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161

실용음악 연주 경험이 창의성과 정서적 표현력에 미치는 영향 연구

양숙기, 김현태

[NRF 연계] 한국문화산업학회 문화산업연구 Vol.25 No.3 2025.09 pp.353-361

...popular music majors and musicians, and to examine the moderating effect of improvisation training in this relationship. Improvisation is considered a crucial tool for creation and expression in the field of popular music, requiring both emotional immersion and creative thinking. A survey was conducted with 407 participants, consisting of popular music majors and related musicians. Based on the collected data, multiple regression analysis and moderation analysis were performed to test the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that improvisation experience has a significant positive impact on both creativity and emotional expressiveness. Participants with more improvisation experience showed higher levels of creativity and emotional expressiveness, indicating that improvisation contributes to enhancing musical thinking flexibility and the depth of emotional expression. Furthermore, improvisation training was found to play a moderating role in this relationship. The impact of improvisation experience on creativity and emotional expressiveness varied depending on the level of improvisation training, and systematic, repetitive training amplified these positive effects, underscoring the importance of structured improvisation education. The findings of this study hold both academic and practical significance in suggesting the direction of creativity and emotion-focused education centered on improvisation in popular music education. Particularly, there is a growing need to shift from technically oriented education to an integrated approach that fosters emotional expression and creativity. Customized improvisation training tailored to learners' levels and characteristics is essential. Moreover, this study can serve as empirical foundational data for developing improvisation-based educational and practical strategies in diverse fields such as art therapy and performing arts planning. Future research should incorporate comparative analysis across genres, qualitative data supplementation, and longitudinal studies to develop more sophisticated discussions.

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본 연구는 실용음악 전공자 및 음악인들을 대상으로 즉흥연주 경험이 창의성과 정서적 표현력에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 이러한 관계에서 즉흥연주 음악 훈련의 조절효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 즉흥연주는 실용음악 분야에서 창작과 표현의 중요한 수단으로 자리 잡고 있으며, 음악인의 정서적 몰입과 창의적사고를 동시에 요구하는 복합적 활동으로 간주된다. 본 연구에서는 총 407명의 실용음악 전공자 및 관련 음악인을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 다중 회귀분석 및 조절효과 검증을 통해 가설을 검토하였다. 연구 결과, 실용음악 즉흥연주 경험은 음악인의 창의성 및 정서적 표현력에 유의미한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉흥연주 경험이 많을수록 음악인의 창의성과 정서적 표현력이 모두 향상되는 경향이 뚜렷하게 확인되었으며, 이는 즉흥연주가음악적 사고의 유연성과 감정 표현의 깊이를 확장시키는 데 기여함을 시사한다. 또한, 즉흥연주 음악 훈련은 이러한 관계를 강화하는 조절 요인으로 작용하였다. 즉흥연주 경험이 창의성 및 정서적 표현력에 미치는 영향은 개인의 즉흥연주 훈련 수준에 따라 그 강도가 달라지는 것으로 나타났으며, 체계적이고 반복적인 훈련이긍정적 효과를 배가시킨다는 점에서 즉흥연주 교육의 중요성이 강조된다. 본 연구의 결과는 실용음악 교육 현장에서 즉흥연주를 중심으로 한 창의성과 감성교육의방향성을 제시한다는 점에서 학술적·실천적 의의가 크다. 특히, 기술 중심의 교육에서 벗어나 감정 표현과 창의력 증진을 위한 통합적 교육 접근이 요구되며, 학습자의 수준과 특성에 맞춘 맞춤형 즉흥연주 훈련의 필요성이 제기된다. 또한 본 연구는 예술치료, 공연예술 기획 등 다양한 분야에서도 즉흥성 기반의 교육 및 실천전략을 모색하는 데 실증적 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 장르별 비교, 질적 자료 보완, 종단적 분석 등 다양한 방법론적 확장을 통해 보다 정교한 논의가 이루어질 필요가 있다.

This study aims to analyze the effects of improvisation experience on creativity and emotional expressiveness among popular music majors and musicians, and to examine the moderating effect of improvisation training in this relationship. Improvisation is considered a crucial tool for creation and expression in the field of popular music, requiring both emotional immersion and creative thinking. A survey was conducted with 407 participants, consisting of popular music majors and related musicians. Based on the collected data, multiple regression analysis and moderation analysis were performed to test the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that improvisation experience has a significant positive impact on both creativity and emotional expressiveness. Participants with more improvisation experience showed higher levels of creativity and emotional expressiveness, indicating that improvisation contributes to enhancing musical thinking flexibility and the depth of emotional expression. Furthermore, improvisation training was found to play a moderating role in this relationship. The impact of improvisation experience on creativity and emotional expressiveness varied depending on the level of improvisation training, and systematic, repetitive training amplified these positive effects, underscoring the importance of structured improvisation education. The findings of this study hold both academic and practical significance in suggesting the direction of creativity and emotion-focused education centered on improvisation in popular music education. Particularly, there is a growing need to shift from technically oriented education to an integrated approach that fosters emotional expression and creativity. Customized improvisation training tailored to learners' levels and characteristics is essential. Moreover, this study can serve as empirical foundational data for developing improvisation-based educational and practical strategies in diverse fields such as art therapy and performing arts planning. Future research should incorporate comparative analysis across genres, qualitative data supplementation, and longitudinal studies to develop more sophisticated discussions.

162

인공지능(AI) 기반 팬 플랫폼(Fan Platform)을 활용한 대중음악 마케팅 사례 분석 및 발전 방향성 연구

양소혜, 한경훈

[NRF 연계] 한국전시산업융합연구원 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.42 No.5 2024.12 pp.267-282

...popular music industry, which is constan tly changes due to the introduction of artificial intel ligence(AI) technology due to the rapid development of scientific advancements, and to identify problems while suggesting directions for development. Theref ore, this paper targeted the representative Artificial Intelligence based ‘Fan Platforms’, which are commo nly used by popular music fans today, and performs analysis using the ‘AARRR Framework’ method bas ed on Customer Relationship Marketing(CRM) theor y. As a result of the analysis, the introduction of n ew technologies that did not exist in the past was used as an acquisition strategy in communicating w ith artists. For activation strategies, the continuous reinforcement of artist lineups was adopted, while r etention strategies involved launching new services within the platform. In addition, the method of linki ng with other Korean popular music industries was used as a recommendation strategy, and it was con firmed that profit generation through various paid s ervices was confirmed. Through this analysis, it wa s found that fan platforms utilizing AI carry issues such as being the exclusive domain of large compa nies, the seriousness of overconsumption, algorithm errors, and system limitations, and suggested directi ons for improvement. Based on these research findi ngs, we hope that the Korean popular music industr y will continue to develop along with advancement in science and technology.

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본 연구는 급속한 과학의 발달로 인한 인공지능 기술의 도입으로 변화를 거듭하고 있는 한국 대중음악산업 마케팅을 분석하고 문제점을 도출하여 발전 방향성을 제시하는 것에 목적을 둔다. 따라서 본 논문은 최근 대중음악 팬들에게 흔하게 사용되고 있는 대표적인 인공지능(AI) 기반 ‘팬 플랫폼(Fan Platform)’을 연구대상으로 삼고, 고객 관계 마케팅(CRM) 이론에 기초한 ‘AARRR 프레임워크’ 기법을 통해 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 아티스트와의 소통에 있어 과거에는 존재하지 않던 새로운 기술의 도입을 획득전략으로 사용했다. 활성화 전략의 방법으로는 아티스트 라인업의 지속적인 보강 방식을 채택하였으며, 유지 전략으로는플랫폼 내에 새로운 서비스들을 출시하는 방법을 사용했다. 또한, 다른 한국 대중음악산업과 연동시키는 방법을 추천전략으로 사용하였으며 여러 유료서비스를 통한 수익 창출이 확인되었다. 이 같은 분석 결과를 통하여 인공지능을 활용한 팬 플랫폼이 큰 기업의 전유물, 과소비의 심각성, 알고리즘 오류, 시스템 한계와 같은 문제점을 내포하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었으며, 이에 대한 개선 방향성을 제시하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 한국 대중음악 산업이 과학 기술과 함께 지속적인 발전을 이어갈 수 있기를 기대한다.

The Study purpose to analyze the marketing of t he Korean popular music industry, which is constan tly changes due to the introduction of artificial intel ligence(AI) technology due to the rapid development of scientific advancements, and to identify problems while suggesting directions for development. Theref ore, this paper targeted the representative Artificial Intelligence based ‘Fan Platforms’, which are commo nly used by popular music fans today, and performs analysis using the ‘AARRR Framework’ method bas ed on Customer Relationship Marketing(CRM) theor y. As a result of the analysis, the introduction of n ew technologies that did not exist in the past was used as an acquisition strategy in communicating w ith artists. For activation strategies, the continuous reinforcement of artist lineups was adopted, while r etention strategies involved launching new services within the platform. In addition, the method of linki ng with other Korean popular music industries was used as a recommendation strategy, and it was con firmed that profit generation through various paid s ervices was confirmed. Through this analysis, it wa s found that fan platforms utilizing AI carry issues such as being the exclusive domain of large compa nies, the seriousness of overconsumption, algorithm errors, and system limitations, and suggested directi ons for improvement. Based on these research findi ngs, we hope that the Korean popular music industr y will continue to develop along with advancement in science and technology.

