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401

유길준의 ‘군민공치’ 사상과 ‘문명 한국’: 국가위기에 대한 진단과 처방을 중심으로

방용식, 정원영

[NRF 연계] 한국동양정치사상사학회 한국동양정치사상사연구 Vol.17 No.1 2018.03 pp.127-154

...Yu Giljun(1855~1914), a representative progressive intellectual of late Joseon who insisted on the above mentioned ‘collaborative politics of the ruler and people [君民共治]’ and who viewed this idea as a prerequisite for 'civilizing Joseon.' In relation to the topic, the author borrowed a political theory of Thomas A. Spragens Jr. and his analytical frames of ‘cognition, diagnosis, vision and prescription.’ Utilizing these frames, the author examined how Yu Giljun's idea of ‘the collaborative politics of the ruler and the subjects’ relates to the ‘civilization of Joseon.’ To be specific, Yu perceived Joseon between late 19th and early 20th century as ‘half-civilized’ status [cognition]. The reason of this perception was the ruler’s obstinate adherence to absolute power and Confucian philosophy [diagnosis]. To the eyes of Yu, his idea of collaborative politics had to be realized by the ruler sharing his power and ruling the country in collaboration with the people [prescription]. This was the way for Joseon to become enlightened in the future just like Japan or the UK [vision]. This paper concludes that Yu Giljun’s idea of ‘collaborative politics’ was not a mere adoption of constitutional monarchy, one of the western political systems. His thought was a reflection of the contemporary political reality and an attempt to address the national crisis that Joseon kingdom faced in the late 19th century.

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It is said that one’s power cannot be shared even with his or her own child. It is more so when the power holder is despotic. Figuratively speaking, “Absolute power never divides absolutely,” to borrow a quote of John Dalberg-Acton, an English politician. Despite this, there was a person in Joseon dynasty who openly asserted 130 years ago that the king must divide his absolute power with his people. He further stressed that Joseon dynasty could only be civilized and progress when the king shared his power with his people. This paper reviewed the idea of Yu Giljun(1855~1914), a representative progressive intellectual of late Joseon who insisted on the above mentioned ‘collaborative politics of the ruler and people [君民共治]’ and who viewed this idea as a prerequisite for 'civilizing Joseon.' In relation to the topic, the author borrowed a political theory of Thomas A. Spragens Jr. and his analytical frames of ‘cognition, diagnosis, vision and prescription.’ Utilizing these frames, the author examined how Yu Giljun's idea of ‘the collaborative politics of the ruler and the subjects’ relates to the ‘civilization of Joseon.’ To be specific, Yu perceived Joseon between late 19th and early 20th century as ‘half-civilized’ status [cognition]. The reason of this perception was the ruler’s obstinate adherence to absolute power and Confucian philosophy [diagnosis]. To the eyes of Yu, his idea of collaborative politics had to be realized by the ruler sharing his power and ruling the country in collaboration with the people [prescription]. This was the way for Joseon to become enlightened in the future just like Japan or the UK [vision]. This paper concludes that Yu Giljun’s idea of ‘collaborative politics’ was not a mere adoption of constitutional monarchy, one of the western political systems. His thought was a reflection of the contemporary political reality and an attempt to address the national crisis that Joseon kingdom faced in the late 19th century.

402

西周及春秋战国时期的“于/於”字

허웨이, 장태원

[NRF 연계] 언어과학회 언어과학연구 Vol.83 2017.12 pp.471-484

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403

兪吉濬의 「中立論」에 대한 국제법적 검토

유바다

[NRF 연계] 고려사학회 韓國史學報 Vol.68 2017.08 pp.67-92

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유길준은 「中立論」을 통하여 “조선의 국제적 지위가 중국의 貢邦인 점은 불가리아와 터어키와의 관계가 같다”고 하여 일찍이 연구자들의 주목을 받았다. 이후 “불가리아는 국제법상 중립국이 아닌” 점에서 유길준이 제시한 불가리아型 「중립론」의 문제점이 지적되기도 하였다. 그러나 불가리아가 국제법상 완벽한 의미의 중립국이 아니었다 하더라도 1885년 시점에 유길준이 불가리아를 주목한 사실은 유의미하게 받아들일 필요가 있다. 불가리아 또한 조선과 같이 “오스만 투르크에게 贈貢하는 小國이되 結約을 통하여 中立者가 된 점”은 유길준에게 조선이 나아갈 방향으로 읽혀졌기 때문이다. 여기서 “結約”은 1878년 유럽에서 열강 사이에 체결된 “베를린 조약”이다. 불가리아는 1878년 베를린 조약을 통하여 오스만 투르크 술탄의 宗主權 下 自治的인 進貢公國이 되었다. 오스만 투르크의 종주권 하 자치적인 진공 공국 불가리아의 국제법적 지위가 조선의 지위 결정에 곧바로 영향을 준 점에서 유길준의 「중립론」에서 불가리아가 지닌 의미는 불가리아가 중립국이 아니라는 이유로 절하될 수 없다.

404

갑오・을미개혁기 유길준의 향회개설론

양진아

[NRF 연계] 고려사학회 韓國史學報 Vol.68 2017.08 pp.129-151

...Yu KilChun thought the issue of the tax receipt was to be found in Liseocheong, a tax practitioner in the local government office, and proposed the tax payment of money as a countermeasure. Although in the Kabo Reform period, the taxation of the state has been legislated and the separation of the tax office from the local authorities has been made, the administrative affairs of the tax imposition and the tax investigation are still under the jurisdiction of local authorities. Yu KilChun pointed out that Eungyeol's assessment cannot be done thoroughly by conducting the tax investigation and management affairs in the local authorities, and he then enacted Hyanghoe law and insisted that Hyanghoe investigate and manage tax resources. In the early stage of constituting Hyanghoe, households and industry were investigated by Hyanghoe's Lijonwi and made into Seongcheak, sent to Myeon, and Myeonjipgang gathered them to join Gun office. Especially, in the case of industrial Seongcheak recorded with the land survey, it was sent to tax collection office administrators to prevent local authorities from imposing tax exceeding the prescribed amount. However, in September 1895, the taxation service was turned back to the head of the local government office, and the evils of tax collection were even more likely to occur. Thus, Yu KilChun proposed a petition for the establishment of Hyanghoe, and received approval. Hyangyakpanmu regulations and Hyanghoe Jogyu proposed at the time were further refining Hyanghoe conception at the early stage. In particular, among the tax sources, households were asked to divide the over rating of the property, and to manage it based on the taxation ability, and the industry opened up the possibility of taxing a wide range of nominal taxes by expanding its scope beyond land and forests. The arbitrary and excessive taxation and collection of tax on tax resources were tried to be checked through Hyanghoe's decision function. Especially in terms of Hyanghoe membership or participating in the meeting, the ability to pay taxes was to be considered. Eventually, Yu KilChun attempted to promote the stabilization and financial expansion of the national financial revenue source by allowing the people to protect their property through Hyanghoe.

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유길준은 갑오・을미개혁기 국가개혁을 뒷받침하는 재정확충을 위해 지방제도개혁을 구상하였고, 그 일환으로 향회개설 공인을 추진하였다. 그는 조세수취과정에서 발생하는 이서층의 과렴과 중간포흠을 지방제도 운영상의 문제로 지목하였다. 이에 갑오개혁기 지방관청 사무에서 이서층을 배제하고 그들을 대신할 방법으로 향회개설을 고안하였다. 유길준은 舊來의 美俗에 서양 근대제도를 참고한 향회개설을 주장하면서 향회에 세원조사・관리기능을 위임하고 납세자 중심으로 제반 행정사항을 의결하도록 설정하였다. 이는 조세부과・징수 이전 단계에서부터 중간 포흠 발생의 가능성을 예방하여 지방제도 운영상의 폐단을 교정하려는 구상이었다. 이러한 구상은 을미개혁기 유길준의 향회 개설 청의와 내각 및 국왕의 공인으로 이어졌다. 요컨대 갑오・을미개혁기 유길준의 향회개설론은 향회에서 세원조사・관리 기능을 수행하고 납세자 중심으로 제반 행정사항을 의결하도록 설정하여 인민으로 하여금 재산권을 자호하게 함으로써 과세기반을 안정시키고자 했다는데 그 특징이 있다.

