서 하나님을 올려다보게 만든다. 본 논문은 하나님과 예수, 그리고 인간 사이의 관계 안에서 신앙의 주체로서 인간의 실존을 조명하기 위해 다석 류영모의 독생자론을 통한 신학적 민주주의의 가능성을 살펴보려고 한다. 이를 위해 우선 하나님의 외아들로서 예수를 바라보는 전통적 대속이론을 살펴볼 것이다. 여기서 필자는 사도신경의 역사 안에 나타나는 예수에 대한 기록과 안셀름의 인간이 되신 하나님 속 대속의 논리를 살펴보고 비판한다. 이어서 필자는 다석의 사상 안에서 신학적 민주주의의 가능성을 살펴볼 것이다. 모든 인간은 독생자로서 하나님을 향한 개인의 민주적 책임을 가지는데, 다석은 그것을 수행과 자속으로 표현한다. 마지막으로 다석의 독생자론과 신학적 민주주의에 대한 비판적 성찰을 수행한다. 다석이 말하는 독생자론과 자속적 수행은 단순히 인간의 자력 구원을 의미하는 것이 아니다. 오히려 그것은 인간의 삶 전체를 하나님과 관계하는 수행의 과정으로 바라보는 다석의 사유를 드러내며, 이것을 통해서 우리는 예수의 십자가의 참된 의미를 성찰하게 된다. 요컨대 다석의 독생자론을 통해 본 신학적 민주주의는 모든 존재를 위한 사랑의 하나님을 더욱 잘 드러나게 해준다는 것이 필자의 결론이다.

Sometimes, God of love becomes God of pain and violence to someone. Along with the still remaining image of the imperial God in modern times, the traditional substitutionary theory that considers human as object of faith makes us look up at God from where we are, rather than constantly reflecting on the meaning of salvation. This article examines the possibility of theological democracy through Yong-Mo’s theory of sonship to illuminate the existence of human as subject of faith in the relationship between God, Jesus, and human. To this end, I will first look at the traditional Christian theory of sonship which considers Jesus as the one and only son of God. Here I try to criticize the historic references of Jesus in the Apostolic Creed and Anselm’s logic of atonement in Cur Deus Homo. I would then like to focus on the possibility of theological democracy in the ideas of Yong-Mo. Every human being has an individual democratic responsibility as the children of God, which are practice and self-redemption. Finally, I will carry out the critical reflections on Yong-Mo’s theory of sonship and theological democracy. What he says about the theory of sonship and practice does not simply mean human’s self-salvation. Rather, it represents his perspective which understands human life as a whole process related to God. I suggest that we can reflect the true meaning of Jesus Christ’s Cross through Yong-Mo’s ideas and it can better reveal the truth of God, which is love for all.

543

순조 1년(1801) ‘신유옥사(辛酉獄事)’와 윤행임(尹行恁) 사사(賜死) 사건 -임시발(任時發)․윤가기(尹可基) 사건을 중심으로-

김정자

[NRF 연계] 한국역사민속학회 역사민속학 Vol.61 2021.12 pp.151-192

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정조는 재위 24년(1800) 6월에 서거했다. 순조를 대신해서 정순왕후가 수렴청정을 했다. 노론 외척 세력 내에서 정순왕후 경주 김문과 노론 벽파 세력 내에서 심환지 등이 ‘벽파정권’을 형성했다. 소론 내에서 사도세자 반추숭 세력과 남인 내에서 공서파 세력도 ‘벽파정권’에 협조했다. ‘벽파정권’은 서학 관련 죄목으로 노론 외척 세력 내에서 혜경궁 세력과 종친 세력, 노론ㆍ남인 내의 신서파 세력을 축출하는 ‘신유사옥’과 함께 노ㆍ소론, 남인 내의 청론ㆍ정조 측근ㆍ사도세자 추숭 세력을 축출하는 ‘신유옥사’를 일으켰다. 윤행임은 당시 금령이 내려졌던 서학 관련 사안이나 사도세자 추숭 사안보다는 정조의 유의(遺意)인 외척의 정치 참여를 반대하며, 제 세력 내 어진 사람을 조제보합(調劑保合)하여 등용하는 정치를 지향했다[우현좌척(右賢左戚)]. 그는 정조의 뜻을 이어 청론 세력의 신원과 추증을 주장하며, 그들의 정치 참여를 이끌었고, ‘벽파정권’과 외척 세력을 견제했다. 윤행임은 정조 사후 1년 만에 외임(外任)되었다가 유배처분을 받았다. 이때 ‘임시발ㆍ윤가기 사건’이 일어났다. 추국을 통해 임시발이 ‘벽파정권’의 정순왕후ㆍ김관주ㆍ심환지를 논척하는 흉언ㆍ흉서를 괘서ㆍ투서했고, 그 배후로 윤가기가 지목되었다. 임시발은 대역부도로 부대시 능지처사, 윤가기는 범상부도로 부대시참되었다. 윤행임은 시론(時論)에 의해 이들의 배후로 지목되었고, 그의 죄목은 정조의 유지를 핑계대고 못된 무리를 보호하여 뒷날을 위한 계책으로 삼으려 했다는 것이었다. 정순왕후는 그가 정조의 측근 신하이고 자신이 발탁했던 사람이었다는 이유로 특별히 ‘형벌을 가볍게 한다[減等之典]’는 법률에 따라 사약을 내렸다. 윤행임 사후, 박제가의 진술에서 그가 율곡처럼 조제보합과 서얼허통을 하려한 점을 확인할 수 있다. 순조 6년(1806) ‘병인경화’로 ‘벽파정권’과 경주 김문 세력이 축출되지만, 윤행임은 노ㆍ소론, 남인 내 반청론ㆍ반추숭ㆍ공서파 세력에 의해 신원되지 못했다. 순조 9년(1809) 윤행임의 부인이 상언을 올리자, 순조는 복관을 명령했지만, 의금부에서는 대계(臺啓)가 진행 중이어서 논의할 수 없다고 보고했다. 그는 헌종 1년(1835)에 관작이 회복되었다.

544

유득공의 검서관 활동과 고증학적 면모

손혜리

[NRF 연계] 진단학회 진단학보 Vol.136 2021.06 pp.407-427

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柳得恭(1748∼1807)은 조선 후기 정조 대 규장각의 초대 검서관으로 활동한 문인이자 역사가이다. 그는 <<영재집>>을 비롯하여 <<열하기행시주>>, <<이십일도회고시>>, <<고운당필기>>, <<경도잡지>> 등 다양한 저술을 남겼던 바 이를 관통하는 하나의 경향이 있으니, 바로 문헌 고증을 통한 객관적이고 사실적인 기록 태도이다. 본고는 유득공의 시문을 통섭하는 학문 성향 중 고증적 면모를 집중적으로 탐색한 글이다. 유득공은 사실의 여부를 판단하거나 오류를 검증하기 위해 다양한 문헌을 두루 인용하였다. 그 과정에서 중국의 역사서를 먼저 인용한 뒤 우리나라 역사서를 인용하여 논지를 설파하기 위한 수단으로 활용하였다. 우리나라 역사서가 소략하여 <<삼국사기>>와 <<고려사>> 이전 시기를 상고할 수 없기 때문에 중국의 21史를 적극적으로 활용한다면 ‘徵信’에 도움이 되기 때문이다. 그의 고증적인 면모는 동시대에 검서관으로 활동하고 비슷한 학문 성향을 지닌 이덕무나 성해응보다 역사, 지리, 문헌, 풍속, 언어 고증에 치력하여 좀 더 조선적인 특성이 부각된다. 그 과정에서 다양한 문헌을 두루 인용하여 ‘징신’의 방법을 적극적으로 활용함으로써 입증을 통한 정밀한 기록 태도를 지향하였다. 그리고 그 배경에는 검서관으로 재임하면서 규장각에 비장된 각종 귀중본과 최신본 서적을 열람하고 당대 최고의 문인들과 학문적 교유를 한 것이 중요한 동인이 되었다.