163

‘상하이 7대가후(上海七大歌后)’와 ‘시대곡(時代曲)’의 해부학— 1940년대 중국 대중음악의 휘황기(輝煌期)에 대한 再考

신현준, 김태연

[NRF 연계] 한국중국현대문학학회 중국현대문학 Vol.106 2023.12 pp.1-42

...popular music based on Shanghai in the early 20th century, and aim to establish the starting point and perspective of Chinese popular music history research for a critical review. First, we analyze the meaning and origin of the term “Seven Great Stars in Shanghai” which is customarily used to refer to major singers of the period song. This includes seven leading female singers, Zhou Xuan, Gong Qiuxia, Yao Lee, Bai Hong, Bai Guang, Li Xianglan, and Wu Yingyin, who mainly worked in Shanghai in the 40s. We insist that the way the seven singers collectively referred to as one category is no good in understanding early Chinese popular music. In addition, we would like to examine whether it is appropriate to categorize their music into the concept of Shidaiqu. After empirically reviewing the careers and music of these seven female singers, we aims to examine what errors and omissions occurred in the process of categorizing and historicizing them.

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In this article we raise the question of terms that are customarily used in the process of establishing the history of Chinese popular music based on Shanghai in the early 20th century, and aim to establish the starting point and perspective of Chinese popular music history research for a critical review. First, we analyze the meaning and origin of the term “Seven Great Stars in Shanghai” which is customarily used to refer to major singers of the period song. This includes seven leading female singers, Zhou Xuan, Gong Qiuxia, Yao Lee, Bai Hong, Bai Guang, Li Xianglan, and Wu Yingyin, who mainly worked in Shanghai in the 40s. We insist that the way the seven singers collectively referred to as one category is no good in understanding early Chinese popular music. In addition, we would like to examine whether it is appropriate to categorize their music into the concept of Shidaiqu. After empirically reviewing the careers and music of these seven female singers, we aims to examine what errors and omissions occurred in the process of categorizing and historicizing them.

164

대중음악 오디션 프로그램의 진정성 담론 전략에 관한 탐색적 연구 - <미스터트롯>을 중심으로 -

이재원, 김원겸

[NRF 연계] 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.15 No.6 2021.08 pp.1-13

...popularization strategy the trot audition program took from the existing audition program, and analyzed in-depth interviews with music experts and interviews with the production team. <Mr. Trot> appealed to viewers with a strategy that reversed the success strategy of existing audition programs. First, the strong/non-competent participants did not compete with each other, but rather the strong/skilled players competed against each other. This trot audition set the singing ability as a new ‘discourse on sincerity’. Second, we broke away from the ‘demon editing’, which was considered essential for audition programs, took a strategy of excluding villains. Third, we broke the practice of audition programs that were supposed to show expertise in specific genres, such as idol music, hip-hop, and bands, and combined trot with various genres. Fourth, unlike previous audition programs that mainly targeted specific generations or genders, the strategy was to expand the audience by targeting various age groups. Fifth, it has formed a middle-aged fandom with a ‘subtitle strategy’ that uses subtitles well to arouse viewers' interest and help empathize.

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본 연구는 TV조선 오디션 프로그램 <내일은 미스 터트롯> 방송 이후 트로트가 방송콘텐츠 시장에서 우월적 지위를 갖게 된 기제를 탐색했다. 트로트 오 디션 프로그램이 기존의 오디션 프로그램과 어떤 차별화 및 대중화 전략을 취했는지 프로그램의 서사 구조를 분석하고, 음악 전문가 심층 인터뷰, 제작진 의 인터뷰 기사 등을 분석했다. <미스터트롯>은 기존 의 오디션 프로그램의 성공 전략을 뒤집는 방식의 전략으로 시청자들에게 어필했다. 먼저, 실력자/비실 력자 참가자들이 서로 경쟁하는 게 아니라, 실력자/ 실력자가 대결을 펼치는 방식을 취했다. 오디션 프로 그램의 주요 전략인‘진정성 담론’을 그동안 개인 사를 통해 이뤄냈던 것과 달리, 이번 트로트 오디션 에서는 가창 실력을 새로운‘진정성 담론’으로 설 정하였다. 둘째, 오디션 프로그램이라면 필수적이라 고 여겨졌던‘악마의 편집’을 탈피하고, 악역을 배 제하는 전략을 취하고 쇼 연출에 주력했다. 셋째, 아 이돌음악, 힙합, 밴드 등 특정 장르의 전문성을 보여 야 한다고 여겨졌던 오디션 프로그램의 관행을 깨고 트로트를 다양한 장르와 접합시켰다. 넷째, 10대, 20 대 혹은 남성, 여성 등 특정 세대나 성별을 주로 공 략했던 이전 오디션 프로그램과 달리, 다양한 연령대 를 공략해 시청층을 확대하는 전략을 구사했다. 다섯 째, 시청자들의 흥미를 유발하고, 감정이입을 돕는 자막을 잘 활용한‘자막 전략’으로 중장년 팬덤을 형성해냈다.

This study explored the mechanism by which Trot gained a superior position in the broadcasting contents market after the TV Chosun audition program <Mr. Trot Tomorrow> was broadcast. We analyzed the narrative structure of the program to determine what differentiation and popularization strategy the trot audition program took from the existing audition program, and analyzed in-depth interviews with music experts and interviews with the production team. <Mr. Trot> appealed to viewers with a strategy that reversed the success strategy of existing audition programs. First, the strong/non-competent participants did not compete with each other, but rather the strong/skilled players competed against each other. This trot audition set the singing ability as a new ‘discourse on sincerity’. Second, we broke away from the ‘demon editing’, which was considered essential for audition programs, took a strategy of excluding villains. Third, we broke the practice of audition programs that were supposed to show expertise in specific genres, such as idol music, hip-hop, and bands, and combined trot with various genres. Fourth, unlike previous audition programs that mainly targeted specific generations or genders, the strategy was to expand the audience by targeting various age groups. Fifth, it has formed a middle-aged fandom with a ‘subtitle strategy’ that uses subtitles well to arouse viewers' interest and help empathize.

165

대중음악 분야 계약체결에 미치는 영향요인 분석

이용관, 이상규

[NRF 연계] 한국문화관광연구원 문화정책논총 Vol.33 No.2 2019.08 pp.85-110

...popular music. This study was conducted to ensure sustainable activity of popular music artists and engineers, and to establish a fair trade environment. The researchers interviewed popular music artists, engineers and entrepreneurs and investigated the economic activities and contractual practices of popular music workers. A statistical analysis was conducted using data obtained through the questionnaires. The procedure of analysis was as follows. First, the types of contractual relationships were derived. The workers were classified as business person, individual, and wage worker, and employers (owners) were classified as public sector, music related corporation, non-music corporation, and individual business. We then analyzed how the status of each employee and owner, and their combination, influenced their written or oral contracts. As a result, it was found that the proportion of written contracts was lower in music-related corporations, non-musical corporations, and individual businesses than in public organizations, while the proportion of oral contracts was higher in the case of owners. This shows that the lower the bargaining power of the employees, the lower the possibility of written contracts among the owners or private individuals, and the more difficult it is to formulate a relationship. In addition, the proportion of written contracts is relatively low when there are few or fewer activities, because these factors affect the capacity and reputation accumulation of popular music practitioners. In terms of job category, the ratio of written contracts of live sound engineers appears to be relatively low. This is because most of the team members are contracted by a team leader, and the market is formed by a multi-stage subcontracting structure. These results provide important implications for various policies for the encouragement of a fair trade environment in the field of popular music and for ensuring the continuity of activities of the related workers.