From the previous period of the Kabo reform, Yu KilChun thought the issue of the tax receipt was to be found in Liseocheong, a tax practitioner in the local government office, and proposed the tax payment of money as a countermeasure. Although in the Kabo Reform period, the taxation of the state has been legislated and the separation of the tax office from the local authorities has been made, the administrative affairs of the tax imposition and the tax investigation are still under the jurisdiction of local authorities. Yu KilChun pointed out that Eungyeol's assessment cannot be done thoroughly by conducting the tax investigation and management affairs in the local authorities, and he then enacted Hyanghoe law and insisted that Hyanghoe investigate and manage tax resources. In the early stage of constituting Hyanghoe, households and industry were investigated by Hyanghoe's Lijonwi and made into Seongcheak, sent to Myeon, and Myeonjipgang gathered them to join Gun office. Especially, in the case of industrial Seongcheak recorded with the land survey, it was sent to tax collection office administrators to prevent local authorities from imposing tax exceeding the prescribed amount. However, in September 1895, the taxation service was turned back to the head of the local government office, and the evils of tax collection were even more likely to occur. Thus, Yu KilChun proposed a petition for the establishment of Hyanghoe, and received approval. Hyangyakpanmu regulations and Hyanghoe Jogyu proposed at the time were further refining Hyanghoe conception at the early stage. In particular, among the tax sources, households were asked to divide the over rating of the property, and to manage it based on the taxation ability, and the industry opened up the possibility of taxing a wide range of nominal taxes by expanding its scope beyond land and forests. The arbitrary and excessive taxation and collection of tax on tax resources were tried to be checked through Hyanghoe's decision function. Especially in terms of Hyanghoe membership or participating in the meeting, the ability to pay taxes was to be considered. Eventually, Yu KilChun attempted to promote the stabilization and financial expansion of the national financial revenue source by allowing the people to protect their property through Hyanghoe.

405

1907년 유길준의 귀국과 「平和光復策」 집필 -초고본 검토를 중심으로-

박한민

[NRF 연계] 고려사학회 韓國史學報 Vol.68 2017.08 pp.153-195

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본고는 고려대학교 박물관에 소장되어 있는 유길준의 「平和光復策」 초고본을 검토한 것이다. 「平和光復策」은 1907년 8월 일본에서 귀국한 유길준이 작성한 문서로, 사직 상소와 함께 순종에게 이 해 10월 제출한 문서였다. 이 문서는 귀국 직전 유길준이 일본에서 전개했던 여러 활동과 연결시켜서 문맥을 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이에 일본 신문기사와 잡지 등에서 확인되는 유길준의 활동 기사를 검토하였다. 귀국을 앞두고 유길준은 도쿄에서 여러 인물들과 접촉하면서 적극적으로 활동을 전개했다. 일본어가 능숙했던 그로서는 각계각층의 인사와 만나 의견을 들으면서 정세 판단을 하고, 다른 망명자들과 달리 언론과 접촉 빈도를 높임으로써 본인의 존재감을 부각시키고자 했다. 「平和光復策」 초고본은 국한문혼용체로 작성되었다. 제출본과 비교해 보았을 때 차이가 나는 내용들이 적지 않다. 최익현, 이범진, 박영효를 거론한 내용은 초고본에서만 확인된다. 유길준은 ‘평화광복’의 국시를 국왕 곁에서 보좌할 만한 능력을 지닌 자로는 박영효가 적격이라고 추천했다. 하지만 정치적으로 민감한 현안이나 인물에 대해서는 완성본을 사직상소와 함께 제출하는 과정에서 대폭 삭제하거나, 직접적인 언급을 피했다. 통감부의 존재를 의식하면서 자기검열을 실시하여 필자 자신의 위험성을 낮추는 전략을 택했음을 알 수 있다. 초고본에서 제출본으로 넘어가는 단계에서 나타난 내용상의 차이는 유길준이 국내 정치에 대해 체감하면서 판단을 바꾸게 된 과정을 구체적으로 잘 보여준다. 1907년 당시 『皇城新聞』은 일본과의 친선 유지를 전제로 하는 선상에서 한국의 실력 발전을 통해 국권 회복을 도모해야 한다는 입장이었다. 유길준의 「平和光復策」도 결국 평화에 기초하여 부강을 도모해야 한다는 실력양성의 입장에 서 있었던 만큼 『皇城新聞』의 논조와도 친연성이 높았다. 장문의 「平和光復策」을 굳이 두 차례에 걸쳐 전문을 게재한 것도 결국 같은 입장을 널리 알리려는 목적이 컸던 것으로 볼 수 있다.

406

유길준의 해외체험(1881~1885)과 「중립론」(1885)에 보이는 열강 인식

허동현

[NRF 연계] 고려사학회 韓國史學報 Vol.68 2017.08 pp.35-65

...Yu KilChun to study abroad in Japan and the United States in the early 1880s. In addition, this study examined his academic relations made while studying abroad, newly acquired ideas, and plans for national reforms, as well as his perception on powers displayed in ‘Neutrality' to propose becoming a neutral control while depending on China after his return to Korea. Furthermore, after reviewing the background for his writing and the reason why they were undisclosed, the following were revealed. First, Yu KilChun opened up to the idea of enlightenment under the teachings of Park Gyu-su. Min Young-ik, who he met in 1872, became his sponsor that made his dream of studying in Japan and the United States come true. He accepted new ideas such as social Darwinism through Fukuzawa Yukichi and Edward Sylvester Morse, who taught him while he studied in Japan and the US. However, his acceptance of modern sciences ended in a short 'study abroad' of just over three years due to the Military Mutiny of 1882 and the Coup d'Etat of 1884. Second, while studying abroad, he was influenced by the Social Darwinism that were popular in the academic worlds of Japan and America. Making reference to Meiji Japan's experience of nationalism on the 'deification of the emperor' by replacing Christianity with Shintoism, he searched for the theory to establish a progressive national country based on unification of the people and nation with Confucian values. Furthermore, as evident in his many works written by combining Korean and Chinese characters, which was the middle phase of dialog-type sentences in which the spoken and written language is the same that was a prerequisite for national unification, he attempted to return his intellectual achievements back to the people. Third, unlike Kim Ok-kyun who sought after radical revolution, he was a conservative and pragmatic thinker who established the progressive national country establishment theory. After the failed Coup d'Etat of 1884, he returned to Korea and under the protection of his sponsor Min Young-ik, he reviewed and provided advice for diplomatic documents and documents regarding the introduction of loans, but also accepted the oppression by Yuan Shikai. Fourth, at the time he completed 'Neutrality', the international world was in a state of power being balanced by the four nations of China, Japan, Russia and England, and it may have been possible to make Chosun a neutral country at the time. However, as a secondary plan to avoid intervention from hegemon China, he looked for ways to become neutral by depending on China. Fifth, his perception of the powers at the time in Neutrality was that Russia and Japan were the first and second worst invaders, and he undervalued the United States saying that unlike anticipations, it was a country that could not be trusted as an ally, and thus pointed to China as the best protector of Chosun. The reason why he viewed Russia as the worst invader was because of the fact that he was infected with Russophobia through the ‘Asian Solidarity Theory', and because his perception on Russia could conflict with King Gojong's policy to stay close with Russia and away from China. The reason why he overlooked Japan's propensity to invade was because of his Asian solidarity theory and ‘Yellow-racism’. He made a sharp point by stating the blind spots of the praises towards the ‘guardians of independence' America as the geographical distance and the Monroe Doctrine. Sixth, despite knowing about China's backwardness, the reason why he wanted to make Chosun neutral under the lead of China was because at the time when China and Japan, and England and Russia had a balance of powers, there was no realistic way to stop China's oppression. It appears that neutrality dependent upon China was a desperate measure aiming to lower Chinese intervention and control. However, he went against th...

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본고에서는 1880년대 초 유길준의 해외체험과 열강인식을 살핌으로서 다음을 究明할 수 있었다. 첫째, 그는 박규수 문하에서 개화사상에 눈떴으며, 1872년에 만난 민영익은 일본과 미국 유학의 꿈을 현실로 만들어 준 후원자였다. 둘째, 그는 유학 시 만난 후쿠자와 유키치와 모스를 통해 사회진화론을 수용하였으며, 기독교를 신도로 대체한 일본의 선례를 참용해 유교를 국민・국가 통합의 정신적 기제로 삼는 점진적 국민국가 수립론을 모색한 보수적・현실주의적 사상가였다. 셋째, 그는 최악과 차악의 침략자로 러시아와 일본을 지목한 다음 미국은 기대와는 달리 우방으로 신뢰가 가지 않는 못 믿을 나라로 저평가 한 반면 중국은 조선을 지켜줄 가장 든든한 보호자로 규정했다. 넷째, 그가 구상한 중국에 의존하는 중립국화는 중국의 간섭과 통제를 줄이기 위한 고육지책이었으나, 이는 고종의 引俄・拒淸策을 정면으로 부인하는 역설을 범했기 때문에 세상에 공표할 수 없었다.