545

裵庭裕의 『東觀奏記』에 대한 사료적 검토와 譯註

류준형

[NRF 연계] 중국사학회 중국사연구 Vol.130 2021.02 pp.37-89

...yu(Pei Ting-yu) participated in the compilation of the Annals of Emperor Seonjong(Xuanzong) at the order of the contemporary Emperor, but failed to complete the mission amid the chaotic social situation at the time. Dong gwan ju gi(Dong guan zou ji) was presented with the aim of supplementing the situation in which the actual records were absent and preparing records for future generations. Dong gwan ju gi describes the public year of Emperor Seonjong's reign called as Dae jong(Da zhong). The short-term characteristics of Dong gwan ju gi provide a very important basis for confirming historical facts of Dae jong period. Along with the fact that Bae Jung-yu participated in the compilation of the Annals, the condition that he personally spent his childhood with the Da jong period in person and experienced the period further enhances the historical credibility of Dong gwan ju gi. In addition, Dong gwan ju gi doubles the historical value in terms of Da jong period’s annual description. As the fact that Emperor Seonjong was also considered a ‘Junior Emperor Tae jong(Tai zong)’ in later generations suggests, his reign was a time of new changes and revival of Tang dynasty. Although the reign of Emperor Seonjong did not create a period of complete revival, it showed the possibility of anticipating the revival of the dynasty in the historical development leading to the collapse of the dynasty. The history of Tang dynasty contained in Dong gwan ju gi has more than just one dynasty’s history. The inverse of Dong gwan ju gi clearly shows this kind of historical value. It covers the entire reign of Emperor Seonjong from the first year of Dae jong period to the 13th year of Dae jong and also delivers historical facts that are not recorded in other sources. For example, the activities of Emperor Seonjong's birth mother, empress dowager Jung(Zheng) were vividly shown, and specific responsibilities were clearly stated in relation to the cause of death of empress dowager Gwak(Guo)'s death. It not only recorded the details of Lee gak(Li que)’s life, but also created the origin of the literary use of Golden Lotus candle(Jin lian hua zhu). In addition, the institutional operation, such as the preparation of “Deng gwa myung ki(Deng ke ming ji)”, is shown in detail to help understand the relevant system. Dong gwan ju gi VolumeⅠ alone clearly shows the historical characteristics and values of Dong gwan ju gi. The subsequent reverse of VolumeⅡ and Ⅲ will enable the complete implementation of the history contained in Dong gwan ju gi.

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원문보기

배정유는 실록이 부재한 상황을 보완하고 후대를 위한 기록의 작성이라는 목적으로 『동관주기』를 찬술하여 헌상하였다. 선종 대중 연간을 서술의 대상으로 삼고 있는 『동관주기』는 당 후기의 역사를 복원하는데 중요한 근거자료이다. 선종은 후대에 ‘小太宗’으로 평가받기도 했듯이 그의 통치 시기는 당 왕조의 새로운 변화와 부흥의 시기였다. 昭宗 이후 왕조의 멸망으로 치닫는 역사적 전개에서 왕조의 회생을 기대케 하는 가능성을 보여주었다. 이렇듯『동관주기』에 담긴 당조의 역사는 일반적인 단대사 그 이상의 의미를 갖는다. 『동관주기』(卷上)의 역주는 이러한 사료적 가치를 분명하게 보여준다. 대중 원년에서 대중 13년까지 선종의 통치 전반을 대상으로 삼고, 여타 사료에서 확인되지 않는 역사적 사실들을 전하고 있다. 향후 이어질 卷中과 卷下의 역주는 『동관주기』에 내포된 역사상의 온전한 구현을 가능하게 할 것으로 기대된다.

Bae Jung-yu(Pei Ting-yu) participated in the compilation of the Annals of Emperor Seonjong(Xuanzong) at the order of the contemporary Emperor, but failed to complete the mission amid the chaotic social situation at the time. Dong gwan ju gi(Dong guan zou ji) was presented with the aim of supplementing the situation in which the actual records were absent and preparing records for future generations. Dong gwan ju gi describes the public year of Emperor Seonjong's reign called as Dae jong(Da zhong). The short-term characteristics of Dong gwan ju gi provide a very important basis for confirming historical facts of Dae jong period. Along with the fact that Bae Jung-yu participated in the compilation of the Annals, the condition that he personally spent his childhood with the Da jong period in person and experienced the period further enhances the historical credibility of Dong gwan ju gi. In addition, Dong gwan ju gi doubles the historical value in terms of Da jong period’s annual description. As the fact that Emperor Seonjong was also considered a ‘Junior Emperor Tae jong(Tai zong)’ in later generations suggests, his reign was a time of new changes and revival of Tang dynasty. Although the reign of Emperor Seonjong did not create a period of complete revival, it showed the possibility of anticipating the revival of the dynasty in the historical development leading to the collapse of the dynasty. The history of Tang dynasty contained in Dong gwan ju gi has more than just one dynasty’s history. The inverse of Dong gwan ju gi clearly shows this kind of historical value. It covers the entire reign of Emperor Seonjong from the first year of Dae jong period to the 13th year of Dae jong and also delivers historical facts that are not recorded in other sources. For example, the activities of Emperor Seonjong's birth mother, empress dowager Jung(Zheng) were vividly shown, and specific responsibilities were clearly stated in relation to the cause of death of empress dowager Gwak(Guo)'s death. It not only recorded the details of Lee gak(Li que)’s life, but also created the origin of the literary use of Golden Lotus candle(Jin lian hua zhu). In addition, the institutional operation, such as the preparation of “Deng gwa myung ki(Deng ke ming ji)”, is shown in detail to help understand the relevant system. Dong gwan ju gi VolumeⅠ alone clearly shows the historical characteristics and values of Dong gwan ju gi. The subsequent reverse of VolumeⅡ and Ⅲ will enable the complete implementation of the history contained in Dong gwan ju gi.

546

새자료 정학유의 흑산도 기행문「부해기(浮海記)」와 기행시

정민

[NRF 연계] 한국한문학회 한국한문학연구 Vol.79 2020.09 pp.223-297

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원문보기

이 논문은 1809년 정학유의 흑산도 기행문 「부해기」와 기행시를 소개하는 데 목적이 있다. 「부해기」는 정약용의 둘째 아들 정학유(丁學游, 1786-1855)가 24세 때인 1809년 2월 3일에 강진을 출발해서 흑산도에 갔다가, 3월 24일에 강진으로 돌아오기까지 50여일 간의 여정을 기록한 기행 일기다. 정학유의 문집이 공개되지 않아 그간 학계에서 이 자료의 존재를 몰랐다. 이 글에서 최초로 소개하고 전문을 공개한다. 정학유는 부친인 정약용의 당부로, 당시 흑산도에 유배와 있던 둘째 큰아버지 정약전을 문안하기 위해 이곳을 찾았다. 당시 열악한 뱃길에 고생 끝에 흑산도에 가는 도중 난생 처음 고래를 보았고, 뱃사람들의 풍속과 주변의 경관도 상세하게 묘사하였다. 이 자료를 통해 우리는 흑산도에 관한 중요한 옛 기록을 추가할 수 있게 되었다. 「부해기」에는 흑산도의 풍물과 오가는 뱃길에 대해 상세히 소개하고 있을 뿐 아니라, 흑산도의 인문지리적 환경과 당시 섬주민의 생활상, 특산과 지명 및 경관 소개 등이 풍부하다. 무엇보다 정약전의 유배 생활과 관련된 중요한 정보들이 담겨있다. 이와 함께 정학유는 흑산도의 풍물을 12수의 한시로 남겼다. 또 이학규는 정학유의 글을 보고, 역시 한시 12수를 지어서 관련 내용을 한층 풍성하게 해주었다. 끝에는 전문을 번역하고 원문과 함께 수록하여 향후의 연구 자료로 제시하였다.

