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61

The Effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on Increasing Returns to Information: Evidence from the Korean Popular Music Market

김종대, 이유석

[NRF 연계] 한국마케팅학회 마케팅연구 Vol.35 No.4 2020.11 pp.145-160

...popular music market by adopting the model of increasing returns to information. As music is an experience good, we expect that increasing returns to information do exist in the Korean music market. We also posit that the COVID-19 outbreak affects consumers’ music choice and consumption behaviors so that the overconcentration in the music market is diminished. We suggest two conceptual backgrounds for such a reduction in overconcentration. First, at the market level, the music consumption by low-involved consumers may be decreased and the proportion of the contribution from high-involved consumers may be increased after the outbreak. Second, at the individual consumer level, consumers may have a lower deliberation cost and a lower search cost due to the COVID-19 outbreak. We argue that the magnitude of increasing returns to information is reduced through these forces resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak. Using data from the Gaon chart, the official music chart operated by the Korea Music Content Association, we find empirical evidence of the existence of increasing returns to information in the Korean popular music market. More importantly, we find that the COVID-19 outbreak has reduced the magnitude of increasing returns to information. This study is among the first empirical studies that investigate the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on consumer behaviors in Korea. It contributes to the literature by providing a modeling approach to investigate the impact of an exogenous shock on increasing returns to information. This study also contributes to the field of marketing by advancing substantial knowledge on increasing returns to information in the music market which has not been explored much in the field. We also suggest practical implications for digital music platforms, producers, and artists in the era of the COVID-19.

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In this paper, we explore the effect of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) outbreak on consumer behaviors in the Korean popular music market by adopting the model of increasing returns to information. As music is an experience good, we expect that increasing returns to information do exist in the Korean music market. We also posit that the COVID-19 outbreak affects consumers’ music choice and consumption behaviors so that the overconcentration in the music market is diminished. We suggest two conceptual backgrounds for such a reduction in overconcentration. First, at the market level, the music consumption by low-involved consumers may be decreased and the proportion of the contribution from high-involved consumers may be increased after the outbreak. Second, at the individual consumer level, consumers may have a lower deliberation cost and a lower search cost due to the COVID-19 outbreak. We argue that the magnitude of increasing returns to information is reduced through these forces resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak. Using data from the Gaon chart, the official music chart operated by the Korea Music Content Association, we find empirical evidence of the existence of increasing returns to information in the Korean popular music market. More importantly, we find that the COVID-19 outbreak has reduced the magnitude of increasing returns to information. This study is among the first empirical studies that investigate the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on consumer behaviors in Korea. It contributes to the literature by providing a modeling approach to investigate the impact of an exogenous shock on increasing returns to information. This study also contributes to the field of marketing by advancing substantial knowledge on increasing returns to information in the music market which has not been explored much in the field. We also suggest practical implications for digital music platforms, producers, and artists in the era of the COVID-19.

62

Using English Songs in the adult EFL classroom: A Convergent Study of English Education and the Popular Music

이우주, 최인순

[NRF 연계] 한국전시산업융합연구원 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.31 2017.12 pp.283-291

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Students still lack the enthusiasm, motivation and interest to learn English in the conventional way even though they are exposed to various media and technology resources. This is the main reason why English language teachers should always keep an eye on the more engaging and involving teaching sources. Text books in English classes turn out to be not very engaging for students. It is no surprise that many learners view English language learning as a boring and insuperable wall. In fact, English learning can be implemented in a more relaxed and enjoyable way. One of the progressive ways to bring variety into the classroom is integrating English songs in the adult EFL classes. Using songs gives a great influence in the educational settings. Then, how can songs improve English learning in the EFL classroom? This study investigates the correlation between listening to songs and effective learning in the EFL classroom. A review of the theoretical and research evidence on English songs and education is presented in this paper. The study analyzes the effects of using songs in the EFL classroom on all four language skills: listening, speaking, writing and reading. The study draw a conclusion that songs attract students’ attention by presenting English in a more natural way than any of the existing textbooks. Most importantly, songs offer listening aids, helping students to improve their listening skill and extend their vocabulary ability. The aim of this paper is to promote better understanding of the effectiveness of English songs as a great teaching tool in the EFL classroom and to suggest language teachers to use songs in their language teaching.