This study examined the academic and personal background that made it possible for Yu KilChun to study abroad in Japan and the United States in the early 1880s. In addition, this study examined his academic relations made while studying abroad, newly acquired ideas, and plans for national reforms, as well as his perception on powers displayed in ‘Neutrality' to propose becoming a neutral control while depending on China after his return to Korea. Furthermore, after reviewing the background for his writing and the reason why they were undisclosed, the following were revealed. First, Yu KilChun opened up to the idea of enlightenment under the teachings of Park Gyu-su. Min Young-ik, who he met in 1872, became his sponsor that made his dream of studying in Japan and the United States come true. He accepted new ideas such as social Darwinism through Fukuzawa Yukichi and Edward Sylvester Morse, who taught him while he studied in Japan and the US. However, his acceptance of modern sciences ended in a short 'study abroad' of just over three years due to the Military Mutiny of 1882 and the Coup d'Etat of 1884. Second, while studying abroad, he was influenced by the Social Darwinism that were popular in the academic worlds of Japan and America. Making reference to Meiji Japan's experience of nationalism on the 'deification of the emperor' by replacing Christianity with Shintoism, he searched for the theory to establish a progressive national country based on unification of the people and nation with Confucian values. Furthermore, as evident in his many works written by combining Korean and Chinese characters, which was the middle phase of dialog-type sentences in which the spoken and written language is the same that was a prerequisite for national unification, he attempted to return his intellectual achievements back to the people. Third, unlike Kim Ok-kyun who sought after radical revolution, he was a conservative and pragmatic thinker who established the progressive national country establishment theory. After the failed Coup d'Etat of 1884, he returned to Korea and under the protection of his sponsor Min Young-ik, he reviewed and provided advice for diplomatic documents and documents regarding the introduction of loans, but also accepted the oppression by Yuan Shikai. Fourth, at the time he completed 'Neutrality', the international world was in a state of power being balanced by the four nations of China, Japan, Russia and England, and it may have been possible to make Chosun a neutral country at the time. However, as a secondary plan to avoid intervention from hegemon China, he looked for ways to become neutral by depending on China. Fifth, his perception of the powers at the time in Neutrality was that Russia and Japan were the first and second worst invaders, and he undervalued the United States saying that unlike anticipations, it was a country that could not be trusted as an ally, and thus pointed to China as the best protector of Chosun. The reason why he viewed Russia as the worst invader was because of the fact that he was infected with Russophobia through the ‘Asian Solidarity Theory', and because his perception on Russia could conflict with King Gojong's policy to stay close with Russia and away from China. The reason why he overlooked Japan's propensity to invade was because of his Asian solidarity theory and ‘Yellow-racism’. He made a sharp point by stating the blind spots of the praises towards the ‘guardians of independence' America as the geographical distance and the Monroe Doctrine. Sixth, despite knowing about China's backwardness, the reason why he wanted to make Chosun neutral under the lead of China was because at the time when China and Japan, and England and Russia had a balance of powers, there was no realistic way to stop China's oppression. It appears that neutrality dependent upon China was a desperate measure aiming to lower Chinese intervention and control. However, he went against th...

407

위화(余華)의 『제7일(第七天)』 ― 공간사유, 상상력의 특징과 희망의 정념

심혜영

[NRF 연계] 한국중국현대문학학회 중국현대문학 Vol.82 2017.07 pp.33-62

...Yu Hua’s recent novel The Seventh Day by explicating the elements of space imagination in the novel and showing the author’s pathos about those regarded as the ‘not-yet-being’ that works behind the author’s imagination. One of the most conspicuous characteristics of The Seventh Day is that the author’s view on life and death clearly move from time to space, differentiating itself from his earlier novels in this aspect. Death and memory, which become the central elements the narrative of The Seventh Day revolves around, are all dealt with as spatial, rather than temporal, events. Among the notable characteristics of The Seventh Day in terms of space imagination is that objects such as ‘mists’ and ‘snowflakes’ that move in and out of the boundary between being and non-being are frequently used in order to aesthetically represent the phantasmic chronotope of the borderline between life and death, along with the fact that metaphors and figurative descriptions which lead the represented space of the novel to be imagined in water are found effusively throughout the novel. Another important characteristic is that, along with these elements of the imagination of water, descriptions that blur the distinction between emptiness and chaos, as well as between day and night, which can be read as the manifestation of the imagination of the book of Genesis, repeatedly appears and spurs the entire spatial setting of the novel to be imagined as a gigantic and mysterious time space of the days of Genesis. Significantly, this imagination of water and Genesis combines with both the author’s resistant feeling to the irrationalities and injustices of life and his strong pathos about the ‘not-yet-being’, which then results in the birth of a paradoxical representational space, ‘the land of no land’. This paradoxical land is the land prepared for those who do not have the space to rest even after death, through the creation of which the author subverts the traditional thinking that believes these people to be cursed and radically changes the miserable condition of those still left homeless after death to a blissful and beautiful fate within the represented space. The Seventh Day can be read as a novel which, through space imagination, plays a unique role allocated for art as a space of revelation of the ‘not-yet-being’ in Ernst Bloch’s meaning of the term. The novel has some weaknesses in that the way the author looks at human beings and life seem too moralistic and even binarist at times and that this ‘beauty’ the author realizes through ‘the land of no land’ seems too secular and unable to move beyond simplistic understanding of beauty. Despite these problematic aspects, The Seventh Day still manages to reveal the concrete contents and meanings of the aesthetic challenge the author took up.

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This paper aims at exploring the aesthetic characteristics of Yu Hua’s recent novel The Seventh Day by explicating the elements of space imagination in the novel and showing the author’s pathos about those regarded as the ‘not-yet-being’ that works behind the author’s imagination. One of the most conspicuous characteristics of The Seventh Day is that the author’s view on life and death clearly move from time to space, differentiating itself from his earlier novels in this aspect. Death and memory, which become the central elements the narrative of The Seventh Day revolves around, are all dealt with as spatial, rather than temporal, events. Among the notable characteristics of The Seventh Day in terms of space imagination is that objects such as ‘mists’ and ‘snowflakes’ that move in and out of the boundary between being and non-being are frequently used in order to aesthetically represent the phantasmic chronotope of the borderline between life and death, along with the fact that metaphors and figurative descriptions which lead the represented space of the novel to be imagined in water are found effusively throughout the novel. Another important characteristic is that, along with these elements of the imagination of water, descriptions that blur the distinction between emptiness and chaos, as well as between day and night, which can be read as the manifestation of the imagination of the book of Genesis, repeatedly appears and spurs the entire spatial setting of the novel to be imagined as a gigantic and mysterious time space of the days of Genesis. Significantly, this imagination of water and Genesis combines with both the author’s resistant feeling to the irrationalities and injustices of life and his strong pathos about the ‘not-yet-being’, which then results in the birth of a paradoxical representational space, ‘the land of no land’. This paradoxical land is the land prepared for those who do not have the space to rest even after death, through the creation of which the author subverts the traditional thinking that believes these people to be cursed and radically changes the miserable condition of those still left homeless after death to a blissful and beautiful fate within the represented space. The Seventh Day can be read as a novel which, through space imagination, plays a unique role allocated for art as a space of revelation of the ‘not-yet-being’ in Ernst Bloch’s meaning of the term. The novel has some weaknesses in that the way the author looks at human beings and life seem too moralistic and even binarist at times and that this ‘beauty’ the author realizes through ‘the land of no land’ seems too secular and unable to move beyond simplistic understanding of beauty. Despite these problematic aspects, The Seventh Day still manages to reveal the concrete contents and meanings of the aesthetic challenge the author took up.

408

유길준과 마포도선조합 - 자본의 사회적 승인과정 -

김윤희

[NRF 연계] 한국사연구회 한국사연구 Vol.177 2017.06 pp.37-71

...Yu Kilchun and examine the changes in the activities of the economic entities around 1910. The Mapo ferriage Union was a way for their economic interests to be legalized. Also, In the process of establishing Han River ship bridge, the interests of ferriage Union and workers were differentiated and the working conditions of the boatmen became worse. However, Yu Kilchun tried to spread the modern work ethics and to present How capital interests can contribute socially. The legalization of economic vested interests, the social contribution of capital gains, and modern work ethics were institutional and cultural devices in which the power of capital could be socially approved.

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이글은 유길준이 소장했던 마포도선조합 문서를 분석하고, 1910년 전후 기존 경제주체의 활동 변화를 고찰한 것이다. 마포도선조합은 기존의 경제적 기득권을 가진 동업자를 조직함으로써 그들의 경제적 이익이 합법화될 수 있는 길을 여는데 활용되고 있었다. 또한 한강선교 가설 과정에서 마포-노량진 도선업자의 이해관계는 분화되었고, 뱃사공의 노동환경이 더욱 악화되었다. 그러나 유길준은 자본이익이 사회적으로 기여할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고, 근대적 직업윤리를 형성하고자 했다. 경제적 기득권의 합법화, 자본이익의 사회적 기여, 근대 직업윤리는 자본의 힘이 사회적으로 승인될 수 있는 제도적 문화적 장치였다.

I analyze the document of Mapo ferriage Union which was possessed by Yu Kilchun and examine the changes in the activities of the economic entities around 1910. The Mapo ferriage Union was a way for their economic interests to be legalized. Also, In the process of establishing Han River ship bridge, the interests of ferriage Union and workers were differentiated and the working conditions of the boatmen became worse. However, Yu Kilchun tried to spread the modern work ethics and to present How capital interests can contribute socially. The legalization of economic vested interests, the social contribution of capital gains, and modern work ethics were institutional and cultural devices in which the power of capital could be socially approved.