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본 연구는 대중음악 분야에서 계약체결에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이는 대중음악 분야 종사자들의 지속가능한 활동을 보장하고, 공정거래관행을 정착시키고자 하는 정책적 배경에서 수행되었다. 이를 위해 먼저, 인터뷰를 통해 대중음악 종사자들의 주요 경제활동 유형과 계약관행의 특징을 파악했으며, 관련 설문조사를 통해 확보된 데이터를 활용하여 통계분석을 실시했다. 구체적인 분석 절차는 다음과 같다. 먼저 계약관계를 맺게 되는 계약 주체의 유형을 도출했는데, 노무를 제공하는 종사자는 사업자, 개인, 임금노동자로 분류되었고, 사용자는 공공부문, 음악관련 법인, 음악외 법인, 개인사업자로 분류되었다. 이어서 각 종사자와 사용자 형태 및 그 조합이, 이들이 맺게 되는 서면계약 또는 구두계약 체결에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석했다. 그 결과, 종사자는 사업자보다 개인일수록, 사용자는 공공기관에 비해 음악관련 법인, 음악외 법인, 개인사업자일수록 서면계약 비중이 낮아지는 것으로 나타나는 반면, 구두계약 비중은 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 종사자의 경우 교섭력이 적을수록, 사용자는 민간 또는 개인일수록 서면계약 가능성이 낮아지게 되며, 관계가 공식화하기 어려운 구두로 계약이 이루어지고 있음을 보여준다. 또한 활동건수가 적거나 부업이 있는 경우 상대적으로 서면계약 비중이 낮게 나타는데, 이러한 요소들이 대중음악 종사자의 역량 및 평판 축적에 영향을 주기 때문이다. 직군별로 보면, 라이브 음향 엔지니어의 서면계약 비중이 상대적으로 크게 낮은 것으로 나타나는데, 이는 해당 직군이 대부분 팀 단위로 활동해 팀장급이 대표로 계약을 하는 경우가 많고 다단계 하청구조로 시장이 형성되어 있기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 보인다. 이상의 결과는 대중음악 분야의 공정거래 환경 조성과 관련 종사자들의 활동 지속성 보장을 위한 다양한 정책들에 중요한 시사점을 제공한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence contracts in the field of popular music. This study was conducted to ensure sustainable activity of popular music artists and engineers, and to establish a fair trade environment. The researchers interviewed popular music artists, engineers and entrepreneurs and investigated the economic activities and contractual practices of popular music workers. A statistical analysis was conducted using data obtained through the questionnaires. The procedure of analysis was as follows. First, the types of contractual relationships were derived. The workers were classified as business person, individual, and wage worker, and employers (owners) were classified as public sector, music related corporation, non-music corporation, and individual business. We then analyzed how the status of each employee and owner, and their combination, influenced their written or oral contracts. As a result, it was found that the proportion of written contracts was lower in music-related corporations, non-musical corporations, and individual businesses than in public organizations, while the proportion of oral contracts was higher in the case of owners. This shows that the lower the bargaining power of the employees, the lower the possibility of written contracts among the owners or private individuals, and the more difficult it is to formulate a relationship. In addition, the proportion of written contracts is relatively low when there are few or fewer activities, because these factors affect the capacity and reputation accumulation of popular music practitioners. In terms of job category, the ratio of written contracts of live sound engineers appears to be relatively low. This is because most of the team members are contracted by a team leader, and the market is formed by a multi-stage subcontracting structure. These results provide important implications for various policies for the encouragement of a fair trade environment in the field of popular music and for ensuring the continuity of activities of the related workers.

166

서구 대중음악론에서 진정성 개념의 의미에 대한 소고

이수완

[NRF 연계] 한국미학회 美學(미학) Vol.65 2011.03 pp.99-129

...popular music history. This article focuses on the discourse about function of authenticity in popular music, especially in Rock Music. Authenticity in Popular Music Studies is related to the ethical and political value in popular music. It is claimed that authenticity is the opposite concept of 'the artificial' and 'the commercial'. So authenticity was used for the aim of legitimating of the popular music. Adorno thought that searching for authenticity in modern times shows the people's desire for real and unique experience in popular music. Authenticity in popular music is argued in two aspects. (1) authenticity which is related to community (2) authenticity as artistic expression. In (1), authenticity of Rock Music is advocated in relation to Youth Culture's resistance and Folk Music's characteristics such as reflection of community's experience. In (2), Rock Music is advocated as artistic expression and musician's authorship. But S. Frith criticized these aspects because authenticity is kind of ideology as sales promotion and legitimating the value judgement about Rock Music. In 1980s, Rock Music became successful musical item and musical mainstream, so Rock lost its authenticity and its difference from other popular music. But the pursuit of authenticity in Rock music is same as before. It shows that authenticity will keep its value in the capitalistic society. Authenticity does not come from musical structure but from audience who wants to find real experience. Audience feels enjoyment and finds meaning from popular music even if he knows music is produced for economic profit. People appreciate popular music for their purpose, and in that process they find their identity. Judgement on authenticity relies on relation between people, group, and music.

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Authenticity is a vague concept which is changing and has been constructed in popular music history. This article focuses on the discourse about function of authenticity in popular music, especially in Rock Music. Authenticity in Popular Music Studies is related to the ethical and political value in popular music. It is claimed that authenticity is the opposite concept of 'the artificial' and 'the commercial'. So authenticity was used for the aim of legitimating of the popular music. Adorno thought that searching for authenticity in modern times shows the people's desire for real and unique experience in popular music. Authenticity in popular music is argued in two aspects. (1) authenticity which is related to community (2) authenticity as artistic expression. In (1), authenticity of Rock Music is advocated in relation to Youth Culture's resistance and Folk Music's characteristics such as reflection of community's experience. In (2), Rock Music is advocated as artistic expression and musician's authorship. But S. Frith criticized these aspects because authenticity is kind of ideology as sales promotion and legitimating the value judgement about Rock Music. In 1980s, Rock Music became successful musical item and musical mainstream, so Rock lost its authenticity and its difference from other popular music. But the pursuit of authenticity in Rock music is same as before. It shows that authenticity will keep its value in the capitalistic society. Authenticity does not come from musical structure but from audience who wants to find real experience. Audience feels enjoyment and finds meaning from popular music even if he knows music is produced for economic profit. People appreciate popular music for their purpose, and in that process they find their identity. Judgement on authenticity relies on relation between people, group, and music.

167

1930년대 후반~1950년대 한국과 일본의 대중음악을 통해 본 제국의 기억과 망각

조형근

[NRF 연계] 한국사회사학회 사회와 역사 Vol.116 2017.12 pp.217-255

...popular song genres, e.g., Trot, Japan focused on breaking away from its militaristic music culture. Although American popular music influenced the musical trends of both countries, the impact of popular music since the late 1930s lingered on persistently in the two countries. Korean Trot and Japanese Enka, which share musical origins and sensitivities, were still at the heart of popular music. Songs served as the instruments of propaganda during the Korean War and as memory of Japanese experiences during the Asia-Pacific War. Exotic songs which had been accompanied by the expansion of imperial Japan were still in popularity. From the late 1930s to the 1950s, diachronic continuity and synchronic homomorphism characterize the music of both countries. In Korea, the popularity of sorrowful Trot songs reflected a type of self-pity Korean people experienced through severe wars and finally the division of their country. Exotic songs offered fantasy, providing a momentary amnesia of their tragic realities. Although similar tendencies existed in Japan, Japanese songs exhibit subtle differences in sensitivities aimed at representing Japanese people as sorrowful victims as opposed to brutal persecutors.

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제국일본의 붕괴 후 한국과 일본은 뒤얽힌 과거와 단절하고 별개의 국민국가로서 문화적 정체성을 만들어가야 한다는 과제에 부딪혔다. 한국에서는 유행가 비판을 포함한 왜색일소운동과 새로운 국민가요운동이, 일본에서는 군국주의 음악문화와 단절하려는 시도들이 일어났다. 두 나라 모두에서 미국 대중음악의 영향이 밀어닥쳤다. 하지만 1930년대 말 이후의 대중음악의 양상은 단절되지 않고 지속되었다. 애상조의 유행가 장르는 여전히 인기를 끌었고, 대중음악의 사회적 목적성도 계속 강조되었으며, 노래는 전쟁에 봉사하거나 전쟁을 추억하는 매개로 기능했다. 제국일본의 팽창과 동반했던 이국 취향 노래도 여전히 유행했다. 1930년대 후반에서 1950 년대의 한국과 일본 대중음악에는 통시적 연속성과 공시적 동형성이 존재했다. 애상조의 유행가와 이국 환상의 노래들은 아시아태평양전쟁기에 시작되어 한국에서는 분단과 내전으로, 일본에서는 패전과 점령으로 이어진 비극적 현실에 대한두 국민의 자기 연민과 현실 도피 욕구에 부응했다. 하지만 그 의미에는 차이가보인다. 한국인의 자기 연민과 이국 환상이 압도적이고 가혹한 현실 앞에서의 무기력의 표현에 가까웠다면, 일본인의 그것은 가해자가 아니라 피해자로 자처하는 전략적 선택의 표현으로 보인다.

After the collapse of imperial Japan, Korea and Japan had to break with their shared pasts and tried to build cultural identities as separate nation-states. While Korea launched its Anti-Japanese Culture Movement and the National Song Movement, which criticized Japanese style popular song genres, e.g., Trot, Japan focused on breaking away from its militaristic music culture. Although American popular music influenced the musical trends of both countries, the impact of popular music since the late 1930s lingered on persistently in the two countries. Korean Trot and Japanese Enka, which share musical origins and sensitivities, were still at the heart of popular music. Songs served as the instruments of propaganda during the Korean War and as memory of Japanese experiences during the Asia-Pacific War. Exotic songs which had been accompanied by the expansion of imperial Japan were still in popularity. From the late 1930s to the 1950s, diachronic continuity and synchronic homomorphism characterize the music of both countries. In Korea, the popularity of sorrowful Trot songs reflected a type of self-pity Korean people experienced through severe wars and finally the division of their country. Exotic songs offered fantasy, providing a momentary amnesia of their tragic realities. Although similar tendencies existed in Japan, Japanese songs exhibit subtle differences in sensitivities aimed at representing Japanese people as sorrowful victims as opposed to brutal persecutors.