547

1598년 유성룡 실각과 主和誤國論 인식 분석

김한신

[NRF 연계] 호서사학회 역사와 담론 Vol.95 2020.07 pp.49-93

...Yu Seong-ryong to go Beijing(北京) to clarify the misunderstanding in front of the emperor. But Yu did not. Thus the censorate(三司) of the Joseon Court continued to impeach that he was disroyal to his king, expanding the blame forward the crime of spoiling the state by advocacy of Peace Negotiation(주화오국). In this impeachment, Yu Seong-ryong was compared to Qin hui(秦檜), Chancellor of Song(宋) China who was regarded as traitor claiming advocacy of peace negotiation with Jin(金). The case of Qin hui was used as historical evidence to make attack Yu seriously. So it framed Yu not to refute their criticism. If Yu Seong-ryong refuted the censorate was false, it would make the situation worse for him. It is natural that Yu’s military contribution during the wartime did not receive good estimation from the Joseon Court. There is no particular reason why he had to get compliment from the court. Here, the issue we should pay attention to arises. It is quite important to analyze the gap between his contrbution and bad estimation. Through this analyzing we could think over the meaning of Yu Seong-ryong’s being out of office happened at the time the war is about to end.

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In 1598 Ding Yingtai(丁應泰), zanhuazhushi(贊畵主事) of Ming China, brought a charge against Joseon to the emperor that Joseon had cheated Ming. Seonjo(宣祖) wanted Yu Seong-ryong to go Beijing(北京) to clarify the misunderstanding in front of the emperor. But Yu did not. Thus the censorate(三司) of the Joseon Court continued to impeach that he was disroyal to his king, expanding the blame forward the crime of spoiling the state by advocacy of Peace Negotiation(주화오국). In this impeachment, Yu Seong-ryong was compared to Qin hui(秦檜), Chancellor of Song(宋) China who was regarded as traitor claiming advocacy of peace negotiation with Jin(金). The case of Qin hui was used as historical evidence to make attack Yu seriously. So it framed Yu not to refute their criticism. If Yu Seong-ryong refuted the censorate was false, it would make the situation worse for him. It is natural that Yu’s military contribution during the wartime did not receive good estimation from the Joseon Court. There is no particular reason why he had to get compliment from the court. Here, the issue we should pay attention to arises. It is quite important to analyze the gap between his contrbution and bad estimation. Through this analyzing we could think over the meaning of Yu Seong-ryong’s being out of office happened at the time the war is about to end.

548

唐代 高句麗 遺民 一族인 劉元貞과 그의 부인 王氏 墓誌銘 -8세기 초반 高句麗 遺民 후손의 활동 사례-

안정준

[NRF 연계] 한국목간학회 木簡과 文字 Vol.23 2019.12 pp.277-295

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2006년에 알려진 「劉元貞墓誌銘」과 더불어 최근에는 유원정의 부인인 晉陽君夫人王氏의 묘지명(「大唐左龍武大將軍劉公夫人晉陽君夫人王氏墓誌銘」)이 존재한다는 사실이 알려졌다. 두 묘지명은 모두 河南省 洛陽市에서 출토되었고, 각각 2015년에 제작된 탁본이 소장되어 있다는 단편적인 정보들을 확인할 수 있다. 두 묘지명의 원문은 『全唐文補遺-千唐誌齋新藏專輯-』에 함께 실려 있었는데, 그 내용을 비교·검토해본 결과, 남편인 유원정이 710년 6월에 李隆基(후일 唐玄宗)의 휘하에서 韋皇后와 安樂公主 일파를 제거한 사 건에 참여했음을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해 고구려 유민 일족의 후손으로서 唐朝에서 낮은 지위의 관직에 머 물렀던 유원정이 갑작스레 禁衛軍의 정3품 고위관을 역임했던 배경도 분명하게 드러나게 되었다. 당 현종 의 즉위를 전후한 시기에 유원정·高德·王景曜·王毛仲 등이 京師에서 벌어진 황실의 권력 투쟁에 적극 참여 했다는 사실은 8세기 초반 고구려 유민 후손들의 활동 및 생존 전략과 관련해 시사하는 바가 크다. 향후 그 들의 활동상을 체계적으로 분석하기 위한 기초 작업으로서 유원정과 왕씨부인의 묘지명을 역주하고, 두 묘 지명의 내용을 통해 새롭게 발견된 사실들을 몇 가지 짚어보고자 한다

549

만화 ‘드래곤볼’은 일본 제국주의를 어떻게 보여주었나? -유정희·정은우 공저, 『드래곤볼,일본 제국주의를 말하다』 (서울, 아이네아스, 2019)

김남훈

[NRF 연계] 역사학회 역사학보 Vol.244 2019.12 pp.367-376

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550

반계 유형원의 국가재정 개혁구상과 녹봉제 실시론

송양섭

[NRF 연계] 한국실학학회 한국실학연구 Vol.36 2018.12 pp.447-495

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유형원은 公田으로부터 확보한 經費를 量入爲出의 원칙하에 중앙재정과 지방재정으로 나누어 편성한 후, 당시 도별로 확대 시행되고 있던 대동법의 제도적 원리를 국가재정 전반에 확대 적용하여 운영하고자 했다. 중앙재정에는 왕실재 정의 축소와 각급기관의 수요품 조달을 위한 적정 예산을 책정한 것 외에 녹봉 으로 표현되는 각종 인건비성 경비가 대략 7할에 육박했으며 대대적인 확충이 가해진 지방재정의 경우에도 인건비성 경비는 반 이상을 차지했다. 관료에 대한 보수체계 개혁과 함께 실무와 잡역을 담당한 吏隷에 대해서도 각급기관별로 적정의 정원과 녹봉이 책정되었다. 주요 행정기관은 물론 鄕所廳․將官廳․學 校․鎭․驛․漕倉 등의 기관에도 녹봉과 운영비 등 공식적인 예산이 배정되었 다. 유형원의 국가재정개혁구상은 공전제를 통한 대대적인 세수확충을 통해 국가재정의 건실함을 꾀하고 官僚․吏隷 등의 인력에 대한 적정의 녹봉을 정규 예산에 편성하여 획기적인 처우 개선을 이룸으로써 이들이 도덕적 해이에 빠지지 않고 안정적으로 직무에 임할 수 있도록 한 것이 핵심적인 내용을 구성했다.

551

統監府 治下 文明談論의 한 사례- 韓致愈의 「太極學會總說」과 「告學會說」 -

임상석

[NRF 연계] 한국어문교육연구회 어문연구 Vol.46 No.3 2018.09 pp.291-315

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임상석, 2018. 통감부 치하 문명담론의 한 사례, 어문연구, 179 : 291~315 이 글은 1905년 보호국 체제의 성립과 함께 일본공관 참서관을 하다가 일본유학생 감독으로 임명되어 활동한 한치유가 태극학회의 기관지 <태극학보>의 1호에서 8호(1906.08-1907.03)까지 연재한 「태극학회총설」과 「고학회설」을 개관하고 분석하였다. 이 두 글은 漢文 古文 형태이고 四端과 五倫을 불변의 이치로 강조하나 결론은 지방자치와 의무교육, 의회정치 강화이고 기독교와 조상 제사의 조화를 주장하는 등, 동서의 절충을 내세운다. 여성의 등용과 예법의 교체에 대해서도 자세하게 논해 문화사적으로도 주요한 자료가 될 수 있다. 그러나 그의 문명담론은 국문인 한글로 이루어져야 하는 의무교육과 지방자치를 최우선의 과제로 설정하면서도 한문 문어체의 외피에 갇혀 그동안 거의 주목을 받지 못했다. 한글을 제대로 구사하지 못하는 漢學 지식인들이 국문의 필요성을 먼저 인지하고 한문으로 국문의 이념을 주장하던 보호국-통감부체제라는 과도기를 파악하기 위해 꼭 검토되어야 하는 논설이다.