63

대중음악과 대중정서의 상관성 -2000년대 트로트 음악을 중심으로-

김현옥

[NRF 연계] 덕성여자대학교 인문과학연구소 인문과학연구 Vol.31 2011.12 pp.337-367

...music from 2000 to 2009. The trot music, which was influenced by colonial, national division, Cold War, and neoliberal periods has been highly significant development and the most innovate changes of any popular music genre in Korea. In this study the 86 selected songs from the trot genre were analysed as the rhythms and lyrics then researched the correlations between popular music and popular sentiment. The popular sentiment appears in Korean popular music as expressions through language and in lyrical forms. Furthermore the emotions of the masses are expressed in the rhythms. The categories for popular sentiment sought in this study are not based on lyrics alone, but on lyrics and rhythm together. Analysis of popular music’s lyrics favored by 2000s audiences showed that "love" "parting" "hope" and "memory" appear as the major expressions of "popular sentiment". Most songs contained "love". The sentiment of "love" is rooted partially by the traditional valuation of "pure love"; but in the more individualistic, liberal social climate of the present day, we can also see straightforward narrations of "love" from a female point of view. The classifications for popular music’s rhythms were identified as "modern" (hyeondaejeok) sentiment (genre) and "traditional" sentiment (genre). Some music continued to be written in the traditional way, but these represented the minority and enjoyed relatively less popularity. On the other hand, "trot" songs with "modern" sentiment revealed new compositional forms, new musical intruments appearing in the rhythmic scores, and more complexity and Westernized elements than traditional rhythms. At the same time, a new trend is now underway as new generation "trot" singers emerge, making the "trot" form one which can be enjoyed and sung by listeners of all ages. Microlevel analysis reveals that when ths Korean audience joins its own sentiments to popular songs, a highly complex operation of various factors take place within the "individual" dimension. The sentimental trajectories of lyrics and rhythms are more heavily influenced by political and economic factors rather than by demographic ones. Demographic characteristics become relatively more important when lyrics and rhythms are viewed as discrete variables.

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이 논문은 2000년대 우리나라 대중가요의 주요 구성부분인 트로트와 대중정서와의 상관성에 대해 실증적으로 연구한 논문이다. 역동적인 역사과정 속에서도 대중음악이 생명력을 계속 유지했던 이유는 대중음악이 제반 역사과정 속에서 대중의 정서를 담고 있었고 이를 구가하고 반영하면서 대중들의 머릿속에 깊이 들어가 있었기 때문이다. 과거에 트로트가 정치적, 이념적 이유로 문제시 되었다고 한다면, 최근에 들어서는 시장의 발전, 매체의 발달, 음악 장르의 다양화 등 경쟁적 요소가 다양해지면서 트로트는 또 한 번 변화해야만 했다. 트로트가 그 시대를 살고 있는 대중들의 정서를 담아낸다는 것은 이론의 여지가 없지만, 구체적으로 대중가요와 대중정서가 어떻게 상호 영향을 주고 있는지에 대해서는 아직까지 실증적인 연구가 매우 드물다. 본 연구에서는 2000년대에 들어서면서 대중가요가 대중정서와 어떤 관계를 맺고 있는지 트로트 음악을 중심으로 밝혀보았다. 한국의 트로트 음악은 1990년대에 이르러 댄스음악을 닮아가며 트로트 리듬이 소실되어 가고 있었다. 이에 따라 트로트 음악은 설 자리를 잃게 되었고 그 생존권마저 위협받게 되었다. 댄스음악의 출현과 함께 트로트음악의 댄스화가 시작된 것이었다. 2000년 이후는 신자유주의의 팽배 속에, 젊은 세대들은 정서적으로 기존의 트로트, 즉 주인공이 현실을 냉철하게 파악하고 욕망을 조절하는 등의 합리적인 태도를 갖추지 못하고 눈물만 흘리는 류의 트로트를 환영하지 않았다. 2000년대에 들어오면서 젊은 세대들이 트로트가수 행렬에 뛰어들면서 그 리듬과 가사 모두 대한민국 남녀노소 할 것 없이 쉽게 접하도록 크게 변화하였다. 트로트와 같은 대중음악의 변화는 단순히 음악 리듬과 가사의 변화뿐만 아니라 그 사회를 살아가고 있는 대중들의 가치관의 변화 또는 생각의 변화와 함께 일어났다. 트로트 음악에 대한 다양한 평가가 등장한 것은 시대의 변화와 함께 그만큼 특정한 공동체의식 보다는 합리적인 개인주의가 지배적인 지위를 얻었기 때문이라고 할 수 있다.