409

1910년대 유길준의 경남지역 토지경영 -晉州, 宜寧, 咸安을 중심으로-

김기성

[NRF 연계] 한국사연구회 한국사연구 Vol.177 2017.06 pp.73-123

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지역의 숙원사업이었던 南江 유역의 치수사업은 1909년 서울의 권력자들이 참여하면서 운하를 건설하여 남강의 물을 조절하는 방식으로 구체화되었다. 여기에 東洋拓殖株式會社가 대규모로 토지를 매입한다는 소문과 철도와 도로 건설 등 다른 개발호재가 결합되어 당시 남강 유역 일대에는 모험적 투자가 만연하게 되었다. 토지중매인 張基茂는 이점을 이용하여 兪吉濬에게 접근하였고, 유길준은 그의 유혹에 넘어가 진주, 함안, 의령의 토지를 매입하기로 결정하였다. 처음에 유길준은 지역의 사정과 토지매매에 어두웠기 때문에 장기무의 말에 따를 수밖에 없었다. 그러나 한편으로 장기무를 전적으로 믿을 수 없었기에 유길준은 계속 사람을 보내 그의 활동을 감시하였고, 이후 진주, 함안, 의령 지역에서는 장기무에 대한 좋지 않은 소식이 계속 들려왔다. 결국 유길준은 점차 장기무에 대한 신뢰를 거둔다. 반면, 처음부터 모험적인 성향을 강하게 가지고 토지매매에 뛰어들었던 장기무는 매입과정에서 무리한 시도를 계속하여 유길준의 의심을 샀다. 거기에 결정적으로 투자 결정의 가장 중요한 이유였던 운하공사의 착공이 늦어지자, 누적되었던 장기무의 잘못들이 불거지기 시작하였다. 그 결과 유길준과 장기무의 갈등이 표면화되었고, 결국 유길준은 장기무와 계약을 해지한다. 모험적 투자를 위해 맺어진 두 사람의 관계가 결국 파탄으로 치달은 것이다. 유길준은 장기무와 계약을 해지한 이후 본격적으로 이 지역에서 토지경영을 시도하였다. 그러나 애초에 충실한 준비를 하고 토지경영에 뛰어들었던 것이 아니고, 개발을 통한 시세차익을 노리고 모험적인 투자를 감행한 것이기 때문에 지역적 특성에 맞는 효율적 경영은 기대하기 어려웠다. 당시 유길준은 1만 엔이라는 거금을 들여 이 지역의 토지를 매입하였지만, 1913~1914년 동안 이 토지에서 거둔 수익은 당시 은행이자에도 훨씬 미치지 못하는 낮은 수준이었다. 그리고 매입이 급하게 진행되는 과정에서 토지의 소유권이 불분명하게 처리되어 소유권 분쟁도 발생하였다. 게다가 가장 중요한 투자요인이었던 운하사업마저 계속 착공이 늦어지다가 결국 흐지부지되어 버렸다. 처음의 계획은 빈번하게 침수피해가 발생하는 浦田이 운하건설을 통해 옥토로 바뀌는 것을 전제로 한 것이었지만, 상황은 이와는 완전히 다른 방향으로 흘러가버렸다. 결국 유길준은 이 지역을 들썩이게 했던 개발호재와 그에 따르는 모험적인 투자열기 속에서 피해자가 되고 말았다.

410

18세기 지식인 유만주(兪晩柱)의『역어유해(譯語類解)』읽기와 재구성

김하라

[NRF 연계] 국문학회 국문학연구 Vol.35 2017.05 pp.291-333

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18세기 후반 서울에 거주한 20대의 양반 남성 유만주는 『역어유해』(譯語類解)를 저본으로 삼아 「속어명물해」(俗語名物解)라는 어휘집을 만들었다. 이 목록에는 『역어유해』의 하책에 수록된 한어(漢語) 어휘 2,066건 중 392건이 선별되어 저본과는 다른 체재와 표기법에 따라 기재되었다. 유만주는 저본을 재구성하여 Ⅰ. 화곡(禾穀)․채소(菜蔬)․수목(樹木)․화초(花草)․비금(飛禽)․주수(走獸)․곤충(昆蟲)․수족(水族) Ⅱ. 진보(珍寶)․직조(織造)․재봉(裁縫)․전농(田農)․기구(器具)․안비(鞍轡)․주선(舟船)․차량(車輛)․잠상(蠶桑) Ⅲ. 기희(技戱)․쇄설(琑說)의 순으로 어휘를 분류하고 나열했다. 이와 같은 「속어명물해」의 어휘 배열방식을 통해, 인간의 문화를 크게 유형과 무형의 범주로 나누고, 유형의 문화에 속한 하위개념으로 일상생활과 관련된 동식물 및 도구를, 무형의 문화에 속한 하위개념으로 민속과 언어 등을 설정하고 있는 편자의 세계관을 엿볼 수 있다. 또한 한어 표제어에 해당하는 고유어 의미를 한글로 표기한 저본과 달리, 유만주는 한자의 음과 뜻을 빌리거나 한글을 혼용하는 방식으로 고유어를 표기했다. 그는 거의 대부분의 어휘를 한문으로 표기한바 「속어명물해」에서 한글이 사용된 예는 63건에 불과하다. 유만주가 사용한 한글은 그 음가를 한문으로 표기하기 어려운 경우에 해당하는데, 이처럼 고유어 음운을 선별하여 한글로 표기하는 방식은 중국어와 조선어가 음운체계에서 상당히 다르다는 자각과 연결되었다. 「속어명물해」는 18세기 조선의 지식인 유만주의 세계가 어떤 사물로, 어떻게 구성되어 있었는지 추정하는 단서가 된다. 또한 유만주는 이 목록을 만드는 동안 일상의 사물들이 한어와 조선어로 각각 어떻게 불리는지 검토하며 한문과 한글의 이질성을 구체적으로 발견하는 계기를 만났다. 그는 자국의 고유어에 대한 학문적 문제의식을 이후로도 지속적으로 발전시켜 나갔던 것으로 보이며, 이는 조선의 사대부 지식인으로서 한문을 전적으로 사용하는 유만주가 역관(譯官)의 수험서인 『역어유해』를 검토하며 얻게 된 효과 중 하나였다.

411

『아라비안나이트』의 한국어 번역 계보와 『유옥역전』

박진영

[NRF 연계] 동국대학교 한국문학연구소 한국문학연구 Vol.53 2017.04 pp.355-382

...Yu-ok-yeok-jeon, and was again translated in the first half of the twentieth century by Kim Gyo-je, Yi Sang-hyeop, Choi Seung-il, and Kim So-un. Yu-ok-yeok-jeon was manuscript that was not published by modern media, and the translator of it is unknown. It was an outcome of double translation(second-hand translation) based on the two most popular Japanese translations during the Meiji period. The completion of Yu-ok-yeok-jeon shows that Japanese translations of Western literature appeared in Korea since the 1890s and that Korean translations embodied different editions and styles of writing in the early Meiji period in abstract. The Yu-ok-yeok-jeon is the critical basis upon which we can reflect on how Korean modern literature became obsessed with Western-centered imagination and the spirit of the enlightenment

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『아라비안나이트』는 전근대와 근대, 동양과 서양, 문학성과 오락성, 세계문학과 대중문화, 정전과 아동물의 경계에서 번역을 통해 재생산되었다. 『아라비안나이트』가 한국어로 처음 번역된 것은 19세기 말의 『유옥역전』이며, 20세기 전반기에 김교제, 이상협, 최승일, 김소운에 의해 번역되었다. 번역가가 특정되지 않으며 근대 매체를 통해 인쇄되지 않은 필사본인 『유옥역전』은 메이지 시기 일본의 대표적인 두 가지 번역을 바탕으로 삼아 중역된 산물이다. 『유옥역전』의 성립은 일본의 서양문학 번역 성과가 1890년대부터 한국에서 포착되었을 뿐 아니라 메이지 시기 초기의 상이한 판본과 문체 경합이 한국어 번역에 동시적이고 압축적으로 개입되었음을 보여 준다. 『유옥역전』은 한국의 근대문학이 서양 중심의 상상력과 계몽적 시대정신에 강박된 경위를 반성할 수 있는 비판적 거점이다.