168

외국인 유학생의 K-POP 수업 맥락에서의 문화적응이 학습태도에 미치는 영향: 글로벌 문화 정체성의 조절효과

오강닝, 김현태

[NRF 연계] 한국문화산업학회 문화산업연구 Vol.26 No.1 2026.03 pp.317-325

...popular music class experiences on international students' learning attitudes, while analyzing the mediating effect of Korea's national image and the moderating effect of global cultural identity. To this end, a survey was conducted with international students to investigate the relationships among cultural adaptation, Korea's national image, learning attitudes, and global cultural identity. The results indicated that: first, students’ level of cultural adaptation had a significant positive effect on the Korean national image formed through K-POP classes; second, the Korean national image had a significant positive effect on learning attitudes; and third, global cultural identity moderated the relationship between the Korean national image and learning attitudes, such that the positive effect of national image on learning attitudes was stronger for students with higher levels of global cultural identity. These findings suggest that K-POP-centered popular music classes can produce multidimensional educational effects, including enhancing cultural adaptation, shaping national image, and improving learning attitudes among international students. Moreover, the results empirically highlight the need for tailored K-POP-based educational programs, as the effectiveness of such classes may vary depending on students’ levels of global cultural identity.

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본 연구는 외국인 유학생의 K-POP 수업 맥락에서의 문화적응이 학습태도에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 검증하고, 이 과정에서 한국 국가 이미지의 매개효과와 글로벌 문화 정체성의 조절효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 외국인 유학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여, 문화 적응 수준, 한국 국가 이미지, 학습태도 및 글로벌 문화 정체성 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 외국인 유학생의 문화 적응 수준은 K-POP 수업을 통해 형성된 한국 국가 이미지에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 한국 국가 이미지는 학습태도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 글로벌 문화 정체성은 한국 국가 이미지와 학습태도 간의 관계를 조절하며, 글로벌 문화 정체성이 높을수록 국가 이미지가 학습태도에 미치는 긍정적 효과가 강화되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 K-POP 중심 대중음악 수업이 외국인 유학생의 문화 적응, 국가 이미지 형성, 학습태도 향상 등 다차원적 교육 효과를 창출할 수 있음을 보여준다. 또한 학습자의 글로벌 문화 정체성 수준에 따라 수업 효과가 달라질 수 있다는 것을 실증적으로 확인함으로써, 맞춤형 K-POP 기반 교육 프로그램 설계 및 운영의 필요성을 시사한다.

This study empirically examined the impact of K-POP-centered popular music class experiences on international students' learning attitudes, while analyzing the mediating effect of Korea's national image and the moderating effect of global cultural identity. To this end, a survey was conducted with international students to investigate the relationships among cultural adaptation, Korea's national image, learning attitudes, and global cultural identity. The results indicated that: first, students’ level of cultural adaptation had a significant positive effect on the Korean national image formed through K-POP classes; second, the Korean national image had a significant positive effect on learning attitudes; and third, global cultural identity moderated the relationship between the Korean national image and learning attitudes, such that the positive effect of national image on learning attitudes was stronger for students with higher levels of global cultural identity. These findings suggest that K-POP-centered popular music classes can produce multidimensional educational effects, including enhancing cultural adaptation, shaping national image, and improving learning attitudes among international students. Moreover, the results empirically highlight the need for tailored K-POP-based educational programs, as the effectiveness of such classes may vary depending on students’ levels of global cultural identity.

169

부평 삼릉(三稜)과 신촌(新村)이 우리나라 대중음악사에 끼친 영향

정유천

[NRF 연계] 경인교육대학교 기전문화연구소 기전문화연구 Vol.43 No.2 2022.12 pp.57-70

...popular music that developed around the Samneung[三稜] and Sinchon[新村] in Bupyeong area. Although the popular music spaces of Bupyeong Samneung and Sinchon have a special and national meaning in the history of popular music in Korea, no full-scale research has been conducted. This study examines the formation process of Korean popular music space that appeared in the process of converting the Incheon Army Arsenal in the Bupyeong area into the US military camp since independence. The heritage value of the Incheon Army Arsenal can only be revealed when we look diachronically not only at the arsenal itself but also at the post-liberation landscape changes, and a plan to utilize it based on profound understanding can be sought.

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Under the Japanese colonialism the Incheon Army Arsenal was created in the Bupyeong area, and since Korea’s independence, this area was converted into a US military camp, forming a new modern urban landscape. The representative legacy created in this new modern urban landscape is Korean popular music that developed around the Samneung[三稜] and Sinchon[新村] in Bupyeong area. Although the popular music spaces of Bupyeong Samneung and Sinchon have a special and national meaning in the history of popular music in Korea, no full-scale research has been conducted. This study examines the formation process of Korean popular music space that appeared in the process of converting the Incheon Army Arsenal in the Bupyeong area into the US military camp since independence. The heritage value of the Incheon Army Arsenal can only be revealed when we look diachronically not only at the arsenal itself but also at the post-liberation landscape changes, and a plan to utilize it based on profound understanding can be sought.

170

아도르노의 「대중음악에 관하여」에서 플러깅(plugging)과 글래머(glamor)의 함의

서현정

[NRF 연계] 한국미학회 美學(미학) Vol.85 No.2 2019.06 pp.109-141

...popular music. His philosophy of music is generally defined as sociology of music in that it is based on the analysis on the social situation of music in market economy, which regards all types of music as commodity and thus incites the listening habit of the masses to regress. In his attempt to correct the misunderstanding about the relation between ‘serious music’ and ‘light music’, popular music, or light music, turns out to be as systematically analyzable as serious music and to consist of complex mechanisms that can be examined through various elements including plugging and glamor. Both elements, which conjointly operate as a formula, are fundamentally required for popular music to be commercially successful. Through plugging and glamor, he verifies the fact that not only the structure of musical material, which is explained by the terms ‘standardization’ and ‘pseudo-individualization,’ but also its presentation are totally schematized in popular music. Functioning as the effective means of standardizing the listening habit, plugging and glamor play a significant role especially in terms of Adorno’s theory of Culture Industry. He reveals how the project of Culture Industry, aiming at ‘a totally administered society’ by means of ‘mass deception,’ is realized within popular music through plugging and glamor.

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아도르노의 음악 미학은 음악이 처한 사회적 상황, 즉 자본주의 시장경제에서 모든 음악이 상품화되고 대중의 청취능력이 퇴행하는 상황에 대한 분석을 토대로 이루어진다는 점에서 음악 사회학으로 규정된다. ‘진지한 음악’과 ‘가벼운 음악’이라는 구도에 대한 통념을 교정하려는 시도 속에서, 그는 가벼운 음악으로서의 대중음악을 진지한 음악만큼이나 체계적으로 분석 가능한 대상으로 간주한다. 이러한 대중음악의 체계성의 중심에는 ‘플러깅’과 ‘글래머’라는 요인이 자리하는데, 하나의 공식처럼 작용하는 이 요인들은 상업적 성공을 겨냥하는 대중음악에 있어서 필수적인 것으로 제시된다. 플러깅과 글래머는 대중음악의 구조적 차원뿐만이 아니라 제시 양상마저도 철저하게 도식화되어있음을 증명하는 요인들이며 대중의 청취습관을 획일화하는 수단이다. 나아가 플러깅과 글래머는 특히 ‘총체적으로 관리되는 사회’를 목표로 하는 문화산업의 기획이 대중음악 안에서 어떻게 구현되는지 구체적으로 보여준다는 점에서, 아도르노의 문화산업론에 있어서 중요한 함의를 지닌다.

This essay aims to analyze the concepts of plugging and glamor in Adorno’s theory of popular music. His philosophy of music is generally defined as sociology of music in that it is based on the analysis on the social situation of music in market economy, which regards all types of music as commodity and thus incites the listening habit of the masses to regress. In his attempt to correct the misunderstanding about the relation between ‘serious music’ and ‘light music’, popular music, or light music, turns out to be as systematically analyzable as serious music and to consist of complex mechanisms that can be examined through various elements including plugging and glamor. Both elements, which conjointly operate as a formula, are fundamentally required for popular music to be commercially successful. Through plugging and glamor, he verifies the fact that not only the structure of musical material, which is explained by the terms ‘standardization’ and ‘pseudo-individualization,’ but also its presentation are totally schematized in popular music. Functioning as the effective means of standardizing the listening habit, plugging and glamor play a significant role especially in terms of Adorno’s theory of Culture Industry. He reveals how the project of Culture Industry, aiming at ‘a totally administered society’ by means of ‘mass deception,’ is realized within popular music through plugging and glamor.