This study was focused on the "trot" music from 2000 to 2009. The trot music, which was influenced by colonial, national division, Cold War, and neoliberal periods has been highly significant development and the most innovate changes of any popular music genre in Korea. In this study the 86 selected songs from the trot genre were analysed as the rhythms and lyrics then researched the correlations between popular music and popular sentiment. The popular sentiment appears in Korean popular music as expressions through language and in lyrical forms. Furthermore the emotions of the masses are expressed in the rhythms. The categories for popular sentiment sought in this study are not based on lyrics alone, but on lyrics and rhythm together. Analysis of popular music’s lyrics favored by 2000s audiences showed that "love" "parting" "hope" and "memory" appear as the major expressions of "popular sentiment". Most songs contained "love". The sentiment of "love" is rooted partially by the traditional valuation of "pure love"; but in the more individualistic, liberal social climate of the present day, we can also see straightforward narrations of "love" from a female point of view. The classifications for popular music’s rhythms were identified as "modern" (hyeondaejeok) sentiment (genre) and "traditional" sentiment (genre). Some music continued to be written in the traditional way, but these represented the minority and enjoyed relatively less popularity. On the other hand, "trot" songs with "modern" sentiment revealed new compositional forms, new musical intruments appearing in the rhythmic scores, and more complexity and Westernized elements than traditional rhythms. At the same time, a new trend is now underway as new generation "trot" singers emerge, making the "trot" form one which can be enjoyed and sung by listeners of all ages. Microlevel analysis reveals that when ths Korean audience joins its own sentiments to popular songs, a highly complex operation of various factors take place within the "individual" dimension. The sentimental trajectories of lyrics and rhythms are more heavily influenced by political and economic factors rather than by demographic ones. Demographic characteristics become relatively more important when lyrics and rhythms are viewed as discrete variables.

64

한국대중음악사에서 인디음악이 갖는 의미-지난 10년간의 음악전문매체 음악시상식을 중심으로 분석

박준흠

[NRF 연계] 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 민족문화논총 Vol.35 2007.06 pp.27-54

...Music in the History of Korean Popular Music -Analysis of Music Awards Sponsored by Specialized Music Media for the Last 10 Years-

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The Meaning of Indie Music in the History of Korean Popular Music -Analysis of Music Awards Sponsored by Specialized Music Media for the Last 10 Years-

65

1970년대의 텔레비전과 대중음악: 청소년 대상 대중음악 프로그램을 중심으로

박용규

[NRF 연계] 한국언론학회 한국언론학보 Vol.51 No.2 2007.04 pp.5-29

...popular music programs were introduced into television in Korea in the 1970s. Popular music program on television was not only a relatively cost-effective genre but also fairly popular among women and youth at that time. In particular, youth music programs were launched by television directors who had a taste for rock and folk music. But there was a little possibility that those programs might succeed in showing good ratings because teenagers usually listened to music on the radio and preferred western popular music till the mid 1970s. In fact, the youth popular music programs of 1969 and 1974 didn’t last for a long time. As the first TV generation grew, youth music programs on television became popular among the youth audience in the end of the 1970s. The youth music programs on television were constructed visually to appeal to teenagers and also were meant to be acceptable to adults in those days. Youth popular music programming became a significant element in Korean television in the late 1970s because television had to present new entertainment opportunities for the emergent social subset ‘youth.’