The Arabian Nights has been reproduced through translations in the boundaries of pre-modern and modern, East and West, literature and entertainment, world literature and public culture, and canon and children's literature. The Arabian Nights was first translated into Korean in the late nineteenth century under the title Yu-ok-yeok-jeon, and was again translated in the first half of the twentieth century by Kim Gyo-je, Yi Sang-hyeop, Choi Seung-il, and Kim So-un. Yu-ok-yeok-jeon was manuscript that was not published by modern media, and the translator of it is unknown. It was an outcome of double translation(second-hand translation) based on the two most popular Japanese translations during the Meiji period. The completion of Yu-ok-yeok-jeon shows that Japanese translations of Western literature appeared in Korea since the 1890s and that Korean translations embodied different editions and styles of writing in the early Meiji period in abstract. The Yu-ok-yeok-jeon is the critical basis upon which we can reflect on how Korean modern literature became obsessed with Western-centered imagination and the spirit of the enlightenment

412

연해주 시기 유인석의 의병 노선과 ‘관일약(貫一約)’

구완회

[NRF 연계] 대구사학회 대구사학 Vol.126 2017.02 pp.173-213

...Yu In-seok's Righteous Army Leadership and Kwanilyak Organization in Maritime Territory(1908~1914) Ku Wanhoe 〔Abstract〕 Through the latter period of righteous army activity, Yu In-seok moved to Maritime Territory as a base for the activity, dreaming of organizing the unified corps(in autumn, 1908). There was, however, a split over struggle policies of AntiJapan movement groups among Koreans in Maritime Territory. He could not but band together with other groups. That's why 'Uian(the list of people dedicating themselves to righteous army uprising)' has the names of people supporting patriotic enlightment movement. Yu In-seok felt keenly the necessity of leadership leading the unified corps to the ‘right’ direction. Otherwise, the ‘upright’ country could not be realized even when the righteous army took the country back. So he organized Kwanilyak working as an advance guard for the righteous army activity. In the declaration of Kwanilyak, Yu In-seok recognized the situation as the collapse of 'country', 'morality', 'body', and 'person'. He thought these four core values of Neo-confucianism should be penetrated in unison. Kwanilyak follwed the system of traditional Hyangyak. Supporters of righteous army participated in Kwanilyak following his idea. They met regularly, read the doctrines aloud, and strengthened their belief, hoping to take their country back. Kwanilyak wasn't successful since it didn't pass the bounds of conservative righteous army activists living in a foreign country; there was inside opposition to solidarity with the enlightment movement group; Japan annexed Korea; the international situation got worse. (Semyung Univ. / kuwanhoe@gmail.com)

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후기 의병기를 거치면서 통합군단 결성을 꿈꾸던 유인석은 의병전쟁의 근거지로 연해주를 선택했다. 그러나 한때 의병전쟁의 무대였던 연해주의 항일 세력은 분열을 겪고 있었으며, 애국계몽운동 세력이 급격히 성장하고 있었다. 투쟁 노선과 출신 지역을 둘러싼 갈등으로 분열을 거듭하는 상황에서 전국 의병을 하나의 지휘 체계로 묶는 통합군단을 구상하던 유인석은 노선이 다른 세력과 연대하지 않을 수 없었다. 의병 봉기를 위한 일에 헌신할 사람들을 모은 명단인 「의안」에 애국계몽주의자들까지 들어있는 것은 그런 까닭이다. 노선을 달리하는 이들까지 끌어들이는 상황에서 유인석은 통합군단을 올바른 방향으로 이끌어야 바람직한 나라를 재건할 수 있다고 믿었다. 그렇게 하지 않으면 나라를 되찾아도 그가 생각한 이상적인 나라가 아닐 수 있다고 보았기 때문이다. 따라서 통합군단을 구상하면서 이를 통제하기 위한 핵심적 전위 세력이 필요하다고 여겼고, 그 결과가 관일약이란 조직으로 나타났다. 관일약은 현실을 ‘나라’와 ‘도’와 ‘몸’과 ‘사람’이 망하는 상황으로 규정하는 데서 출발했다. 그리고 성리학적인 가치 기준에서 규정한 이 네 가지 요소를 사랑하는 마음을 ‘하나로 꿰어야[貫一]’ 문제를 해결할 수 있다고 주장했다. 따라서 관일약은 성리학적 가치가 구현된 사회를 회복하기 위한 것으로서 애국계몽운동과 공존하기 어려운 것이었다. 1909년 7월에 출범한 관일약은 서북 지역에서 의병에 가담했던 이들, 유인석이 서북 지역에서 강학하면서 받아들였던 제자들, 연해주에서 새로 맞은 제자들이 중심이 되었다. 향약 조직의 형태를 본받았고, 정기적인 모임을 거치면서 강령을 읽고 신념을 다지며 국권 회복의 꿈을 키웠다. 그러나 관일약은 유인석이 기대했던 것처럼 성공하지 못했다. 요동과 국내 인사들까지 끌어들이려고 하였으나 연해주 일부 인사들의 범주를 거의 벗어나지 못했다. 계몽운동세력과 연대하는 것에 대한 내부의 반발도 있었다. 게다가 통합군단을 출발시키자마자 조선이 병합되고, 신해혁명, 러․일간의 관계 강화 등 국제적 여건이 악화했기 때문에 관일약은 실질적인 성과를 거둘 수 없었다.

Yu In-seok's Righteous Army Leadership and Kwanilyak Organization in Maritime Territory(1908~1914) Ku Wanhoe 〔Abstract〕 Through the latter period of righteous army activity, Yu In-seok moved to Maritime Territory as a base for the activity, dreaming of organizing the unified corps(in autumn, 1908). There was, however, a split over struggle policies of AntiJapan movement groups among Koreans in Maritime Territory. He could not but band together with other groups. That's why 'Uian(the list of people dedicating themselves to righteous army uprising)' has the names of people supporting patriotic enlightment movement. Yu In-seok felt keenly the necessity of leadership leading the unified corps to the ‘right’ direction. Otherwise, the ‘upright’ country could not be realized even when the righteous army took the country back. So he organized Kwanilyak working as an advance guard for the righteous army activity. In the declaration of Kwanilyak, Yu In-seok recognized the situation as the collapse of 'country', 'morality', 'body', and 'person'. He thought these four core values of Neo-confucianism should be penetrated in unison. Kwanilyak follwed the system of traditional Hyangyak. Supporters of righteous army participated in Kwanilyak following his idea. They met regularly, read the doctrines aloud, and strengthened their belief, hoping to take their country back. Kwanilyak wasn't successful since it didn't pass the bounds of conservative righteous army activists living in a foreign country; there was inside opposition to solidarity with the enlightment movement group; Japan annexed Korea; the international situation got worse. (Semyung Univ. / kuwanhoe@gmail.com)

413

西陂 柳僖의 江西詩 학습과 한시 작법의 특징

김덕수

[NRF 연계] 한국실학학회 한국실학연구 Vol.32 2016.12 pp.195-231

...Yu-Hui pointed to the acceptance of Jiangxi poetry as the greatest feature. But they could not reveal through what kind of book Yu-Hui learned Jiangxi poetry. In this article, I proved in various ways that Yu-Hui learned Jiangxi poetry through Yingkuilusui. He emphasized the efficacy of poetry and tried to expand the outline and aesthetic category of poetry. Especially without being bound by stylistic constraints or social myths, he expressed feelings and arguments without filtration. Besides he tried to create fresh antithesis by escaping from cliches of the old poet and used the auxiliary characters and the proper nouns in the prose style to create a personal aesthetic. These attempts, as a means of vulgar as elegance, require attention in terms of the daily life and experience of the poet, the pursuit of individual expression, the expansion of the poetic language and poetic sentiment. It is evident that theses came from the backlash against Tang style’s descriptions of scenery and feelings habitually.

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전통 시대의 경우, 지식의 전달과 학습은 통상 서책을 통해 이루어졌다. 따라서 시사를 설명할 때도 가능한 한 문헌학적 접근이 수반되어야 한다. 서파 한시에 한 기존 논의는 공히 江西詩의 수용을 가장 큰 특징으로 지적했으나 정작 어떤 적을 읽으며 강서시를 배웠고 그 작법적 연원이 무엇인지에 대해서는 여전히 진한 감이 없지 않다. 본고에서는 다양한 경로를 통해 그가 연찬한 시학서가 회의 『영규율수』임을 규명한 뒤, 서파가 한시의 효용성과 대사회적 기능을 중시했고 한시 작법의 외연과 미학적 범주를 확장하기 위해 노력했음을 밝혔다. 특히 문체적 제약이나 사회적 통념에 얽매이지 않고 정감과 의론을 여과 없이 표출한 점은 서파 문학의 특징 중 하나다. 서파는 전대 시인이 구사했던 진부한 투식에서 벗어나 참신한 대우를 만들고자 애썼고, 산문적 구법 속에 俗語와 助字, 고유명사 등을 시어로 적극 수렴하여 개성적 미감을 창출했다. 이러한 시도는 以俗 爲雅의 방편이거니와 시인의 일상과 체험의 중시, 개성적 표현의 추구, 시어와 시상의 확장이란 측면에서 주목을 요한다. 이것이 당풍 일변도의 공소한 경물 묘사와 관성적 감정 유출에 대한 반발에서 나온 것임은 췌언의 여지가 없다.

The transmission and acceptance of knowledge is done through book. Therefore a literary approach should be assumed to explain the history of literature. All previous studies on the poems of Yu-Hui pointed to the acceptance of Jiangxi poetry as the greatest feature. But they could not reveal through what kind of book Yu-Hui learned Jiangxi poetry. In this article, I proved in various ways that Yu-Hui learned Jiangxi poetry through Yingkuilusui. He emphasized the efficacy of poetry and tried to expand the outline and aesthetic category of poetry. Especially without being bound by stylistic constraints or social myths, he expressed feelings and arguments without filtration. Besides he tried to create fresh antithesis by escaping from cliches of the old poet and used the auxiliary characters and the proper nouns in the prose style to create a personal aesthetic. These attempts, as a means of vulgar as elegance, require attention in terms of the daily life and experience of the poet, the pursuit of individual expression, the expansion of the poetic language and poetic sentiment. It is evident that theses came from the backlash against Tang style’s descriptions of scenery and feelings habitually.