552

반계 유형원의 관제개편 구상

송양섭

[NRF 연계] 조선시대사학회 조선시대사학보 Vol.86 2018.09 pp.155-189

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조선왕조의 官制는 유형원 개혁안의 유기적 구성이자 국가의 공적 통치기구로서 중요한 의미를 가지고 있었다. 유형원은 우선 문․무반 품계를 통합, 통일성을 부여함으로써 체계적인 업무수행과 효율적인 인사운영의 전제로 삼고자 했다. 직임자는 업무를 전담하여 권한과 책임을 분명히 함으로써 각자의 능력을 극대화하고 업무상의 혼선을 방지하는데 주안점이 두어졌다. 겸직․체아직․임시관서는 허용되지 않았고 직사가 없는 종친․의빈․공신 등에 대해서는 관직을 부여하지 않도록 했다. 이는 소모적이고 산만하게 운영되어 왔던 관서와 관직체계를 직사를 중심으로 재편하고 이를 바탕으로 행정비용을 절감하는 한편 부서별․직임별 업무에 대한 완결성을 높이기 위한 방안이었다. 행정체계의 전면적인 조정도 가해졌다. 비변사를 혁파하고 의정부의 기능을 회복한 후, 예하의 6조를 총괄하도록 하였다. 아울러 대부분의 관서를 6조 예하에 편성시켜 부문별 일원적 행정체계를 구축하도록 하였다. 이를 바탕으로 관서․기구에 대한 대대적인 통폐합이 이루어졌다. 왕실관련 기구와 각종 예우아문의 대대적인 축소와 통폐합을 통해 국왕의 공적 위상을 높이는 한편 사헌부의 감찰기능 축소, 삼사의 언론독점 폐지 등 사법․문한 관련 관서의 기능의 조정이 이루어졌다. 기타 불필요한 관서․기구․제도 등을 없애고 그 기능을 타 관서에 이관․분산시키도록 하였다. 관제 개혁을 추진한 위에 행정실무와 사역에 종사하는 녹사․서리․조예․소사 등의 인력에 대해서도 직임별 정원과 임무가 구체적으로 정해졌다. 중앙 각급기관의 이예는 정원을 반 가까이 줄인 후 소속 장관이 선발하여 쓰고 이조가 총괄하도록 하였다. 지방의 경우에도 대대적인 군현제 개편과 병행하여 각급기관․기구의 성격에 따라 서리․조예․소사의 정원과 임무를 구체적으로 정하였다. 또한 고립제의 추세를 적극적으로 받아들여 중앙과 지방 이예에 대한 적정의 녹봉과 공전을 분급하여 처우를 개선함으로써 직무에 대한 책임감과 효율을 높이는 바탕을 삼도록 하였다.

553

반계 유형원의 敎選論과 貢擧制 구상

송양섭

[NRF 연계] 한국사연구회 한국사연구 Vol.182 2018.09 pp.143-198

...Yu Hyŏngwŏn systemized the Hyang’yak (鄕約; Community Compact), a local autonomous regulation, at the state level under the ideology of ‘Kyosŏn (敎選; Education and Recruitment)’, which made the total reformative plan aiming for both raising loyal subject of the king permeated with Neo-confucianism, and recruiting excellent bureaucrats. In Konggŏje, which was suggested as an alternative for Civil Service Examination, it was in the public system where Yu systematized the whole process from accumulating the reserve bureaucrats throughout the phased courses of education, until being appointed as the actual bureaucrats ultimately. Among the phased school system, Ŭp-hak (邑學; Schools based on the unit of County and Prefecture) was centered, and it made the countrywide base for raising the reserve bureaucrats by adequately absorbing the outcome of Kyohwa (敎化; Education) accumulated from the below with the bureaucratic recruitment system from the top. As Konggŏje was designed to recruit resources by long-term, opened, comprehensive verification, Yu planned for the homogeneous diffusion of systemed teaching and learning by resolving the discord between the school system and the recruitment system and giving regionally balanced opportunities for the public offices. The Class of Saryu (士類; Literati, Scholars), suggested as the main targets for the Konggŏje as well as the leading group, was a flexible, elastic category including not only hereditary lineages from old times but also poor lineages or even Isŏ (吏胥; lower functionaries) and Sŏ-ŏl (庶孼; sons of concubines) under criteria of behavior and learning. Yu Hyŏngwŏn’s opinion was not a denial nor a questioning of social status itself, but was a comprehensive design for the homogeneous diffusion of Neo-Confucian Kyohwa and the recruitment of resources who excels at both talents and behaviors, adopting the ideology of Kyosŏn while rousing the experience of the principle of social status in the early Chosŏn period and applying the ideal intent of Samdae Koje (三代古制; ‘Ancien Régime’ of Three Dynasties of Antiquity) under the condition recognizing that Kyohwa of society and management of the state were negatively influenced by the reality where his contemporary hereditary lineages degenerated into extremely exclusive, privileged group.

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In his Konggŏje (貢擧制; Recommendation System), Yu Hyŏngwŏn systemized the Hyang’yak (鄕約; Community Compact), a local autonomous regulation, at the state level under the ideology of ‘Kyosŏn (敎選; Education and Recruitment)’, which made the total reformative plan aiming for both raising loyal subject of the king permeated with Neo-confucianism, and recruiting excellent bureaucrats. In Konggŏje, which was suggested as an alternative for Civil Service Examination, it was in the public system where Yu systematized the whole process from accumulating the reserve bureaucrats throughout the phased courses of education, until being appointed as the actual bureaucrats ultimately. Among the phased school system, Ŭp-hak (邑學; Schools based on the unit of County and Prefecture) was centered, and it made the countrywide base for raising the reserve bureaucrats by adequately absorbing the outcome of Kyohwa (敎化; Education) accumulated from the below with the bureaucratic recruitment system from the top. As Konggŏje was designed to recruit resources by long-term, opened, comprehensive verification, Yu planned for the homogeneous diffusion of systemed teaching and learning by resolving the discord between the school system and the recruitment system and giving regionally balanced opportunities for the public offices. The Class of Saryu (士類; Literati, Scholars), suggested as the main targets for the Konggŏje as well as the leading group, was a flexible, elastic category including not only hereditary lineages from old times but also poor lineages or even Isŏ (吏胥; lower functionaries) and Sŏ-ŏl (庶孼; sons of concubines) under criteria of behavior and learning. Yu Hyŏngwŏn’s opinion was not a denial nor a questioning of social status itself, but was a comprehensive design for the homogeneous diffusion of Neo-Confucian Kyohwa and the recruitment of resources who excels at both talents and behaviors, adopting the ideology of Kyosŏn while rousing the experience of the principle of social status in the early Chosŏn period and applying the ideal intent of Samdae Koje (三代古制; ‘Ancien Régime’ of Three Dynasties of Antiquity) under the condition recognizing that Kyohwa of society and management of the state were negatively influenced by the reality where his contemporary hereditary lineages degenerated into extremely exclusive, privileged group.