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1970년대에는 텔레비전이 대량 보급되고, 각종 대중음악 프로그램이 대거 편성되기 시작했다. 특히 청소년을 대상으로 하는 각종 대중음악 프로그램들이 만들어지기 시작했다. 1969년 말에 시작된 ‘원투쓰리고’와 ‘젊음의 리듬’은 미8군 무대 출신 그룹사운드의 음악을 주로 방송했는데, 퇴폐의 낙인이 찍힌 채 4개월 만에 막을 내리고 말았다. 1974년에 시작되었던 ‘젊음의 행진’과 ‘오라오라오라’는 대학생 포크가수들의 음악을 위주로 프로그램을 구성했는데, 텔레비전이라는 매체에 맞지 않았고 대마초 파동까지 겹쳐 오래가지 못했다. 1979년에 등장한 ‘청춘 대합창’과 ‘젊음이 있는 곳’에는 1969년의 프로그램이 보여준 청소년들의 ‘욕구’와 1974년의 프로그램에서 드러난 청소년들의 ‘선망’을 잘 섞어 놓은 것이었다. 대학생 그룹사운드들이 주축이 된 청소년 대상 대중음악 프로그램들은 시각적 요소를 강화하면서도 부모들에게 거부감을 불러일으키지 않으면서 영상매체 시대의 청소년들에게 높은 인기를 누리기 시작했다. 텔레비전이 대중음악 프로그램을 통해 적극적으로 청소년들을 시청자로 끌어들였고, 이제 텔레비전은 청소년 문화에 큰 영향력을 행사하기 시작했다.

Television sets spread widely and many popular music programs were introduced into television in Korea in the 1970s. Popular music program on television was not only a relatively cost-effective genre but also fairly popular among women and youth at that time. In particular, youth music programs were launched by television directors who had a taste for rock and folk music. But there was a little possibility that those programs might succeed in showing good ratings because teenagers usually listened to music on the radio and preferred western popular music till the mid 1970s. In fact, the youth popular music programs of 1969 and 1974 didn’t last for a long time. As the first TV generation grew, youth music programs on television became popular among the youth audience in the end of the 1970s. The youth music programs on television were constructed visually to appeal to teenagers and also were meant to be acceptable to adults in those days. Youth popular music programming became a significant element in Korean television in the late 1970s because television had to present new entertainment opportunities for the emergent social subset ‘youth.’

66

현대음악으로서의 실용 및 대중음악 분석: 초등학교 음악교과서를 중심으로

강스텔라

[NRF 연계] 학습자중심교과교육학회 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.5 2024.03 pp.77-93

...music, practical music, and popular music, and the recognition of the necessity for changes in music education based on individual music tastes and preferences, are affirmed. This aims to advocate for a reassessment of music textbooks, particularly in elementary music education, through a quantitative evaluation of practical and popular music content. Furthermore, the proposal emphasizes the necessity for changes in music textbooks through individual assessments of multi-frequent songs. Methods Analyze the popular music area included in elementary school music textbooks. We analyzed the songs included in 32 textbooks from 8 different publishers, established the multi-frequent songs, and looked into the characteristics and contents of each song. The need for changes to the songs included in textbooks is confirmed through individual evaluation of the distribution of songs included in music textbooks and the multi-frequent songs. Results First, animation music accounts for 26.4% and movie music 25.8%, which accounts for more than 50%. Second, there are 121 foreign songs and 61 domestic songs, with POP (13.2%) followed by K-POP (9.9%), and there are many POP in the singing field. Third, there are differences between textbooks, Fourth, the content related to the music industry is insufficient, and it is included in 5 textbooks (out of 32), and Fifth, there are problems with the content and release period of multi-frequent songs. Lastly, since multi-frequent songs are repeatedly included in middle and high school textbooks, a feasibility study on this aspect is also necessary. Conclusions There is a need to realistically reflect the songs included in textbooks, and for this, it is necessary to reexamine the songs included in textbooks. There is a need for a change in perception of popular music education due to scientific development, and a practical approach to the methods and content needed for future popular music education is needed.