171

케이팝의 수출 지향적 음악 정체성—존 리(John Lie)의 <케이팝(K-Pop)>

신사빈

[NRF 연계] 대중서사학회 대중서사연구 Vol.24 No.3 2018.08 pp.512-538

...Popular Music, Cultural Amnesia, and Economic Innovation in South Korea(2015), John Lie explains K-pop as the emergence of export-oriented South Korean popular music, and makes sense of larger South Korean economic and cultural transformations. In K-Pop, John Lie provides not only a history of South Korean popular music―Japanese colonial influence, post-Liberation American impact, and recent globalization―but also a description of K-pop as a system of economic innovation and cultural production. However, John Lie’s description of the history and circumstantial background of South Korean popular music is too lengthy and based on inaccurate information and a prejudiced point of view, and thus is not free from criticism about undervaluation and factual errors. This might be because John Lie, who is known to have been raised in Japan, relied too much on Japanese documents. Nevertheless, this paper mainly intends to critically accept and re-interpret John Lie’s opinion about K-pop’s dilemma between capitalism and genuineness, rather than to point out the errors of his opinion. In addition, this paper intends to propose that the hybridity and diaspora of K-pop lay the foundation of building the identity of and developing K-pop. This paper also intends to criticize the current status of K-pop from the perspective of socio-musicology in reliance upon the main concepts (i.e., production, marketing, consumption, and listener regression) of Theodor Adorno’s theory of popular culture and to seek the measures to develop the future-oriented identity of K-pop and facilitate the sustainable development of K-pop in reliance upon the concept of “articulation” under Stuart Hall’s theory and methodology of cultural studies. This paper does not support John Lie’s assertion on K-pop’s naked commercialism after the 1997 financial crisis of Korea. Rather, based on John Lie’s view that the “lack of authenticity” of K-pop is attributable to its “severance from tradition,” this paper intends to put forward a new point of view on “how authentic music can be created.” If K-pop interacts with consumers (listeners) after its hybridity articulates with authenticity (tradition) and its diaspora articulates with regionality (identity), the tradition of Korean culture and the essence of global culture would naturally interact with one another. What is required of us now is not the vague prediction or expectation of K-pop’s improved capitalism, but the clear understanding and activism of K-pop’s recovery of authenticity.

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존 리(John Lie)는 <케이팝: 한국의 대중음악과 문화적 망각, 경제적 혁신>(2015)에서 케이팝을 수출 지향적인 한국 대중음악의 출현으로 설명하면서, 한국의 경제적이고 문화적인 변화의 측면에서 그 맥락을 이해시켜 준다. <케이팝>에서 그는 한국 대중음악의 역사적 배경과 일제 식민지 시대의 영향, 해방 후 미국의 영향, 그리고 최근 세계화의 영향뿐만 아니라 경제 혁신과 문화 생산의 한 시스템으로서의 케이팝에 대한 설명에 노력한다. 그런데 한국 대중음악의 역사와 시대적 배경에 대한 그의 소개는 장황한 내용에다 부정확한 사실과 편협한 사고까지 점철되어 평가 절하와 오류 지적에 시달린다. 이는 일본에서 자란 것으로 알려진 그가, 일본 자료에 많이 의존한 데서 비롯된 일이다. 이 글은 그의 오류를 지적하기보다 그가 살펴본 케이팝의 자본성과 진정성에 대한 딜레마를 비판적으로 수용하고 재해석하는 데 중점을 둔다. 그리고 케이팝이 지닌 혼종성과 이산성을 케이팝의 정체성과 발전 방안으로 제시함을 연구 목적으로 삼는다. 이 글에서는 아도르노(Theodor Adorno)의 대중음악론의 주요 개념(생산, 마케팅, 소비, 청중의 저항)을 원용하여 케이팝의 실태를 음악 사회학적으로 비판하고, 홀(Stuart Hall)의 문화 연구 방법론인 절합(articulation, 節合)의 개념을 원용하여 케이팝의 미래지향적 정체성과 지속 가능한 발전 방안을 모색한다. 이 글은 존 리가 비판한 IMF 위기 후 케이팝의 ‘적나라한 상업주의’(‘naked commercialism’)를 변호하지 않는다. 오히려 케이팝의 ‘진정성 결핍’에 대한 원인을 ‘전통과의 단절’로 분석한 그의 고찰을 경계로 삼아, ‘어떻게 진정성 있는 음악을 성립시킬 수 있을까?’라는 모색에 방점을 찍으면서 새로운 시각을 내보인다. 케이팝의 혼종성에 진정성(전통)을, 케이팝의 이산성에 지역성(정체성)을 절합시켜 소비자(청취자)와 소통한다면, 쇄신된 음악을 통하여 한국의 전통과 세계의 정통이 자연스럽게 교유할 것이다. 이제 우리에게 요구되는 것은 케이팝의 자본성 향상에 대한 막연한 예측과 기대가 아니라 케이팝의 진정성 회복을 위한 명확한 이해와 실천이다.

In his book K-Pop: Popular Music, Cultural Amnesia, and Economic Innovation in South Korea(2015), John Lie explains K-pop as the emergence of export-oriented South Korean popular music, and makes sense of larger South Korean economic and cultural transformations. In K-Pop, John Lie provides not only a history of South Korean popular music―Japanese colonial influence, post-Liberation American impact, and recent globalization―but also a description of K-pop as a system of economic innovation and cultural production. However, John Lie’s description of the history and circumstantial background of South Korean popular music is too lengthy and based on inaccurate information and a prejudiced point of view, and thus is not free from criticism about undervaluation and factual errors. This might be because John Lie, who is known to have been raised in Japan, relied too much on Japanese documents. Nevertheless, this paper mainly intends to critically accept and re-interpret John Lie’s opinion about K-pop’s dilemma between capitalism and genuineness, rather than to point out the errors of his opinion. In addition, this paper intends to propose that the hybridity and diaspora of K-pop lay the foundation of building the identity of and developing K-pop. This paper also intends to criticize the current status of K-pop from the perspective of socio-musicology in reliance upon the main concepts (i.e., production, marketing, consumption, and listener regression) of Theodor Adorno’s theory of popular culture and to seek the measures to develop the future-oriented identity of K-pop and facilitate the sustainable development of K-pop in reliance upon the concept of “articulation” under Stuart Hall’s theory and methodology of cultural studies. This paper does not support John Lie’s assertion on K-pop’s naked commercialism after the 1997 financial crisis of Korea. Rather, based on John Lie’s view that the “lack of authenticity” of K-pop is attributable to its “severance from tradition,” this paper intends to put forward a new point of view on “how authentic music can be created.” If K-pop interacts with consumers (listeners) after its hybridity articulates with authenticity (tradition) and its diaspora articulates with regionality (identity), the tradition of Korean culture and the essence of global culture would naturally interact with one another. What is required of us now is not the vague prediction or expectation of K-pop’s improved capitalism, but the clear understanding and activism of K-pop’s recovery of authenticity.

172

협업 연결망에서의 유유상종과 복합역할: 한국 대중음악 창작자들을 중심으로

김인애, 김우식

[NRF 연계] 충남대학교 사회과학연구소 사회과학연구 Vol.25 No.4 2009.12 pp.343-366

...popular music creators for the past 28 years. Drawing upon theoretical resources on homophily and multiple roles in social network analysis, this paper distinguishes uniform homophily vs. differential homophily as well as single role homophily vs. multiple role homophily. The paper draws its conclusions from a qualitative investigation of historical material and a series of statistical analyses based on the exponential random graph modeling method. By outlining a brief history of Korean popular music along with identifying the ways in which music creators collaborate with one another, the authors distinguish four periods. According to the analysis, lyricists, composers, arrangers and singers in the Korean popular music world have been changing their collaboration style from a classical and simple type to flexible and complex types. While it is notable that role homophily has taken place in an ever-increasing number of roles, it is surprising that a totally new phenomenon, defined as multiple role homophily, has emerged in which one person holds multiple roles in creating a popular song and collaborates with other persons who have exactly the same combination of multiple roles. Finally, the authors discuss major implications of the findings for social networks and the cultural industries as well as suggest ways to overcome the limitations in future research.

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이 연구는 지난 28년간 한국 대중음악 창작자들의 협업 연결망의 변화 양상을 검토한다. 유유상종과 복합 역할에 관한 사회 연결망 분석의 이론들을 바탕으로 이 연구에서는 포괄적 유유상종과 차별적 유유상종, 단일 역할 유유상종과 복합 역할 유유상종을 구별한 후, 대중음악사의 시기를 질적으로 나누고, 지수확률그래프모형을 사용하여 통계적 연결망 분석을 수행한다. 한국 대중음악사의 시기는 역사적 변화와 함께 창작자들이 협업하는 방식을 관찰하여 네 시기로 나뉜다. 분석 결과에 따르면 작사가, 작곡가, 편곡가, 가수로 이루어진 한국의 대중음악 창작자들의 협업은 고전적이고 단순한 방식에서 유연하고 복합적인 방식으로 변화하였다. 창작자들이 담당한 역할의 수와 역할 유유상종의 수가 꾸준히 증가한 가운데, 복합 역할을 담당한 창작자가 동일한 복합 역할을 담당한 하나 이상의 다른 창작자와 협업하는 복합 역할 유유상종 현상이 발견되었다. 결론에서는 사회 연결망 분석과 문화산업의 연구에 있어서 본 연구가 갖는 함의와 함께 한계를 보완하는 방법을 논한다.

This paper examines the changing pattern of collaboration networks among Korean popular music creators for the past 28 years. Drawing upon theoretical resources on homophily and multiple roles in social network analysis, this paper distinguishes uniform homophily vs. differential homophily as well as single role homophily vs. multiple role homophily. The paper draws its conclusions from a qualitative investigation of historical material and a series of statistical analyses based on the exponential random graph modeling method. By outlining a brief history of Korean popular music along with identifying the ways in which music creators collaborate with one another, the authors distinguish four periods. According to the analysis, lyricists, composers, arrangers and singers in the Korean popular music world have been changing their collaboration style from a classical and simple type to flexible and complex types. While it is notable that role homophily has taken place in an ever-increasing number of roles, it is surprising that a totally new phenomenon, defined as multiple role homophily, has emerged in which one person holds multiple roles in creating a popular song and collaborates with other persons who have exactly the same combination of multiple roles. Finally, the authors discuss major implications of the findings for social networks and the cultural industries as well as suggest ways to overcome the limitations in future research.