414

유치환의 경주 시절과, 시의 공간 감수성 - 시간의 지속 속에 존재하는 작은 지척

송희복

[NRF 연계] 국제언어문학회 국제언어문학 Vol.33 2016.04 pp.65-90

...Yu Chi-hwan. 2. Yu Chi-hwan lived moving around here and there frequently. Reconstructing his biographical life, it is a meaningful period for him to live in Gyeongju, an ancient city of Korea. 3. His experience of Gyeongju period contributes to develop his poetics of space sensitivity. In those days, his lyric poetry aims at the state of timelessness. 4. Gyeongju is the capital of ancient Silla. While poet Seo Jeong-ju’s Silla spirit has a meaning from the sense of time, Yu Chi-hwan’s experience of Gyeongju has a significance from the sense of space.

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본 연구는 시인 유치환의 경주 체험을 중심으로 삶의 전기적인 부분을 복원해 보면서 시의 구체적인 체험의 반영을 공간 감수성의 차원에서 탐색한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 그의 경주고등학교 제자인 서영수의 글 「청마 시인과 경주」이 가장 중요한 자료가 되었고, 그 밖에 청맥 동인으로서 유치환을 교장으로 모셨던 당시에 경주고등학교 교사를 재직한 시인 김해석의「위대한 시인의 위대한 아내」란 산문과, 허만하의 저서 『청마풍경』도 보조 자료로 활용되었다. 경주 시절의 시편 「잠자리―석굴암(石窟庵)에서」는 이른바󰡐억년 비정󰡑의 초시간성을 소재로 한 것이다. 영겁이란, 다름이 아니라 외롭게 떠 있거나 떠다니거나 하는 목숨의 반증이 있어야만 존재하는 순수한 허무의지이다. 경주 시절의 유치환이 창작한 최고의 명시인 「고분에서―경주 황오리 오(五)호총」는 시가 가지는 특유한 공간성, 장소정체성 및 공간 감수성이라고 해도 좋을 공간성을 지니고 있다. 서정시가 시간의 순차적인 단계에 따라 삶의 진행을 말하는 게 아니라, 공간의 조형성 속에서 무시간(성)의 성취 경험을 조성해 보이는 것이라면, 유치환의 시편 「고분에서」는 서정주가 보여준 윤회와 연기의 시학과 맥락을 함께하는 측면이 없지 않다. 또 그의 시에는 경주 체험을 드러낸 또 다른 시 「사면불」처럼 윤회 사상과는 별개의 회향(廻向)의 삶의식을 수반하기도 한다. 서정주의 신라 정신과, 유치환의 경주 체험은 비슷한 것 같지만 서로 뚜렷이 다르다. 신라를 선험적인 고향으로 삼았던 시정신의 표상이 바로 서정주의 신라 정신이었다. 이것은 소위 역사의식의 자각이다. 자신의 시집들에서 시간성의 감수성이 잘 드러나고 있다. 반면에, 유치환이 체험한 경주는 서정주의 관념적인 시간의식에 자리하고 있는 신라로 영속되는 매개 개념이 아니다. 그에게 있어서의 경주는 삶의 직접성에 뿌리를 내린 실존적 거점으로서의 장소 개념이다. 따라서 그의 장소정체성은 시적이면서도 동시에 지리적인 감수성을 환기시키는 조건이 되었다.

1. This paper is composed of three parts related to a Korean poet, Yu Chi-hwan. 2. Yu Chi-hwan lived moving around here and there frequently. Reconstructing his biographical life, it is a meaningful period for him to live in Gyeongju, an ancient city of Korea. 3. His experience of Gyeongju period contributes to develop his poetics of space sensitivity. In those days, his lyric poetry aims at the state of timelessness. 4. Gyeongju is the capital of ancient Silla. While poet Seo Jeong-ju’s Silla spirit has a meaning from the sense of time, Yu Chi-hwan’s experience of Gyeongju has a significance from the sense of space.

415

유진하(兪鎭河)의 학문(學問)과 문인(門人)들의 민족운동

김상기

[NRF 연계] 한국사상사학회 한국사상사학 Vol.52 2016.04 pp.379-408

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유진하는 유중교한테 수학한 화서학파 유학자이다. 그는 경기도 고양에서 태어나 경기도 광주와 충청도 진천을 거쳐 서산의 거성리 추계마을에 정착하였다. 1896년에는 화서학파 동문인 유인석이 제천에서 의병을 일으키자 정인설을 추천하여 대장 종사로 활약하게 하였다. 그는 의병에 직접 참전하지는 못했으나 서산에서 서당을 차리고 인근의 유학자들과 교유하면서 향약을 중수하는 등 향풍의 진작을 위하여 힘썼다. 1905년에는 최익현이 노성의 궐리사에서 강회를 개최함에 시국의 대처 방안을 제시하였으며, 그를 대신하여 격문을 작성하기도 하였다. 1906년에는 당진의 의령남씨들이 설립한 도호의숙(桃湖義塾)에 강장(講長)으로 초빙되어 척사론에 입각한 강의를 했다. 그는 송시열의 존주론에 입각한 위정척사론에 철저하였다. 그는 단발령으로 인하여 중화의 맥이 끊어졌다면서 반대의 뜻을 분명히 하였다. 또한 을사늑약이 강행됨에 일본은 중화의 적이고 을사5적은 임금의 적이라면서 이들을 토벌함은 춘추의 대의라고 하였다. 그는 서산에 정착하여 이철승과 정재학 등 많은 문인을 양성하였다. 그의 가르침을 받은 문인들 역시 존화양이론에 철저한 면을 보인다. 특히 음암 출신의 이철승의 척사론이 두드러진다. 유진하는 도호의숙에 초빙되어 경학만이 아니라 사기를 강의하였다. 도호의숙에서 수학한 남주원 등이 1919년 대호지 3.1운동을 주도하여 옥고를 치렀다. 거성리에서 수학한 허후득은 운산면에서 만세운동을 주도하여 역시 옥고를 치렀으니 이는 그의 민족교육의 영향이라고 할 수 있다. 이와 같이 그의 가르침을 받은 문인들이 일제강점기 서산과 당진 등지에서 항일투쟁을 주도하였으니 그의 척사운동은 이 지역 민족운동의 연원이 되었다 할 수 있다.

416

유치진의 릿쿄대학 졸업논문「숀 오케이시 연구 – 주노와 공작」

김재석

[NRF 연계] 한국문학언어학회 어문론총 Vol.67 2016.03 pp.241-269

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417

유길준의 국문 인식과 근대 전환기 언문일치의 실현 문제

홍종선

[NRF 연계] 한국어학회 한국어학 Vol.70 2016.02 pp.211-234

...Yu Giljun(유길준) who claimed and practiced gukhanmunche in the front used it in 「Seoyugyeonmun」(「서유견문」) including a lot of Chinese. Yu Giljun's Gukhanmunche writings are far from colloquial style and also it is hard to say that his writings are written in Korean. Yet it is estimated as accomplished changes of syntax structure from Chinese to Korean. Yu Giljun's Gukhanmun mixed body were for nobilities who were based in Chinese, but it also derived from personal limitation that he was not familiar with Korean writing style because he was used to write in Chinese rather than Korean. At that time, most of the enlightened intellectuals chose Gukhanmunche including Chinese phrases or words. Even among them there were personnels who achieved self-reformation by changing Gukhanmunche including Chinese phrases or words into Gukhanmunche including Korean Chinese words or Hankeul body, Yu Giljun never had this recognition or practice experience.

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In the transition period to modern era, a new awareness on the character life appeared in Korea centrally from enlightened intellectuals. It was to write our language in Gukhanmunche(Korean -Chinese mixed body) or Hankeul body instead of traditionally used Chinese. However there was a limit in their recognition of Korean and realization because they were also nobility who were more familiar with Chinese. Yu Giljun(유길준) who claimed and practiced gukhanmunche in the front used it in 「Seoyugyeonmun」(「서유견문」) including a lot of Chinese. Yu Giljun's Gukhanmunche writings are far from colloquial style and also it is hard to say that his writings are written in Korean. Yet it is estimated as accomplished changes of syntax structure from Chinese to Korean. Yu Giljun's Gukhanmun mixed body were for nobilities who were based in Chinese, but it also derived from personal limitation that he was not familiar with Korean writing style because he was used to write in Chinese rather than Korean. At that time, most of the enlightened intellectuals chose Gukhanmunche including Chinese phrases or words. Even among them there were personnels who achieved self-reformation by changing Gukhanmunche including Chinese phrases or words into Gukhanmunche including Korean Chinese words or Hankeul body, Yu Giljun never had this recognition or practice experience.