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목적 현대음악, 실용음악과 대중음악의 개념에 대한 올바른 이해와 음악취향 및 선호도를 통한 음악교육의 변화 필요성을 확인한다. 초등 음악교과서 내의 실용음악, 대중음악에 대한 양적 평가를 통한 교과서 평가와 다빈도 곡에 대한 개별 평가를 통한 음악교과서의변화 필요성 제기하고자 한다. 방법 초등 음악교과서에 수록된 대중음악 영역에 대해 분석한다. 8종 출판사의 32개 교과서 수록곡을 분석하였고, 다빈도 곡을 설정하여, 각 곡의 특성 및 내용에 대하여 알아본다. 음악교과서 수록곡 분포 및 다빈도 곡에 대한 개별 평가를 통해 교과서 수록곡에대한 변화 필요성을 확인한다. 결과 첫 번째, 애니메이션음악이 26.4%, 영화음악은 25.8%로 50% 이상을 점유하고, 두 번째로 외국곡이 121곡, 국내곡 61곡이며, 외국가요(13.2%)가 한국가요(9.9%) 보다 많고, 가창 영역에서 외국가요가 많다. 세 번째로 교과서별 편차가 있으며, 네 번째로음악 산업과 관련한 내용이 미흡하고, 5곳(32곳 중) 교과서에 수록되어 있다, 다섯 번째로 다빈도 곡의 내용과 발표 시기에 대한문제가 있으며, 끝으로, 다빈도 곡들이 중, 고등학교 교과서에 반복 수록되어 있어 이 부분에 대한 타당성 조사 역시 필요하다. 결론 음악교육 영역에서 대중음악에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 교과서 내 수록곡에 대한 현실적 반영이 필요하며, 이를 위해 교과서수록곡에 대한 재검토가 필요하다. 과학발전으로 인한 대중음악 교육에 대한 인식의 전환이 필요하고, 향후 대중음악 교육에서 필요한 방식과 내용에 대한 실체적인 접근이 필요하다. 이에 대한 추가적인 자료 수집 및 새로운 악곡 연구 등의 전문가 차원의 후속 연구가 필요하다.

Objectives The need for an accurate understanding of the concepts of contemporary music, practical music, and popular music, and the recognition of the necessity for changes in music education based on individual music tastes and preferences, are affirmed. This aims to advocate for a reassessment of music textbooks, particularly in elementary music education, through a quantitative evaluation of practical and popular music content. Furthermore, the proposal emphasizes the necessity for changes in music textbooks through individual assessments of multi-frequent songs. Methods Analyze the popular music area included in elementary school music textbooks. We analyzed the songs included in 32 textbooks from 8 different publishers, established the multi-frequent songs, and looked into the characteristics and contents of each song. The need for changes to the songs included in textbooks is confirmed through individual evaluation of the distribution of songs included in music textbooks and the multi-frequent songs. Results First, animation music accounts for 26.4% and movie music 25.8%, which accounts for more than 50%. Second, there are 121 foreign songs and 61 domestic songs, with POP (13.2%) followed by K-POP (9.9%), and there are many POP in the singing field. Third, there are differences between textbooks, Fourth, the content related to the music industry is insufficient, and it is included in 5 textbooks (out of 32), and Fifth, there are problems with the content and release period of multi-frequent songs. Lastly, since multi-frequent songs are repeatedly included in middle and high school textbooks, a feasibility study on this aspect is also necessary. Conclusions There is a need to realistically reflect the songs included in textbooks, and for this, it is necessary to reexamine the songs included in textbooks. There is a need for a change in perception of popular music education due to scientific development, and a practical approach to the methods and content needed for future popular music education is needed.