173

대중가요 보컬 전공 남학생의 성종에 따른 모음 간 음역 차이

지일송, 김재옥

[Kisti 연계] 한국음성학회 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.16 No.2 2024 pp.37-47

...popular music vocals to determine whether they were aware of their voice classification and vocal range. Additionally, differences in the fundamental frequency and average speaking fundamental frequency were compared among the voice classifications. Moreover, considering that they may differ in their ability to produce high frequencies depending on the vowel, differences in voice ranges among the cardinal vowels, /a/, /i/, and /u/, were examined, and differences in voice ranges between vowels were compared by voice classification. The results showed that more than half of the male students majoring in or preparing for popular music vocals were not accurately aware of their voice types. In addition, statistically significant differences were found in the maximum fundamental frequency and frequency range among vowels, indicating differences in the voice range that can be produced depending on the vowel type. In particular, the voice range decreased in the following order: /a/>/u/>/i/. This suggests that while the vowel /a/ is easier to articulate in the high register compared to other vowels, vowels /u/ and /i/ as high vowels involve narrowing of the oral cavity due to the raised position of the tongue, accompanied by raising of the larynx, resulting in a decrease in voice range and difficulty in vocalizing in the high register.

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본 연구는 대중가요 관련학과에서 보컬을 전공하고 있거나 입시를 준비하는 전공하는 남성 27명을 대상으로 자신의 성종과 음역을 제대로 파악하고 있는지를 살펴보기 위해 주관적으로 평가한 성종과 음향학적으로 평가한 성종 간에 차이가 있는지를 비교하였고, 성종 간 기본주파수(fundamental frequqency, F0)와 평균발화기본주파수 간의 차이도 비교하였다. 또한, 이들이 모음에 따라 고음역에서 산출할 수 있는 정도가 다를 수 있으므로 극모음인 /a/, /i/, /u/ 모음 간 음역의 차이와 성종별로 구분하여 모음 간 음역의 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았으며, 모음별로 성종 간에 음역의 차이가 있는지도 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 대중가요 보컬을 전공하거나 입시를 준비하는 남성의 절반 이상이 본인의 성종을 정확하게 파악하지 못하고 있으며, 모음 간에 최대기본주파수와 주파수범위는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보여 모음의 종류에 따라 산출할 수 있는 음역의 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 모음 /a/>/u/>/i/ 순으로 음역이 감소하였다. 이는 모음 /a/가 다른 모음에 비해 고음역에서 조음하기에 용이하지만, 모음 /u/와 /i/는 고모음으로 혀의 위치가 상승함으로써 구강 면적이 좁아지고 후두의 상승이 동반되기 때문에 음역이 감소하고 고음에서 발성하기에 어려움이 초래된다는 것을 알 수 있다.

This study was conducted on 27 male students majoring in or preparing for popular music vocals to determine whether they were aware of their voice classification and vocal range. Additionally, differences in the fundamental frequency and average speaking fundamental frequency were compared among the voice classifications. Moreover, considering that they may differ in their ability to produce high frequencies depending on the vowel, differences in voice ranges among the cardinal vowels, /a/, /i/, and /u/, were examined, and differences in voice ranges between vowels were compared by voice classification. The results showed that more than half of the male students majoring in or preparing for popular music vocals were not accurately aware of their voice types. In addition, statistically significant differences were found in the maximum fundamental frequency and frequency range among vowels, indicating differences in the voice range that can be produced depending on the vowel type. In particular, the voice range decreased in the following order: /a/>/u/>/i/. This suggests that while the vowel /a/ is easier to articulate in the high register compared to other vowels, vowels /u/ and /i/ as high vowels involve narrowing of the oral cavity due to the raised position of the tongue, accompanied by raising of the larynx, resulting in a decrease in voice range and difficulty in vocalizing in the high register.

174

대중음악 흥행결정요인이 국내대중음악 흥행성과에 미치는 영향 : 기획사와 유통사의 조절효과를 중심으로

김양석, 이상혁

[Kisti 연계] 한국벤처창업학회 벤처창업연구 Vol.10 No.1 2015 pp.23-31

...popular music. For this purpose, 1.239 musics were selected in the Gaon digital weekly album chart from second week July 2013 to first week July 2014. The result can be summarized as follows: First, entertainment of music company, distribution of music company, singer, OST(Original Sound Track), television show, SNS and high ranking in the first week of its release are the factors of the box office record in Korean popular music. Second, entertainment of a large number of music production company is more effective than the others, but there is no difference in the case of distribution music company. Third, musics of singers who have large number of music ranked Gaon digital chart and appearance of television show program are effective in the box office record in Korean popular music. Fourth, SNS are great factors to promote Korean popular music. Fifth, it is important to rank high position in the first week of its release.

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K-Pop이 사회, 문화 그리고 경제적인 분야에서 긍정적인 요소로 작용하고 있음에도 불구하고, 국내에서는 관련 연구가 아직 활발히 진행되고 있지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대중음악의 흥행결정요인들이 국내대중음악의 흥행성과에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 기존의 선행연구를 바탕으로 대중음악 흥행결정요인을 파악한 후 가수의 역량, 미디어 영향, OST 영향, SNS 영향 그리고 발매 첫 주 순위를 독립변수로 정하였다. 더불어 2013년 7월 둘째 주부터 2014년 7월 첫째 주까지 가온차트 내 디지털차트 순위에 진입한 국내대중음악을 선별하여 100위 순위 내 유지한 기간을 곡 별로 조사한 후 이를 주 단위로 측정하고 흥행성과인 종속변수로 정하였다. 기획사와 유통사의 역량울 조절변수로 설정한 후 국내대중음악의 흥행결정요인과 흥행성과와의 영향관계에 있어서 조절작용을 하는가를 연구가설로 설정하였다. 연구 결과, 가수의 역량, 미디어의 영향과 SNS의 영향 그리고 발매 첫 주 순위 등이 국내대중음악의 흥행성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 변수로 분석되었으나 OST의 영향은 가온차트 내 디지털차트의 순위유지기간에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. 기획사의 역량은 자체적으로는 국내대중음악의 흥행성과에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 조절변수로 작용을 할 경우, 대중음악 흥행결정요인과 국내대중음악 흥행성과에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 유통사의 역량은 조절변수로 작용을 할 경우, 대중음악 흥행 결정요인과 국내대중음악 흥행성과에 정(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to find the factors of the box office record in Korean popular music. For this purpose, 1.239 musics were selected in the Gaon digital weekly album chart from second week July 2013 to first week July 2014. The result can be summarized as follows: First, entertainment of music company, distribution of music company, singer, OST(Original Sound Track), television show, SNS and high ranking in the first week of its release are the factors of the box office record in Korean popular music. Second, entertainment of a large number of music production company is more effective than the others, but there is no difference in the case of distribution music company. Third, musics of singers who have large number of music ranked Gaon digital chart and appearance of television show program are effective in the box office record in Korean popular music. Fourth, SNS are great factors to promote Korean popular music. Fifth, it is important to rank high position in the first week of its release.

175

AI 기반 대중음악 소비자의 소비동기와 소비행동에 관한 연구

장팡

[NRF 연계] 한국문화산업학회 문화산업연구 Vol.25 No.3 2025.09 pp.309-319

...popular music services and their consumption behaviors. It further examined the mediating effect of user satisfaction and the moderating effect of technology acceptance attitude to elucidate the psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying consumer behavior in the context of AI music services. The results revealed that various consumption motivations?such as information seeking, entertainment, social interaction, escapism, and mood enhancement?had significant effects on both technical and psychological satisfaction. This suggests that consumers fulfill diverse objectives through AI music services. In contrast, self-expression motivation did not significantly impact satisfaction, implying that in AI-based environments, the fulfillment of emotional stability and functional needs may take precedence over self-expression. Moreover, all sub-factors of consumption motivation positively influenced consumption behavior, with emotional stability and social connection emerging as particularly strong drivers. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating emotional and interactive elements in the planning and development of AI-based music services. The PROCESS model analysis further confirmed that user satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between consumption motivation and behavior, and that technology acceptance attitude moderated this mediating effect. Specifically, users with higher levels of technology acceptance were more likely to translate their satisfaction into active consumption behaviors, emphasizing the necessity of consumer segmentation strategies based on technology acceptance levels. The findings of this study suggest that developing emotionally engaging and interactive content that fulfills users’ needs for emotional stability and social connection, along with implementing segmented marketing strategies based on users’ levels of technology acceptance, will be effective for AI-based popular music services