418

柳麟錫의 국권 회복 운동과 華夷의식의 변용

노대환

[NRF 연계] 한국유교학회 유교사상문화연구 Vol.62 2015.12 pp.61-90

...Yu In Seok(1842~1915) was one of the most strong believers of Sino-centrism of the late pre-modern Korea, he was also flexible in responding to the times. While Confucian scholars of older generation such as his teacher Lee Hang Ro stuck to traditional values, Yu In Seok was open to newly introduced ideas as well in his movement for resumption of the national sovereignty. Such flexible attitude of him has a great significant in elucidating the shift of Sino-centrism in modern times. This study aims to conduct a close analysis on his changing view of Sino-barbarian dichotomy during his movement around 1910. When the righteous army of Eulmi that Yu In Soek led turned out to be a failure, he tried to petition Qing China for an aid. Though his colleagues were critical of the petition, since he regarded Qing as a distinctive country among other barbaric enemies, he thought making a petition to Qing was acceptable. After the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 was concluded, he was more active in making a petition. The fact that he even sought for help from Russia has an important significant. In response to national crisis, he changed his attitude toward the 'barbaric' Russia and tried to derive an aid from it. An actual necessity changed his Sino-barbarian Dichotomy. After Korea was absorbed to the Imperial Japan in 1910, the Republic of China was established. Yu In Soek carefully studied changes of the Republic and made a conclusion that, against his expectations, China was being westernized. Amid this circumstance, he suggested the solidarity of Korea, China and Japan as a solution for recovering the national sovereignty. According to Yu In Soek, the three East Asian countries should band together with China as a center and defeat the West to eventually ‘Confucianize’ the world and to regain peace. The core factor of his suggestion was the ethnic theory. He thought there was an ongoing war between the East and the West and that was the reason for his suggestion. Even though the Republic of China and Japan were enemies to exclude according to the Sino-barbarian perspective, he thought Korea should band together to fight against the West. His ideas that he maintained in the process of recovering the national sovereignty often were contradictory to the traditional Sino-barbarian dichotomy. But he accepted the contradictions according to an actual necessity and that is the unique feature of his thoughts.

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유인석은 근대 중화론을 거론할 때 빼놓을 수 없는 인물이다. 유인석에게 주목되는 것은 확고한 중화론자이면서도 시세에 민감하게 반응하며 유연하게 대처했다는 점이다. 스승 이항로를 비롯한 선배 유림들이 시세보다 의리에 집착했던 데 반해 유인석은 의리와 시세를 참작하여 국권 회복 운동을 전개하였다. 그런 점에서 유인석은 근대 시기 중화론의 변용 과정을 살피는 데 시사하는 바가 매우 크다. 이에 본고에서는 유인석의 중화론의 변화과정을 그의 국권회복 운동을 중심으로 1910년 전후의 시기로 나누어 고찰해보고자 한다. 유인석은 을미의병운동을 주도하였다가 실패하자 청에 청원을 시도하였다. 그의 사우들은 청원에 비판적이었지만 유인석은 청이 다른 이적과는 다른 국가이기 때문에 청원이 크게 문제가 되지 않는다고 보았다. 을사조약 체결 이후 유인석은 더욱 청원에 적극적인 자세를 취하였다. 이때 주목되는 것은 청 뿐 아니라 러시아로부터 지원을 받는 방안도 모색하였다는 사실이다. 국망의 현실 앞에 유인석은 청보다 못한 이적 국가로 간주되던 러시아로부터도 도움도 끌어내고자 했던 것이다. 현실적인 필요에 의해 유인석은 화이관을 변용시켰다고 할 수 있다. 1910년 일제에 강제로 병합된 후 중국에서 새로운 상황이 발생하였다. 중화민국의 건국이 그것인데 유인석은 주의 깊게 중화민국의 변화상을 살폈다. 그는 중화민국이 기대와는 달리 서양화의 길을 걷고 있다고 판단하였다. 이런 상황에서 국권 회복의 방안으로 제시한 것이 동양삼국연대였다. 동양삼국이 중국을 중심으로 연대하여 서양을 제압하고 궁극적으로 세계를 유교화하고 평화를 정착시켜야 한다는 것이다. 그의 동양삼국연대론에서 주목되는 것은 인종론이 핵심적인 요소로 자리 잡고 있었다는 사실이다. 그는 당시의 시세를 동서양의 대결로 보아 서양화의 길을 걷고 있던 중화민국, 조선을 강제 합병한 일본과의 연대를 제기하였다. 화이관의 관점에서 보면 중화민국이나 일본 모두 배척해야 할 대상이었지만 동서의 대결로 당시의 시세를 판단했던 탓에 그들과 연계해야 한다고 보았던 것이다. 이처럼 국권회복 운동을 벌이는 과정에서 드러나 유인석의 의식은 전통적인 화이관과 상충되는 부분이 적지 않았다. 현실적인 필요에 따라 그 상충을 기꺼이 용인하였던 점 그것이 바로 유인석의 인식에 나타나는 특징이라고 할 수 있다.

Even though Yu In Seok(1842~1915) was one of the most strong believers of Sino-centrism of the late pre-modern Korea, he was also flexible in responding to the times. While Confucian scholars of older generation such as his teacher Lee Hang Ro stuck to traditional values, Yu In Seok was open to newly introduced ideas as well in his movement for resumption of the national sovereignty. Such flexible attitude of him has a great significant in elucidating the shift of Sino-centrism in modern times. This study aims to conduct a close analysis on his changing view of Sino-barbarian dichotomy during his movement around 1910. When the righteous army of Eulmi that Yu In Soek led turned out to be a failure, he tried to petition Qing China for an aid. Though his colleagues were critical of the petition, since he regarded Qing as a distinctive country among other barbaric enemies, he thought making a petition to Qing was acceptable. After the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905 was concluded, he was more active in making a petition. The fact that he even sought for help from Russia has an important significant. In response to national crisis, he changed his attitude toward the 'barbaric' Russia and tried to derive an aid from it. An actual necessity changed his Sino-barbarian Dichotomy. After Korea was absorbed to the Imperial Japan in 1910, the Republic of China was established. Yu In Soek carefully studied changes of the Republic and made a conclusion that, against his expectations, China was being westernized. Amid this circumstance, he suggested the solidarity of Korea, China and Japan as a solution for recovering the national sovereignty. According to Yu In Soek, the three East Asian countries should band together with China as a center and defeat the West to eventually ‘Confucianize’ the world and to regain peace. The core factor of his suggestion was the ethnic theory. He thought there was an ongoing war between the East and the West and that was the reason for his suggestion. Even though the Republic of China and Japan were enemies to exclude according to the Sino-barbarian perspective, he thought Korea should band together to fight against the West. His ideas that he maintained in the process of recovering the national sovereignty often were contradictory to the traditional Sino-barbarian dichotomy. But he accepted the contradictions according to an actual necessity and that is the unique feature of his thoughts.

419

유영모와 민중신학: 한국적 범재신론과 실천적 수행종교

김희헌

[NRF 연계] 한신대학교 한신신학연구소 신학연구 Vol.52 No.2 2015.12 pp.145-173

...Yu Young-Mo’s religious thought, a very creative and comprehensive idea which allegedly transplants ‘the western medulla into the eastern bone’ through his notion of panentheism and provides an alternative thought framework for postmodern Korean theology, especially MinJung theology. Daseok(1890-1981) is known as a religious thinker who assimilated Christian faith into the Korean mind in dialogue with eastern religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. His ideas help us to creatively respond to the current crisis of Korean protestant churches and the social predicament. While the crisis of the modern civilization in our time urges us to totally change our way of living and thinking, Korean theologies are slow to answer. The Korean theology, MinJung theology, has a ‘political’ concern and fails to reformu-late its ideas in accordance to the need of our time. The need is to be a ‘Korean’ theology that does not only develop a political discourse on the particular social context but also unfolds its theological potentiality according to Korean ways of thinking. Daseok’s idea can be a stepping stone for this work. Daseok’ s religious thought is characterized in this paper as a practice-oriented panentheism that contains both religious elements of ‘prophesy and mystery’ and stimulates a unified life of thinking and doing. Above all, his idea is one of the few exemplary thoughts that transmit the tradition of the Korean way of thought, a tradition which has been waning since the late nineteenth century. When Min-Jung theology is linked to Da-seok’ s ideas, it can be rooted within a long genealogy of Korean thoughts and more importantly get a chance unfold its ‘religious’ ideas that have been buried under the surface of its character as a political theology. This paper is composed as two parts. First, it summarizes current challenges and tasks of Korean theologies, especially MinJung theology. Then, Daseok’s pa-nentheism is analyzed into three issues, God of the ultimate emptiness, the right human path toward God, and practice-oriented non-dualistic spirituality. The main material of this study is Daseok’s Diary, personal meditative notes written in 1955-1974, with some posthumous works and interpretations of them by his students.