67

현대 대중음악과 공동체 문화의 상관성 연구-대학생들의 대중음악 향유를 중심으로-

장유정

[NRF 연계] 한국구비문학회 구비문학연구 Vol.22 2006.06 pp.167-203

...Popular Music and Community Culture -Focusing on the enjoyment of popular music by undergraduate students- Zhang, Eu Jeong(Yonsei University Institute for Social Development Studies)This study is aimed to review how receptors of popular music in our society have created community by focusing on the concept of ‘community’, and what the features and meaning of such community are. In particular, there was a review on the enjoyment of popular music by undergraduate students with the use of an ethnography method.For instance, undergraduate students’ community experience by enjoying popular music can be divided into going to a Noraebang(singing room) and going to a performance hall. However, community created through activities of going to a singing room and a performance hall is temporary and fluid. In addition, it is not community of life but community of the same taste and emotion. Nonetheless, the community experience through popular music holds a significant meaning in that it is a warm and humane community experience of the past. The community experience through popular music is a happy regression to the past, and people can gain energy to live a life through such experiences. This study is meaningful in that such facts were discovered through a positive research.

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원문보기

본 연구는 ‘공동체’라는 개념에 주목하여 현대 사회에서 대중음악의 수용자들은 어떤 식으로 공동체를 형성하며, 그렇게 형성된 공동체의 특징과 의미가 무엇인지를 살펴보는 데에 목적이 있다. 특히 본고는 민속지학적(ethnography) 방법을 활용하여 대학생들의 대중음악 향유 실태를 살펴보았다. 대학생들이 대중음악 향유를 통해 공동체를 경험하는 예는 크게 노래방 가기와 공연장 가기로 나눌 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 노래방과 공연장 가기를 통해 형성된 공동체는 일시적이고 유동적이라는 특성을 지닌다. 또한 생활공동체가 아니라 취향과 정서의 공동체라고 할 수 있다. 그렇더라도 대중음악을 통한 공동체의 경험은 과거의 따뜻하고도 훈훈한 공동체의 경험이라는 차원에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 대중음악을 통한 공동체의 경험은 과거로의 행복한 회귀이며, 이를 통해 사람들은 삶을 살아갈 수 있는 힘을 얻는 것이다. 본고는 실증적인 연구를 통해 이러한 사실을 밝혀냈다는 점에서 그 의의를 지닌다고 할 수 있다.

A Study on the Correlation between Modern Popular Music and Community Culture -Focusing on the enjoyment of popular music by undergraduate students- Zhang, Eu Jeong(Yonsei University Institute for Social Development Studies)This study is aimed to review how receptors of popular music in our society have created community by focusing on the concept of ‘community’, and what the features and meaning of such community are. In particular, there was a review on the enjoyment of popular music by undergraduate students with the use of an ethnography method.For instance, undergraduate students’ community experience by enjoying popular music can be divided into going to a Noraebang(singing room) and going to a performance hall. However, community created through activities of going to a singing room and a performance hall is temporary and fluid. In addition, it is not community of life but community of the same taste and emotion. Nonetheless, the community experience through popular music holds a significant meaning in that it is a warm and humane community experience of the past. The community experience through popular music is a happy regression to the past, and people can gain energy to live a life through such experiences. This study is meaningful in that such facts were discovered through a positive research.

68

아이돌 음악의 발전단계로 분석한 한국 대중음악 2000-2010 - 동질성과 다양성을 중심으로

김기덕, 최석호

[NRF 연계] 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.8 No.1 2014.03 pp.23-34

...music industry in Korea and its effect on innovation and diversity in Korean popular music from 2000 to 2010, the period when idol music expanded through the production of culture perspective. The production of culture perspective, emerged in the 1970s in response to the failure of the earlier dominant idea that culture and social structure reflect each other, insists that the diversity of cultural forms and contents is influenced by changing industry structure. Following this view, analyzed corporate concentration and production system, and compiled correlation of statistical analysis for diversity and homogeneity of the influence of Korean popular music by idol music development stage and for total variable and index. Based on the results, it has no correlations with firm concentration under the depression of the industry but showed high correlation under the open production system and the Koreanized open production system and has influences upon diversity and innovation or homogeneity, and verified the increase of idol music has no influence on homogeneity of products.