554

유미리 소설 『JR 우에노역 공원 출구』에 나타난 타자성-공간과 기억 이론에 기초하여-

박은희, 필교교

[NRF 연계] 인하대학교 한국학연구소 한국학연구 Vol.63 2017.12 pp.181-202

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2020년 제71회 미국 ‘내셔널 북 어워드’ 번역문학 부문 수상작으로 유미리의 장편소설 『JR 우에노역 공원 출구 』가 선정되었다. 소설은 유미리가 일본사회의 하층민과 이주민 등 소외된 자들의 관점에서 도쿄 우에노 지역을 바라본 작품이라는 점에서 의미 깊다. 유미리의 작가적 정체성을 보면 민족과 국가적 차원에서 자유롭지 못하지만, 텍스트 분석을 통해 보면 오히려 탈구축의 시각을 보유한 소설가로 인정된다. 『JR 우에노역 공원 출구』는 전 세계적인 이슈로 대두된 빈부격차와 고령화 사회의 암흑면을 보여준다. 특히 소설은 일본의 경제성장기를 이루어낸 한 세대가 노년에 이르러 빈곤, 노숙, 파산, 자살 등 불행한 삶을 보낼 수밖에 없는 현실을 담담히 그려냄으로써 깊은 사색의 여운을 남겼다. 본고는 헤이세이 시대 일본 문학에 뚜렷한 자취를 남긴 『JR 우에노역 공원 출구』에 나타난 타자성에 주목하면서 공간 서사와 기억의 재구성, 두 측면으로부터 텍스트 분석을 진행하고자 한다. 민족과 국적의 한계를 넘어선 인간이 마주한 보편적 차원의 고뇌와 불안에 대한 이야기, 이는 이 소설이 6년이라는 시간이 흘러 다시금 전 세계적인 조명을 받게 된 가장 큰 이유라고 짐작된다.

555

사료와 문학으로 구현된 유배자 유섬이(柳暹伊, 1793~1863)

김윤선

[NRF 연계] 한국교회사연구소 교회사연구 Vol.50 2017.06 pp.45-85

...Yu Seom-i that was exiled during Catholic Persecution of 1801. Yu Seom-i was a daughter of Yu Hang-geum, Augustino (1756~1801) that was exiled to Geojedo. This article studied historical records and works related with Yu Seom-i, such as “The letters from prison written by Lutgard, Lee Sun-i”, A biographical sketch of the Joseon martyr, The history of Korean Catholic Church, Sahak Jingui, DongGuk kyou SangKyoHwangseo, Saheon Yujip, “RyucheoJamyo”, “Perfume of Virgin” and Yu Seom-i, a daughter of a marytr. Literature data related with Yu Seom-i exists with church document, including Korean history and literature works. So we have to start from unifying data, for the study of Yu Seom-i. Yu Seom-i was a real person ; also was a literal person. She was a person who belonged to Korean Catholic Church, also needed to live outside the church. She was a victim of oppression, but her name was disappeared even from Church history, so this paper persuaded her life, and then focused on her who responded to ontological question with different way from the martyrs. In addition, we divided her into a historical figure and literary person, and discussed how her character was embodied through literature and how it has to be continued in future. Yu Seom-i who had to live as a maidservant of the government treated like a slave during an exile and her parents was martyred due to Catholicism. She, however, could keep self-respect as a human and she could be a human through loving neighbor. Oppression produced the martyrs of faith, also left their family behind, which couldn’t be martyred with them and became the apostates. The history of Korean Church is needed to record with their history. Yu Seom-i is one of them. It can be said that this article contributed to estimate the possibility of exile literature of Catholic, considering history data and the literary works related with Yu Seom-i. Yu Seom-i was the person that the church needs to remember, and was a new human made by Joseon Catholic Church. As she kept her virginity, she could keep her faith, and her faith was completed by loving neighbor, and then she could return to the church in 200 years, she is Yu Seom-i.

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본고는 신유박해의 유배자였던 유섬이(柳暹伊)에 한 연구이다. 유섬이는 유항검(柳恒儉) 아우구스티노(1756~1801)의 딸로 9세의 나이에 거제도로 유배를 간 인물이다. 본고에서는 〈이순이 루갈다 서간〉, 《조선 주요 순교자 약전》, 《한국천주교회사》, 《사학징의》, 《승정원일기》, 《동국교우상교황서》와 《사헌유집》, 〈유처자묘〉, 〈처녀의 향수〉, 마지막으로 《순교자의 딸 유섬이》 등 유섬이 관련 사료와 작품을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 유섬이 관련 문헌 자료는 교회 문헌과 그 외의 한국사 문헌, 사료와 문학 작품이 함께 존재한다. 때문에 유섬이 관련 연구는 이들 자료들에 대한 통합적 연구에서 시작되어야 한다. 유섬이는 실존 인물이기도 하지만, 문학적 인물이기도 하다. 한국 천주교회의 인물이기도 하지만, 교회 밖 인물로도 살아야 했다. 신유박해의 희생자였으나, 교회 역사에서 이름까지도 사라졌던 유섬이의 삶을 추적함으로써 본고는 순교자와는 다른 방식으로 인간의 존재론적 물음에 답했던 유섬이라는 인물에게 주목하였다. 또한 역사적 인물 유섬이와 문학적 인물 유섬이를 구분하여, 유섬이라는 인물이 문학을 통해 어떻게 형상화되었으며 앞으로 어떻게 계승되어야 하는가에 대해 논하였다. 천주교 신앙 때문에 부모는 순교하고 자신은 유배자가 되어 관비로 살아야 했던 유섬이. 그녀는 정결함으로 노비가 아닌 인간으로서의 자존을 지킬 수 있었고, 이웃 사랑으로 지역 공동체와 함께할 수 있었다. 박해는 신앙의 순교자들을 낳았지만, 그 순교자들과 함께 순교할 수 없었던 유가족들 그리고 박해 앞에서 신앙을 굽혀야 했던 배교자 역시 낳았다. 한국 천주교회사는 그들의 역사와 함께 기록되어야 한다. 유섬이 역시 그중 하나이다. 유섬이 관련 사료와 문학작품을 고찰함으로써 천주교 유배문학의 가능성을 가늠할 수 있었던 것 역시 본고의 의의 중 하나다. 유섬이는 교회가 기억해야 할 인물이며, 조선 천주교가 낳은 새로운 인간형의 하나였다. 동정을 지킴으로써 신앙을 이어가고, 이웃 사랑으로 이를 완성하여 200여 년의 시간을 거쳐 다시 교회 공동체로 돌아올 수 있었던 인물, 그녀가 유섬이이다.

This article is the research of Yu Seom-i that was exiled during Catholic Persecution of 1801. Yu Seom-i was a daughter of Yu Hang-geum, Augustino (1756~1801) that was exiled to Geojedo. This article studied historical records and works related with Yu Seom-i, such as “The letters from prison written by Lutgard, Lee Sun-i”, A biographical sketch of the Joseon martyr, The history of Korean Catholic Church, Sahak Jingui, DongGuk kyou SangKyoHwangseo, Saheon Yujip, “RyucheoJamyo”, “Perfume of Virgin” and Yu Seom-i, a daughter of a marytr. Literature data related with Yu Seom-i exists with church document, including Korean history and literature works. So we have to start from unifying data, for the study of Yu Seom-i. Yu Seom-i was a real person ; also was a literal person. She was a person who belonged to Korean Catholic Church, also needed to live outside the church. She was a victim of oppression, but her name was disappeared even from Church history, so this paper persuaded her life, and then focused on her who responded to ontological question with different way from the martyrs. In addition, we divided her into a historical figure and literary person, and discussed how her character was embodied through literature and how it has to be continued in future. Yu Seom-i who had to live as a maidservant of the government treated like a slave during an exile and her parents was martyred due to Catholicism. She, however, could keep self-respect as a human and she could be a human through loving neighbor. Oppression produced the martyrs of faith, also left their family behind, which couldn’t be martyred with them and became the apostates. The history of Korean Church is needed to record with their history. Yu Seom-i is one of them. It can be said that this article contributed to estimate the possibility of exile literature of Catholic, considering history data and the literary works related with Yu Seom-i. Yu Seom-i was the person that the church needs to remember, and was a new human made by Joseon Catholic Church. As she kept her virginity, she could keep her faith, and her faith was completed by loving neighbor, and then she could return to the church in 200 years, she is Yu Seom-i.