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This paper studies Daseok Yu Young-Mo’s religious thought, a very creative and comprehensive idea which allegedly transplants ‘the western medulla into the eastern bone’ through his notion of panentheism and provides an alternative thought framework for postmodern Korean theology, especially MinJung theology. Daseok(1890-1981) is known as a religious thinker who assimilated Christian faith into the Korean mind in dialogue with eastern religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. His ideas help us to creatively respond to the current crisis of Korean protestant churches and the social predicament. While the crisis of the modern civilization in our time urges us to totally change our way of living and thinking, Korean theologies are slow to answer. The Korean theology, MinJung theology, has a ‘political’ concern and fails to reformu-late its ideas in accordance to the need of our time. The need is to be a ‘Korean’ theology that does not only develop a political discourse on the particular social context but also unfolds its theological potentiality according to Korean ways of thinking. Daseok’s idea can be a stepping stone for this work. Daseok’ s religious thought is characterized in this paper as a practice-oriented panentheism that contains both religious elements of ‘prophesy and mystery’ and stimulates a unified life of thinking and doing. Above all, his idea is one of the few exemplary thoughts that transmit the tradition of the Korean way of thought, a tradition which has been waning since the late nineteenth century. When Min-Jung theology is linked to Da-seok’ s ideas, it can be rooted within a long genealogy of Korean thoughts and more importantly get a chance unfold its ‘religious’ ideas that have been buried under the surface of its character as a political theology. This paper is composed as two parts. First, it summarizes current challenges and tasks of Korean theologies, especially MinJung theology. Then, Daseok’s pa-nentheism is analyzed into three issues, God of the ultimate emptiness, the right human path toward God, and practice-oriented non-dualistic spirituality. The main material of this study is Daseok’s Diary, personal meditative notes written in 1955-1974, with some posthumous works and interpretations of them by his students.

420

일본조합교회 ‘순회교사’ 柳一宣의 생애와 친일활동

박혜미

[NRF 연계] 한국독립운동사연구소 한국독립운동사연구 Vol.52 2015.12 pp.211-258

...Yu Il-seon’s life and examine his whereabouts varied according to social situation. Yu Il-seon born in 1987 in Kyungseong received a secondary education in Eulmiuisuk and Kyoungseonghakdang, and then in 1900 entered Tokyo Physics School studying hydrography. After graduation, he returned to his country and distinguished himself as a hydrologist and developed various activities of education. However, he discontinued his walking as a educationist and began to be active in Jungbujang in Kyungsungbu of Japanese Colonial Government General. The Japanese Colonial Government General carried out policies to suppress or conciliate the christian forces in Korea, and one of them was to interfuse directly the christian sect in Japan to Korea. The Japanese Union Church established the ‘Missionary Branch in Chosen’ in 1919, and detached Watase Tsuneyosi, a minister, who has filled the headmaster of Kyoungseonghakdang. Watese established the Hanyang Church in Kyoungseong and began to evangelize Koreans. At that time, Yu Il-seon as a believer in early time in Kyoungseong took care of deacon of church, and after the resignation of Jungbujang in 1913, he majored in theology in Doshisah University receiving support from Watase, and became a minister. His pro-Japanese action as a minister was clearly evident in 3?1 Movement in 1919. He developed lecturing activities to reduction and distortion 3?1 Movement undertaking a chief in Honam region in Special Movement for a Critical Juncture conducted by Japanese Union Church. Also, in November 1919 he consider himself as a monitor in a progress of Weo Woonhyong’s visit to Japan, so he was criticized as a ‘high grade detective wearing mask of religion’ from the provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The Japanese Union Church changed the name of Christian Church of Congregation in Chosen, and reorganized a structure. Yu Il-seon played a role of substantive manager as a president of Christian Church of Congregation in Chosen and concentrated on establishment and management of educational institutions belonged to church. However, his walk of life met turning point by 1930’s. He was appointed a part-time employee of Japanese Colonial Government General. As a par-time employee, he conducted lectures on a national scale to propagate and spread colonial policies of Japan which sought to control and reform the mind and daily life of Korean. Through his walk of life, we could find out the one aspect of pro-Japanese intellectuals lacked the national spirit, and the colonialist characters of Missionary Branch in Chosen of Japanese Union Church and Christian Church of Congregation in Chosen.

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본 논문에서는 유일선의 생애를 연대기적으로 서술하고 시대적 상황에 따라 달라지는 그의 행적을 주목하여 살펴보았다. 1879년 경성에서 출생한 유일선은 근대교육기관인 을미의숙과 경성학당에서 중등교육을 받은 후 1900년 동경물리학교에 입학하여 수리학을 전공하였다. 졸업 후 귀국한 유일선은 수리학자로서 두각을 드러내기 시작했으며 이를 토대로 다양한 교육활동을 전개하였다. 그런데 강제 병합 이듬해인 1911년부터 유일선은 교육가로서의 행보는 중단하고 조선총독부 경성부의 中部長으로 활동하기 시작한다. 한편 조선총독부는 조선 기독교 세력을 회유․탄압하고 궁극적으로는 친일화 하려는 정책을 실시하였는데, 그 정책 중 하나가 일본의 기독교 교파를 조선에 직접 침투시키는 것이었다. ‘일본조합교회’는 이에 적극 협력하여 1911년 ‘조선전도본부’를 설치하고, 한말 경성학당장을 역임한 바 있는 와타세 쓰네요시 목사를 조선에 파견하였다. 와타세 목사는 경성에 한양교회를 설립하여 조선인 전도를 시작하였다. 이 때 유일선은 한양교회의 초창기 신자로서 ‘집사’ 직분을 맡았고 1913년 중부장을 사임한 이후에는 와타세 목사의 지원을 받아 일본 同志社대학에 진학해 신학을 전공하여 목회자가 되기에 이른다. 목회자 유일선의 친일 행위는 1919년 3․1운동을 계기로 보다 분명하게 드러난다. 즉 일본조합교회가 실시한 대시국특별운동에서 호남 지역의 주임을 맡아 3․1운동을 왜곡․축소시키는 강연활동을 전개하였다. 또한 1919년 11월, 여운형의 渡日 과정에서 감시자 역할을 자처하여 임시정부로부터 ‘종교라는 가면을 쓴 고등형사’라는 비판을 받기도 했다. 한편 1921년 10월, 일본조합교회는 朝鮮會衆基督敎會로 명칭을 변경하고 조직을 개편하였다. 유일선은 회중기독기독교회의 회장으로서 실질적인 관리자 역할을 담당하며 주로 교회 소속 교육기관을 설립․운영하는 일에 집중하였다. 그런데 유일선의 행보는 1930년대 들어서면서부터 다시 한번 전환점을 맞이한 것으로 보인다. 1934년경부터 조선총독부 囑託으로 임명된 것이다. 촉탁 유일선은 조선인들의 정신과 일상을 통제․교화하고자 했던 일제의 식민정책을 선전․전파하는 강연을 전국적으로 실시하였다. 이상과 같은 유일선의 행적을 통해 민족정신․시대정신이 부재했던 친일 지식인의 일면을 확인할 수 있었고, 아울러 유일선이 소속되어 있었던 일본조합교회 조선전도본부와 조선회중기독교회의 식민주의적 성격을 구체적으로 살펴볼 수 있었다.

This paper aimed to describe chronologically Yu Il-seon’s life and examine his whereabouts varied according to social situation. Yu Il-seon born in 1987 in Kyungseong received a secondary education in Eulmiuisuk and Kyoungseonghakdang, and then in 1900 entered Tokyo Physics School studying hydrography. After graduation, he returned to his country and distinguished himself as a hydrologist and developed various activities of education. However, he discontinued his walking as a educationist and began to be active in Jungbujang in Kyungsungbu of Japanese Colonial Government General. The Japanese Colonial Government General carried out policies to suppress or conciliate the christian forces in Korea, and one of them was to interfuse directly the christian sect in Japan to Korea. The Japanese Union Church established the ‘Missionary Branch in Chosen’ in 1919, and detached Watase Tsuneyosi, a minister, who has filled the headmaster of Kyoungseonghakdang. Watese established the Hanyang Church in Kyoungseong and began to evangelize Koreans. At that time, Yu Il-seon as a believer in early time in Kyoungseong took care of deacon of church, and after the resignation of Jungbujang in 1913, he majored in theology in Doshisah University receiving support from Watase, and became a minister. His pro-Japanese action as a minister was clearly evident in 3?1 Movement in 1919. He developed lecturing activities to reduction and distortion 3?1 Movement undertaking a chief in Honam region in Special Movement for a Critical Juncture conducted by Japanese Union Church. Also, in November 1919 he consider himself as a monitor in a progress of Weo Woonhyong’s visit to Japan, so he was criticized as a ‘high grade detective wearing mask of religion’ from the provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. The Japanese Union Church changed the name of Christian Church of Congregation in Chosen, and reorganized a structure. Yu Il-seon played a role of substantive manager as a president of Christian Church of Congregation in Chosen and concentrated on establishment and management of educational institutions belonged to church. However, his walk of life met turning point by 1930’s. He was appointed a part-time employee of Japanese Colonial Government General. As a par-time employee, he conducted lectures on a national scale to propagate and spread colonial policies of Japan which sought to control and reform the mind and daily life of Korean. Through his walk of life, we could find out the one aspect of pro-Japanese intellectuals lacked the national spirit, and the colonialist characters of Missionary Branch in Chosen of Japanese Union Church and Christian Church of Congregation in Chosen.

 
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