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원문보기

본 연구는 AI 기반 대중음악 서비스 이용자들의 소비동기와 소비행동 간의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하고, 이 과정에서 이용만족도의 매개효과와 기술수용태도의조절효과를 함께 검토함으로써, AI 음악 서비스에 대한 소비자 행동의 심리적·행동적 메커니즘을 구체적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 정보 탐색, 오락, 사회적 상호작용, 현실도피 및 기분전환 등 다양한 소비동기가 기술적·심리적 만족에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 AI 음악 서비스를 통해 소비자들이 다양한 목적을 충족하고 있음을 보여준다. 반면, 자기표현 동기는 만족도에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나, AI 기반 환경에서는 감정적 안정이나기능적 효용이 자아표현보다 더 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다. 또한, 모든 소비동기 요인들이 소비행동에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 감정적 안정 및 사회적 연결을 추구하는 동기의 영향력이 두드러졌다. 이는 AI 기반 대중음악 서비스의 기획 및 콘텐츠 개발 시 감성적 요소와 상호작용 설계의 중요성을 강조하는 결과로 해석된다. 아울러 PROCESS 모형 분석 결과, 이용만족도는 소비동기와 소비행동 간 관계를 부분적으로 매개하고 있으며, 기술수용태도는 이 매개 관계를 조절하는 변수로 작용하였다. 특히 기술수용 수준이 높은 소비자일수록 이용만족도가 소비행동으로 이어지는 경향이 더욱 강하게 나타났는데, 이는 향후 AI 음악 서비스의타겟 마케팅 전략 수립 시 기술수용 수준을 고려한 이용자 세분화의 필요성을 제기한다. 본 연구 결과는 AI 기반 대중음악 서비스가 감정적 안정과 사회적 연결욕구를 충족할 수 있는 감성적·상호작용적 콘텐츠 개발과 함께, 이용자의 기술수용 수준에 따른 세분화된 마케팅 전략 수립이 효과적임을 시사한다.

This study empirically analyzed the relationship between consumers’ motivations for using AI-based popular music services and their consumption behaviors. It further examined the mediating effect of user satisfaction and the moderating effect of technology acceptance attitude to elucidate the psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying consumer behavior in the context of AI music services. The results revealed that various consumption motivations?such as information seeking, entertainment, social interaction, escapism, and mood enhancement?had significant effects on both technical and psychological satisfaction. This suggests that consumers fulfill diverse objectives through AI music services. In contrast, self-expression motivation did not significantly impact satisfaction, implying that in AI-based environments, the fulfillment of emotional stability and functional needs may take precedence over self-expression. Moreover, all sub-factors of consumption motivation positively influenced consumption behavior, with emotional stability and social connection emerging as particularly strong drivers. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating emotional and interactive elements in the planning and development of AI-based music services. The PROCESS model analysis further confirmed that user satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between consumption motivation and behavior, and that technology acceptance attitude moderated this mediating effect. Specifically, users with higher levels of technology acceptance were more likely to translate their satisfaction into active consumption behaviors, emphasizing the necessity of consumer segmentation strategies based on technology acceptance levels. The findings of this study suggest that developing emotionally engaging and interactive content that fulfills users’ needs for emotional stability and social connection, along with implementing segmented marketing strategies based on users’ levels of technology acceptance, will be effective for AI-based popular music services

176

학교교육에서의 초·중등 대중음악 교육과정기준 개발을 위한 요구조사 분석

박정은, 홍후조

[NRF 연계] 한국문화교육학회 문화예술교육연구 Vol.16 No.3 2021.06 pp.121-144

...music education areas has expanded to include music, rap, hip-hop and popular songs by young idol singers such as Big Bang and Girls' Generation. In order to diagnose current popular music education prior to the development of elementary and middle school music education curriculum, I analyzed the previous research and extracted the necessary elements for this research to develop a ‘research tool for the development of standards for elementary and middle school music education curriculum'. In order to grasp the present status and improvement plan of school popular music education in this study questionnaire, the evaluation of the status of popular music education in current school education, the necessity of systematization in school popular music education, importance of items for strengthening of popular music education, the improvement proposal for the systematic implementation of education, the evaluation of the proportion of the number of music pieces for popular music education, and the question about the appropriate classroom hours of music education in music education are included.

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원문보기

2000년대에 들어서며 싸이, BTS 등의 활약으로 K-Pop의 세계적 위상이 달라지며 젊은 아이돌 가수들의 음악, 랩과 힙합, 유행가까지 음악교육 영역의 범위가 넓어졌다. 하지만 2015 개정 교육과정에 이르기까지 대중음악교육을 안내하는 기준은 찾아보기 어렵다. 이에 본 연구는 대중음악 교육과정의 특성을 반영한 초·중등 대중음악 교육과정기준 개발을 위한 요구조사 및 의견조사를 목적으로 한다. 먼저 현행 대중음악교육 관련 선행연구들을 분석하고 연구에 필요한 요소를 선별하여 ‘초·중등 대중음악 교육과정기준 개발을 위한 의견 조사’를 개발하였다. 이에 초⋅중등학교 대중음악 교육과정기준 개발을 위한 요구조사에서 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 학교 대중음악교육에서 교과서 수록 증가에 비해 비체계적이라는 부정적 인식 확인과 교육과정기준 문서상 관련 연구 및 체계는 아직 미흡하다는 점에서 ‘필요한 편’, ‘매우 필요’ 응답이 66.8%로 나타났다. 둘째, 대중음악교육의 확대 및 개선안에 대해서는 학교교육제도, 교육목표, 국가 교육과정기준 문서, 예술교육 체계, 교과서, 교수학습방법, 교육 시설과 설비, 교육평가, 교원 양성과 연수, 학교 교육과정 계획, 학생 및 학부모 요구수용 항목에서 ‘중요한 편’ 혹은 ‘매우 중요함’이 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구 이후 학교 대중음악교육에 적합한 교육정책 수립과 체계적인 음악교육과정기준 개발을 기대한다.

In the 2000s, K-Pop's global status changed due to the performances of Psy and BTS. In education, the scope of major music education areas has expanded to include music, rap, hip-hop and popular songs by young idol singers such as Big Bang and Girls' Generation. In order to diagnose current popular music education prior to the development of elementary and middle school music education curriculum, I analyzed the previous research and extracted the necessary elements for this research to develop a ‘research tool for the development of standards for elementary and middle school music education curriculum'. In order to grasp the present status and improvement plan of school popular music education in this study questionnaire, the evaluation of the status of popular music education in current school education, the necessity of systematization in school popular music education, importance of items for strengthening of popular music education, the improvement proposal for the systematic implementation of education, the evaluation of the proportion of the number of music pieces for popular music education, and the question about the appropriate classroom hours of music education in music education are included.

177

대중음악의 시각화를 통한 텍스타일 프린트 패턴디자인 발상

김지연, 오경화, 정혜정

[Kisti 연계] 한국의류산업학회 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.17 No.4 2015 pp.524-540

...music. Methods of auditory and synesthesia were employed to analyze various attributes of popular music genres and appoint language image, shape image, and color image to obtain their interrelationships. This study provides data that can be used to express emotional images on textile print pattern designs. This research used different genres of popular music as stimuli. The language image was extracted and introduced to the overall color scheme; in addition, the color image was verified. The analysis of the color image was executed by applying it with the color set image scale of I.R.I colors. Then, the color image of the target genre of popular music was examined and analyzed through a color tone system. The preference in shape image was realized through visual images based on basic principles of points, lines, and sides composition; subsequently, an analysis of the emotional image of popular music followed. An examination of the emotional images of different popular music genres have led to the discovery that language image, color image, and shape image all share a common emotional image. There was also a realization that similarity and interrelationship exists in language, color, and shape images experienced by listening to popular music.

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원문보기

This study develops textile pattern design ideas created through the visualization of music. Methods of auditory and synesthesia were employed to analyze various attributes of popular music genres and appoint language image, shape image, and color image to obtain their interrelationships. This study provides data that can be used to express emotional images on textile print pattern designs. This research used different genres of popular music as stimuli. The language image was extracted and introduced to the overall color scheme; in addition, the color image was verified. The analysis of the color image was executed by applying it with the color set image scale of I.R.I colors. Then, the color image of the target genre of popular music was examined and analyzed through a color tone system. The preference in shape image was realized through visual images based on basic principles of points, lines, and sides composition; subsequently, an analysis of the emotional image of popular music followed. An examination of the emotional images of different popular music genres have led to the discovery that language image, color image, and shape image all share a common emotional image. There was also a realization that similarity and interrelationship exists in language, color, and shape images experienced by listening to popular music.

178

음악저작물 표절 기준에 관한 고찰 : 대중음악을 중심으로

조진완, 신미해, 박아름, 김영철

[Kisti 연계] 한국콘텐츠학회 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.14 No.3 2014 pp.176-185

...music works among 'The suits to claim an infringement of copyright' and 'Suits to claim indemnification for damage' that have been filed in Korea up so far in order to establish clear criteria to judge plagiarism based on the ground of legal judgment and judge the similarity of two works that have been in controversy previously. The study has been performed through literature review and also precedents. According to the study result, 'criteria to judge music works on plagiarism' are largely classified into (1) creativity, (2) access, and (3) substantial similarity. It is almost the same to judge creativity and substantial similarity. With the components of music works, say, melody, harmony, and rhythm, comparative analysis is conducted. About creativity, the original composer's song is analyzed with another object to be compared whereas about substantial similarity, two songs in controversy get to be analyzed. Regarding the current criteria to judge creativity, it is needed to set the number of objects to be compared which have been regarded similar. And access has limitations in setting up objective criteria for it. Lastly, we should develop digitized criteria for substantial similarity based on the preliminary review system of the Committee on Performance Ethics in the past.