556

다석 유영모의 자연주의적 유신론에 대한 소고(小考) : 과정 범재신론 및 심층 범신론과의 대화

김희헌

[NRF 연계] 연세대학교 신과대학 연합신학대학원 신학논단 Vol.87 2017.03 pp.93-117

...Yu Young-Mo’s Naturalistic Theism as a viable form of Korean religious idea in the current theological enterprises that attempt to overcome modern extremities of scientific reductionism and religious supernaturalism. Daseok (1890~1981) is a Korean thinker whose life-long project is to put together “the marrow of western culture and civilization into the eastern bone.” His religious idea is deeply based on eastern concepts of emptiness and nothingness in ontology and cosmology and yet very different from most eastern immanentism, mere pantheism, because of his adoption of Christian idea of God. However, thanks to its eastern heritage, his understanding of God and nature is hardly compatible with those that traditional Christian theology proposed with the ‘classical philosophical theism,’ that is, supernaturalistic deism. His idea is one of the creative third ways, which is beyond two typical errors in modern thoughts, the reductionist science and the interventionist theology. Instead of general talks on religion and science, this paper directly locates Daseok’s idea of God between Robert S. Corringtons’s deep pantheism and Alfred N. Whitehead’s process panentheism in order to discuss the viability and creativity of Korean theology. Whitehead and Corrington suggest exemplary forms of naturalistic theism, which successfully include both scientific and religious ideas within a comprehensive philosophical framework, although their differences remain in tension. To locate Daseok’s idea between them would be a good opportunity for Korean theology to develop its idea of nature and God. In its order, this paper first describes the gist of Daseok’s idea as a form of Korean panentheism and then discusses its meaning and value in dialogue with the two creative western thinkers.

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이 논문은 다석 유영모의 종교사상을 서구의 두 가지 대표적인 자연주의적 종교론과 비교 고찰하며, 종교와 자연에 관한 동서양 사상의 대화 가능성을 모색하고자 한다. 다석 유영모는 자신의 작업을 “서양문명과 문화의 골수를 동쪽의 문명과 문화에다 집어넣는” 것으로 요약했다. 그의 존재-우주론은 동양사상의 대표적 개념인 공(空)과 무(無)에 기초하고 있지만, 기독교의 신(하나님) 개념을 도입함으로써 대부분의 동양종교의 세계관인 ‘범신론적 내재주의’와는 다른 목소리를 지니고 있다. 또한 그가기독교의 신 개념을 활용하고 있지만, 그의 종교론은 서양의 전통신학이전제하고 있던 ‘고전적 철학적 신론’(classical philosophical theism)과 그근대적 적용인 ‘초월적 이신론’(transcendental deism)과는 전혀 다른 길을 걷고 있다. 이른바 그의 사상은 동서양 사상을 창조적으로 융합한 ‘제3 의 길’을 제시하고 있다. 이 논문은 그가 추구한 ‘제3의 길’을 가리켜 ‘자연주의적 유신론’ 또는 ‘유신론적 자연주의’로 이해하고, 그의 사상이 지닌의미를 비슷한 문제의식을 갖고 있는 서구의 자연주의적 유신론과 대조하여 밝히고자 한다.

This paper is to discuss Daseok Yu Young-Mo’s Naturalistic Theism as a viable form of Korean religious idea in the current theological enterprises that attempt to overcome modern extremities of scientific reductionism and religious supernaturalism. Daseok (1890~1981) is a Korean thinker whose life-long project is to put together “the marrow of western culture and civilization into the eastern bone.” His religious idea is deeply based on eastern concepts of emptiness and nothingness in ontology and cosmology and yet very different from most eastern immanentism, mere pantheism, because of his adoption of Christian idea of God. However, thanks to its eastern heritage, his understanding of God and nature is hardly compatible with those that traditional Christian theology proposed with the ‘classical philosophical theism,’ that is, supernaturalistic deism. His idea is one of the creative third ways, which is beyond two typical errors in modern thoughts, the reductionist science and the interventionist theology. Instead of general talks on religion and science, this paper directly locates Daseok’s idea of God between Robert S. Corringtons’s deep pantheism and Alfred N. Whitehead’s process panentheism in order to discuss the viability and creativity of Korean theology. Whitehead and Corrington suggest exemplary forms of naturalistic theism, which successfully include both scientific and religious ideas within a comprehensive philosophical framework, although their differences remain in tension. To locate Daseok’s idea between them would be a good opportunity for Korean theology to develop its idea of nature and God. In its order, this paper first describes the gist of Daseok’s idea as a form of Korean panentheism and then discusses its meaning and value in dialogue with the two creative western thinkers.

557

삼국유사 고조선조의 ‘昔有桓𡆮’ 문제

서영대

[NRF 연계] 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 한국문화 Vol.76 2016.12 pp.127-168

...yu-hwan-guk(昔有桓國)’ or ‘suk-yu-hwan-in(昔有桓因)’, the first phrase of Ko-ki(古記) quoted from Samguk-Yusa. At first, I reviewed research history on this problem from Chosen Dynasty to modern times. From result of this review, I found two kind of decipherments on this phrase exist from Chosen Dynasty and the reason of why there were two kind of decipherments are originated from old printed versions of Samguk-Yusa, namely as ‘guk’ or ‘in’ was printed by variant character that there existed different kinds of decipherment. Second, I examined a decipherment as ‘suk-yu-hwan-guk’ and I judged it can’t be accepted because of some reasons. Scholars who insisted on ‘suk-yu-hwan-guk’ is correct said that there existed a state called Hwan-guk before Tangun Chosen and Korea has very long history compared with Japanese history. So Japanese historians attempted to reduce Korean history and they denied Tangun Chosen as well as Hwanguk. As a part of this attempt, they recomposited ‘suk-yu-hwan-guk’ to ‘suk-yu-hwan-in.’ As far as Imsin year printed version of Samguk Yusa, it cannot be denied that ‘guk’ recomposited to ‘in’. But they did not proof the a possibility of recomposite by another person. More than they did not explained that if Japanese historians try to obliterate ancient history of Korea, why they published Imsin year printed version which included another historical materials on Tangun. Last, I insisted that ‘suk-yu-hwan-in’ is correct in three reasons. ① Older prinred version of Samguk Yusa, for example Parun printed version, there were ‘suk-yu-hwan-in(𡆮)’ and ‘𡆮’ is variant character of ‘in(因)’. ② According to a footnote in Samguk Yusa, ‘Hwan-in’ is the same as Sakra-Devanam-Indra, ③ As historical materials written and published before Imsin year(1512) printed version, they all made mention of ‘Hwan-in’ as a grandfather of King Tangun, but did not appeared as ‘Hwan-guk’. I hope that the studies on Tangun advanced based on the phrase of ‘suk-yu-hwan-in’ hereafter.

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원문보기

This paper is to give a verdict which is correct either ‘suk-yu-hwan-guk(昔有桓國)’ or ‘suk-yu-hwan-in(昔有桓因)’, the first phrase of Ko-ki(古記) quoted from Samguk-Yusa. At first, I reviewed research history on this problem from Chosen Dynasty to modern times. From result of this review, I found two kind of decipherments on this phrase exist from Chosen Dynasty and the reason of why there were two kind of decipherments are originated from old printed versions of Samguk-Yusa, namely as ‘guk’ or ‘in’ was printed by variant character that there existed different kinds of decipherment. Second, I examined a decipherment as ‘suk-yu-hwan-guk’ and I judged it can’t be accepted because of some reasons. Scholars who insisted on ‘suk-yu-hwan-guk’ is correct said that there existed a state called Hwan-guk before Tangun Chosen and Korea has very long history compared with Japanese history. So Japanese historians attempted to reduce Korean history and they denied Tangun Chosen as well as Hwanguk. As a part of this attempt, they recomposited ‘suk-yu-hwan-guk’ to ‘suk-yu-hwan-in.’ As far as Imsin year printed version of Samguk Yusa, it cannot be denied that ‘guk’ recomposited to ‘in’. But they did not proof the a possibility of recomposite by another person. More than they did not explained that if Japanese historians try to obliterate ancient history of Korea, why they published Imsin year printed version which included another historical materials on Tangun. Last, I insisted that ‘suk-yu-hwan-in’ is correct in three reasons. ① Older prinred version of Samguk Yusa, for example Parun printed version, there were ‘suk-yu-hwan-in(𡆮)’ and ‘𡆮’ is variant character of ‘in(因)’. ② According to a footnote in Samguk Yusa, ‘Hwan-in’ is the same as Sakra-Devanam-Indra, ③ As historical materials written and published before Imsin year(1512) printed version, they all made mention of ‘Hwan-in’ as a grandfather of King Tangun, but did not appeared as ‘Hwan-guk’. I hope that the studies on Tangun advanced based on the phrase of ‘suk-yu-hwan-in’ hereafter.

558

西厓 柳成龍의 國防安保觀

서양중, 이지경

[NRF 연계] 한국동양정치사상사학회 한국동양정치사상사연구 Vol.15 No.2 2016.09 pp.93-125

...Yu-Sungyong concerning Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, the most crucial national crisis in Chosun Dynasty. Firstly, the present work analyses the primary sources such as Yu’s written work, Chingbi-Rok (its aim, analysis and evaluation) and the Annals of the Choseon Dynasty covering the Choong-Chong record to Sun-Cho record. The main focus is on Yu’s suggestions of policies, proposition on national security, on why the invasion happened, and the different ways in which they viewed the war expressed from the camps of military commanders and of the leading members of the central government. What is more, there is analysis of the discrepant outlook the people in the government raised in their decision makings. 1. The existing works are about classical works of Confucianism and a thorough reading, appreciation and a contracted study of Suai Jip (西厓集), Kyumam Jip (謙菴集), Ching Bi Rok (懲毖錄), Annals of the Choseon Dynasty (조선왕조실록), Yunruchan Kisool(연려찬기술), Bigaochak (備邊五策), Sangsomun (上疏文), Chaja (차자). 2. This paper attempts a comparative study relying on historical facts. 3. It offers what is missing in the existing studies which have been done with the notion of history and philosophy. 4. This paper uses interviews of experts, of the ones who were involved in the field works in the relevant site such Chonson, Byunsan Seowon, Hawei Maul and other ruins. 5. This work re-illumines Yu’s national security policies in view of The History of Korean Political Thought differentiated from the mere notion of History and Philosophy. Secondly, apart from the critical reading of the existing works on Yu-Sungyong, this work points out the insufficient research results already done out of rather a simple scope on Politics and National Security Studies in comparison with researches based on History and Philosophy. In doing so, it raises the importance and the need of study on History of Korean Political Thought and The War History in relation to National Security. Thirdly, it raises the awareness of the importance of Yu studies and its limitation and suggests alternative reviews. It also brings to light that the inappropriate reactions to the invasion and distorted ideas of the eventful war period emerged due to the divisive four national cliques of nam-in (남인), buk-in (북인), and su-in (서인), dong-in (동인) rather than being mindful of reality of international relationship in the era. Finally, this paper offers a high appreciation of Yu’s strong and persuasive statements, and his leadership of integrity clearly shown in his works while he was working for the government as a prime minister by revealing the implied need of the military studies, and his negotiation skills in order to select the right persons like Yi-Soonshin and Kwang-Yul.

※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.

원문보기

This paper is a portion of research on the view of national security suggested by Yu-Sungyong concerning Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, the most crucial national crisis in Chosun Dynasty. Firstly, the present work analyses the primary sources such as Yu’s written work, Chingbi-Rok (its aim, analysis and evaluation) and the Annals of the Choseon Dynasty covering the Choong-Chong record to Sun-Cho record. The main focus is on Yu’s suggestions of policies, proposition on national security, on why the invasion happened, and the different ways in which they viewed the war expressed from the camps of military commanders and of the leading members of the central government. What is more, there is analysis of the discrepant outlook the people in the government raised in their decision makings. 1. The existing works are about classical works of Confucianism and a thorough reading, appreciation and a contracted study of Suai Jip (西厓集), Kyumam Jip (謙菴集), Ching Bi Rok (懲毖錄), Annals of the Choseon Dynasty (조선왕조실록), Yunruchan Kisool(연려찬기술), Bigaochak (備邊五策), Sangsomun (上疏文), Chaja (차자). 2. This paper attempts a comparative study relying on historical facts. 3. It offers what is missing in the existing studies which have been done with the notion of history and philosophy. 4. This paper uses interviews of experts, of the ones who were involved in the field works in the relevant site such Chonson, Byunsan Seowon, Hawei Maul and other ruins. 5. This work re-illumines Yu’s national security policies in view of The History of Korean Political Thought differentiated from the mere notion of History and Philosophy. Secondly, apart from the critical reading of the existing works on Yu-Sungyong, this work points out the insufficient research results already done out of rather a simple scope on Politics and National Security Studies in comparison with researches based on History and Philosophy. In doing so, it raises the importance and the need of study on History of Korean Political Thought and The War History in relation to National Security. Thirdly, it raises the awareness of the importance of Yu studies and its limitation and suggests alternative reviews. It also brings to light that the inappropriate reactions to the invasion and distorted ideas of the eventful war period emerged due to the divisive four national cliques of nam-in (남인), buk-in (북인), and su-in (서인), dong-in (동인) rather than being mindful of reality of international relationship in the era. Finally, this paper offers a high appreciation of Yu’s strong and persuasive statements, and his leadership of integrity clearly shown in his works while he was working for the government as a prime minister by revealing the implied need of the military studies, and his negotiation skills in order to select the right persons like Yi-Soonshin and Kwang-Yul.

559

유길준의 군민공치론(君民共治論) 연구: 후쿠자와 유키치의 국체론(國體論)에 대한 수용과 주체성

김미란, 허만호

[NRF 연계] 21세기정치학회 21세기정치학회보 Vol.26 No.1 2016.03 pp.169-194

...Yu Gil-jun’s doctrine on modern polity and statehood in comparison with the doctrine of his Japanese teacher Fukuzawa Yukichi, and the finding that Yu’s doctrinal trunk is not simply descended from Fukuzawa’s ideas demonstrates the independence and subjecthood of Korean modernization. To understand the domestic and international situation, and to search for a remedy for Korea, Yu borrowed from Fukuzawa’s ideas on civilization, forms of government, polity, and statehood. Notwithstanding, Yu used his own ideas as regards the operational methods of power (politics by mass people i.e. democracy, politics by minimum people i.e. oligarchy), division (public/private) and reinforcement/control of royal power, transformation of Fukuzawa’s three-stage civilization into three-grade enlightenment, and universalization of Confucian values through “enlightenment of behavior”, one of the six sectors of enlightenment. Moreover, Yu refused fisticuff international order, and instead proposed Yedeok (decorum and virtue). Plus, as an alternative to survival of the fittest, Yu proposed competition and exertion based on reason and intellectual power. Yu’s doctrine on “Monarchial-Civil Governance” searched for the independence of Korea with the participation of the people. His doctrine on statehood also focused on protecting his fatherland, rather than the fruition of Fukuzawa’s influence. Therefore, these facts support the thesis of an independent modernization of Korea.