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원문보기

본 연구에서는 현재까지 국내에서 진행된 '저작권침해 소송', '손해배상청구 소송' 중에서 음악저작물에 관한 판례들을 통해 법적인 측면에서 판단의 근거를 기반으로 표절여부 판단에 대한 명확한 기준을 정립하여 소송 이전에 논란이 되는 두 곡의 유사성 여부를 판단할 수 있게 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구는 문헌연구와 판례(음악저작물의 요소에 의한 표절 판결 1건, 현재 항소심 진행중인 사건 1건)를 통해 이루어졌다. 연구결과 '음악저작물 표절 판단 기준'은 크게 (1) 창작성, (2) 의거성, (3) 실질적 유사성으로 나타났다. 창작성과 실질적 유사성의 판단방법은 거의 동일하다. 음악저작물의 구성요소인 가락, 화성, 리듬으로 비교분석을 하는 것이다. 하지만 창작성의 경우 원작자의 곡과 또 다른 비교대상물을 분석하고, 실질적 유사성은 사건에 해당하는 두 곡을 분석하는데 차이가 있다. 현재 창작성의 판단기준은 유사성이 인정된 비교대상물의 수를 설정하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 의거성은 객관적인 기준을 수립하는데 한계가 있다. 마지막으로 실질적 유사성은 과거 공연윤리위원회의 사전심의제도를 기반으로 수치화된 기준을 수립해야 한다.

This study deals with the precedents regarding music works among 'The suits to claim an infringement of copyright' and 'Suits to claim indemnification for damage' that have been filed in Korea up so far in order to establish clear criteria to judge plagiarism based on the ground of legal judgment and judge the similarity of two works that have been in controversy previously. The study has been performed through literature review and also precedents. According to the study result, 'criteria to judge music works on plagiarism' are largely classified into (1) creativity, (2) access, and (3) substantial similarity. It is almost the same to judge creativity and substantial similarity. With the components of music works, say, melody, harmony, and rhythm, comparative analysis is conducted. About creativity, the original composer's song is analyzed with another object to be compared whereas about substantial similarity, two songs in controversy get to be analyzed. Regarding the current criteria to judge creativity, it is needed to set the number of objects to be compared which have been regarded similar. And access has limitations in setting up objective criteria for it. Lastly, we should develop digitized criteria for substantial similarity based on the preliminary review system of the Committee on Performance Ethics in the past.

179

글로벌 문화유산으로서의 20세기 한・일 대중음악 ― 트로트, 엔카, 그리고 가요

박진수

[NRF 연계] 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 아시아문화연구 Vol.67 2025.04 pp.5-22

...popular music genres in Korea and Japan respectively, are often viewed as culturally and nationally distinct. However, this paper argues that the two genres share a common origin as “twin genres” that emerged within the same cultural-industrial system of imperial Japan during the late 1920s to 1930s. They evolved in parallel, sharing emotional modalities, musical formats, and distribution channels. By exploring their historical formation and transformation, this study highlights the complex interplay between cultural production and political contexts in East Asia. After 1945, the two genres underwent divergent processes of national representation and institutionalization, reflecting each countryʼs media policies and identity politics. This paper adopts a discursive and comparative framework, viewing genre not as a fixed category but as a fluid construct shaped by historical and social conditions. Based on this perspective, it proposes the term “kayō (歌謠)” as a shared analytical category to examine the mutual influences and differences between trot and enka. In doing so, the study challenges the conventional bifurcation that defines them solely through national boundaries. Reframing these musical forms as part of a shared East Asian cultural history, the paper contributes to a more inclusive understanding of their legacy as global cultural heritage.

※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.

원문보기

Trot and enka, widely regarded as traditional popular music genres in Korea and Japan respectively, are often viewed as culturally and nationally distinct. However, this paper argues that the two genres share a common origin as “twin genres” that emerged within the same cultural-industrial system of imperial Japan during the late 1920s to 1930s. They evolved in parallel, sharing emotional modalities, musical formats, and distribution channels. By exploring their historical formation and transformation, this study highlights the complex interplay between cultural production and political contexts in East Asia. After 1945, the two genres underwent divergent processes of national representation and institutionalization, reflecting each countryʼs media policies and identity politics. This paper adopts a discursive and comparative framework, viewing genre not as a fixed category but as a fluid construct shaped by historical and social conditions. Based on this perspective, it proposes the term “kayō (歌謠)” as a shared analytical category to examine the mutual influences and differences between trot and enka. In doing so, the study challenges the conventional bifurcation that defines them solely through national boundaries. Reframing these musical forms as part of a shared East Asian cultural history, the paper contributes to a more inclusive understanding of their legacy as global cultural heritage.

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절제의 미학과 양식성의 예술 -일본의 대중음악 장르 ‘엔카’의 문화적 특징

박진수

[NRF 연계] 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 아시아문화연구 Vol.64 2024.04 pp.31-61

...popular music genres that represent both countries today. These two are similar identical twins. This is because trot and enka, which were originated in the 1910s and 1920s, were a genre called ‘ryuk?ka’ until at least 1945. Even after 1945, Korean and Japanese popular music was deeply related. The popular music of both countries has developed together along a similar trajectory, nourished by contemporary influences from West. Here, we tried to understand the cultural characteristics of Enka by comparing it with Trot. As a result, it was found that today's enka has many elements in common with trot, but it tends to value the stylistic amd formal perfection of the music itself based on the aesthetics of temperance rather than the immediate response and enthusiastic atmosphere of the audience. Today, when the Korean Wave is gaining global attention beyond Asia, a deeper awareness of culture is needed. It is necessary to break away from cultural nationalism based on national borders and view enka from the perspective of Korean-Japanese popular music or broader East Asian popular music. Trot and Enka are part of humanity's cultural assets, and today's K-culture is not just Korean, but a historical product of constant communication and exchange with the outside world. It is important to have a deep understanding of one's own culture and other cultures, strive for coexistence, and have a wise perspective to enrich human life. Now is the time for both Trot and Enka to receive love from people around the world beyond East Asia.

※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.

원문보기

한국의 트로트와 일본의 엔카는 오늘날 양국을 대표하는 전통적 대중음악 장르인데, 알고 보면 일란성 쌍둥이와 같은 관계이다. 1910~20년대에 배태된 트로트와 엔카는 적어도 1945년까지는 ‘유행가’(流行歌)라는 이름으로 불리던 사실상의 같은 장르였기 때문이다. 1945년 이후에도 한국과 일본의 대중음악은 깊게 관련되었다. 양국 대중음악은 미국과 서유럽의 동시대적 영향을 자양분 삼아 비슷한 궤적을 그리며 함께 발전해왔다. 여기서는 엔카의 문화적 특징을 트로트와 비교하면서 파악해보았다. 그 결과 오늘날의 엔카는 많은 부분에서 트로트와 공통의 요소를 지니고 있으나 청중의 즉각적인 반응과 열광하는 분위기보다는 절제의 미학을 바탕으로 악곡 자체의 양식적 완성도를 중시하는 경향이 있음을 알게 되었다. 한류가 아시아를 넘어서 세계적으로 각광 받는 오늘날 문화에 대한 보다 심화된 인식이 필요하다. 국경을 단위로 한 문화적 일국주의(一國主義)에서 벗어나 엔카를 한일 대중음악 또는 광역의 동아시아 대중음악이라는 견지에서 볼 필요가 있다. 트로트와 엔카는 인류 문화자산의 일부이며, 오늘날의 K-문화도 한국인만의 것이 아닌, 바깥 세계와의 끊임없는 소통과 교류의 역사적 산물이다. 자문화와 타문화를 깊게 이해하고 공존을 위해 힘쓰며 인류의 삶을 더욱 풍요롭게 만드는 지혜로운 관점을 갖는 것이 중요하다. 이제 트로트와 엔카 모두 동아시아를 넘어 세계인의 사랑을 받을 때가 되었다.

Korean trot and Japanese enka are traditional popular music genres that represent both countries today. These two are similar identical twins. This is because trot and enka, which were originated in the 1910s and 1920s, were a genre called ‘ryuk?ka’ until at least 1945. Even after 1945, Korean and Japanese popular music was deeply related. The popular music of both countries has developed together along a similar trajectory, nourished by contemporary influences from West. Here, we tried to understand the cultural characteristics of Enka by comparing it with Trot. As a result, it was found that today's enka has many elements in common with trot, but it tends to value the stylistic amd formal perfection of the music itself based on the aesthetics of temperance rather than the immediate response and enthusiastic atmosphere of the audience. Today, when the Korean Wave is gaining global attention beyond Asia, a deeper awareness of culture is needed. It is necessary to break away from cultural nationalism based on national borders and view enka from the perspective of Korean-Japanese popular music or broader East Asian popular music. Trot and Enka are part of humanity's cultural assets, and today's K-culture is not just Korean, but a historical product of constant communication and exchange with the outside world. It is important to have a deep understanding of one's own culture and other cultures, strive for coexistence, and have a wise perspective to enrich human life. Now is the time for both Trot and Enka to receive love from people around the world beyond East Asia.

 
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