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원문보기

피식민지를 경험했던 비서구사회에서는 근대화에 대한 논의에서 왕정(monarchy)/공화정(republic) 전환과 더불어 근대화의 자주성 여부가 중요한 논제가 되고 있다. 본 연구는 유길준의 근대적 정체와 국체에 대한 사상을 그의 스승 후쿠자와 유키치와의 연관성 속에서 규명하였다. 유길준이 후쿠자와의 사상적 원류를 그대로 계승한 것이 아님을 밝힘으로써 유길준과 조선의 근대 형성에 대한 자주성과 주체성을 규명할 수 있기 때문이다. 유길준이 조선의 국내·국제적 현실 파악과 대안 창출을 위해 문명론, 정부의 형태, 정체, 국체 개념을 활용하는 데에는 후쿠자와의 사상을 수용하였다. 그런데 권력의 운용방법(다인정치, 소인정치), 군권의 분류(공적/사적 군권)와 강화/통제, 3단계 문명론을 3등급 개화론으로 변용한 것, 개화를 6영역으로 구분하고 “행실의 개화”를 통해 유교적 가치를 보편적 가치화 한 것은 후쿠자와의 사고체계를 답습하지 않고 창의력을 발휘한 것이다. 더욱이 약육강식의 국제질서를 부정하고 예덕(禮德)의 중요성을 강조한 것과 적자생존의 대안으로 도리(道理)와 지력(智力)에 기초한 경쟁과 면려(勉勵)를 제안한 것은 유길준의 자주성을 보여준다. 유길준의 군민공치론은 백성들의 참여로 조선의 독립을 추구한 것이다. 그의 국체사상은 후쿠자와의 영향의 결실이라기보다 자신의 조국을 지키기 위한 대안이었다. 이런 사실은 곧 한국의 자주적 근대화론을 지지하는 하나의 논거가 될 수 있다.

In non-Western societies that have experienced colonialism, independent modernization is a major topic of debate, along with the transformation from monarchy to republic. The current research explores Yu Gil-jun’s doctrine on modern polity and statehood in comparison with the doctrine of his Japanese teacher Fukuzawa Yukichi, and the finding that Yu’s doctrinal trunk is not simply descended from Fukuzawa’s ideas demonstrates the independence and subjecthood of Korean modernization. To understand the domestic and international situation, and to search for a remedy for Korea, Yu borrowed from Fukuzawa’s ideas on civilization, forms of government, polity, and statehood. Notwithstanding, Yu used his own ideas as regards the operational methods of power (politics by mass people i.e. democracy, politics by minimum people i.e. oligarchy), division (public/private) and reinforcement/control of royal power, transformation of Fukuzawa’s three-stage civilization into three-grade enlightenment, and universalization of Confucian values through “enlightenment of behavior”, one of the six sectors of enlightenment. Moreover, Yu refused fisticuff international order, and instead proposed Yedeok (decorum and virtue). Plus, as an alternative to survival of the fittest, Yu proposed competition and exertion based on reason and intellectual power. Yu’s doctrine on “Monarchial-Civil Governance” searched for the independence of Korea with the participation of the people. His doctrine on statehood also focused on protecting his fatherland, rather than the fruition of Fukuzawa’s influence. Therefore, these facts support the thesis of an independent modernization of Korea.

560

유진오의 「상해의 기억」과 사라져버린 ‘인터내셔널’의 노래

김양수

[NRF 연계] 한국중국현대문학학회 중국현대문학 Vol.69 2014.06 pp.59-84

...Yu Chin-o's(兪鎭午) short story “Memoriesof Shanghai”(1931) gets to meet Seo Young-Sang, a Chinese friendhe acquainted during his study in Japan, in Shanghai by chance,and then unexpectedly stumbles onto a conspiracy. After spendingseveral days in Chinese prison, he is freed to return home butfinds out that Mr. Seo was executed while he was in the prison. In the 1931 edition of “Memories of Shanghai,” there is a scenewhere the main character gets to hear the song called'International' in the prison to which, failing to meet SeoYoung-Sang, he was taken by unidentified assailants. But in the1939 edition, the word 'International' is deleted. The reason for thedeletion was probably because of self-censorship against ideologicalsuppression. In the work, the date on which the main character was taken tothe prison by somebody is clearly stipulated as January 17. AndJanuary 17, 1931 is the day Five Martyrs of the League of Left-Wing Writers(左聯五烈士) including Rou Shi(柔石) and Yin Fu(殷夫) were arrested by the Chinese Nationalist Party(國民黨 orKMT). Yu Chin-o, imagining ideological solidarity between Koreanmain character and China's left-wing writers, was attempting tocombine his passion for political ideal transcending nation andlanguage with the date of ‘January 17' into an entity. Having written socially critical novels ever since his debut in theliterary circles in late 1920s, Yu Chin-o transformed himself totake on the mantle of reality-embracement after experiencingpolitical persecution through the ‘Research Institute of KoreanSociety' incident(朝鮮社會硏究所事件). In that sense, “Memories ofShanghai,” announced in 1931, can be regarded as the workwritten when his radical political awareness was at its height. The discovery of the fact that Yu Chin-o was overlapping the‘Five Martyrs of the League of Left-Wing Writers' incident onto‘Shanghai Memories' has a very significant implication in theliterary conversation between Korea and China during the first halfof 20th century. Even though Yu Chin-o has always been describedas a ‘fellow traveler'(同伴者) around KAPF in the history of Koreanmodern literature, he was actually having his eyes on China'sleft-wing literary movement and, through the character in hisstory, was imagining a network among East Asia's liberal writers.

※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.

원문보기

The main character of Yu Chin-o's(兪鎭午) short story “Memoriesof Shanghai”(1931) gets to meet Seo Young-Sang, a Chinese friendhe acquainted during his study in Japan, in Shanghai by chance,and then unexpectedly stumbles onto a conspiracy. After spendingseveral days in Chinese prison, he is freed to return home butfinds out that Mr. Seo was executed while he was in the prison. In the 1931 edition of “Memories of Shanghai,” there is a scenewhere the main character gets to hear the song called'International' in the prison to which, failing to meet SeoYoung-Sang, he was taken by unidentified assailants. But in the1939 edition, the word 'International' is deleted. The reason for thedeletion was probably because of self-censorship against ideologicalsuppression. In the work, the date on which the main character was taken tothe prison by somebody is clearly stipulated as January 17. AndJanuary 17, 1931 is the day Five Martyrs of the League of Left-Wing Writers(左聯五烈士) including Rou Shi(柔石) and Yin Fu(殷夫) were arrested by the Chinese Nationalist Party(國民黨 orKMT). Yu Chin-o, imagining ideological solidarity between Koreanmain character and China's left-wing writers, was attempting tocombine his passion for political ideal transcending nation andlanguage with the date of ‘January 17' into an entity. Having written socially critical novels ever since his debut in theliterary circles in late 1920s, Yu Chin-o transformed himself totake on the mantle of reality-embracement after experiencingpolitical persecution through the ‘Research Institute of KoreanSociety' incident(朝鮮社會硏究所事件). In that sense, “Memories ofShanghai,” announced in 1931, can be regarded as the workwritten when his radical political awareness was at its height. The discovery of the fact that Yu Chin-o was overlapping the‘Five Martyrs of the League of Left-Wing Writers' incident onto‘Shanghai Memories' has a very significant implication in theliterary conversation between Korea and China during the first halfof 20th century. Even though Yu Chin-o has always been describedas a ‘fellow traveler'(同伴者) around KAPF in the history of Koreanmodern literature, he was actually having his eyes on China'sleft-wing literary movement and, through the character in hisstory, was imagining a network among East Asia's liberal writers.

 
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