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원문보기

본 연구의 목적은 아이돌 음악이 시장의 중심으로 떠오른 2000년부터 2010년 사이에 한국 대중가요가 동질성을 보였는지 아니면 다양성을 추구하였는지를 문화생산론적 조망에 따라 경험적으로 검증하는데 있다. 1970년대에 등장한 문화생산론은 문화와 사회 구조가 서로를 반영한다고 가정했던 네오마르크스적인 지배적 관점을 비판하며 산업 구조의 변동과 같은 사회적 요인이 문화의 형식과 내용의 다양성에 영향을 미친다고 주장한다. 이와 같은 관점에 따라 해당 시기의 기업집중과 생산 시스템을 분석하고, 아이돌 음악의 발전단계가 한국 대중음악의 다양성과 혁신에 미치는 영향과 전체 변수와 지표들 간의 상관관계에 대한 통계적 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 시장불황의 시기에는 대중음악의 생산체계와 기업집중 간의 상관관계가 보이지 않지만, 개방형 체계와 한국형 개방체계 하에서는 높은 상관관계를 보였으며, 생산물의 다양성과 혁신 또는 동질성에도 영향을 미치며, 아이돌 음악의 증가가 대중음악 생산물의 동질성으로 이어지는 것은 아니라는 사실을 검증하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate empirically the organization of the music industry in Korea and its effect on innovation and diversity in Korean popular music from 2000 to 2010, the period when idol music expanded through the production of culture perspective. The production of culture perspective, emerged in the 1970s in response to the failure of the earlier dominant idea that culture and social structure reflect each other, insists that the diversity of cultural forms and contents is influenced by changing industry structure. Following this view, analyzed corporate concentration and production system, and compiled correlation of statistical analysis for diversity and homogeneity of the influence of Korean popular music by idol music development stage and for total variable and index. Based on the results, it has no correlations with firm concentration under the depression of the industry but showed high correlation under the open production system and the Koreanized open production system and has influences upon diversity and innovation or homogeneity, and verified the increase of idol music has no influence on homogeneity of products.

69

대중음악과 민중음악 사이 -김민기의 매체 실험, 「공장의 불빛」-

최유준

[NRF 연계] 대중서사학회 대중서사연구 Vol.20 2008.12 pp.265-288

...popular music’ to be interpreted as ‘people’s music’, the grounds for such an interpretation would be the oral practices embedded in popular music. But we cannot discuss the orality of popular music without considering sound reproduction technologies or the mass media connecting the individual members of an modern industrialized society to one other. And it is an inevitable irony that this mechanical reproduction and the mass media are products of a highly developed ‘literacy’ marked by scientific method, ‘rationality’, literate communication, and so forth. Therefore, at the very moment when our discussion of popular music turns to the question of a people’s political power exerted through orality, we end up with the following contradiction: that one of the main political ends of popular music is found in the affirmation of sound technologies that give popular music a ‘secondary orality’ and thus negate the ‘literate’ mass-mediated musical systems. Focussing on this dialectic character of orality implied in music in the age of mechanical reproduction, I examine a unique musical experiment, a musical play titled ‘Light of a Factory’ that was in 1978. I consider the value of popular music as ‘people’s music’, or its political potential to suggest a kind of musical orality focused on the relationship between popular music and mass-mediated reproduction.

※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.

원문보기

대중음악이 ‘민중의 음악’이라는 뜻으로 해석될 여지가 있다면, 그 이유는 무엇보다 대중음악 속에 청각을 매개로 한 ‘구술성’의 요소가 내포되어 있기 때문일 것이다. 이러한 대중음악의 구술성에 대한 관심은 필연적으로 음향 복제기술과 대중매체에 대한 관심으로 전환될 수밖에 없다. 그런데 이러한 매체나 음향기술 자체가 문자를 통한 소통・과학적 방법론・합리성 등을 바탕으로 하는 고도의 ‘문자성’의 산물이라는 점이 대중음악을 논하는 데 있어서 피할 수 없는 아이러니이다. 따라서, 대중음악에 대한 논의가 구술성에 입각한 민중의 정치적 힘과 관련된 논의로 연결되는 순간, 대중음악의 정치적 목표 지점 가운데 하나는 대중음악의 구술성 그 자체를 가능케 하는 음향기술과 대중매체에 대한 긍정과 함께 다른 한편 문자성에 기반한 대중매체의 합리적 시스템에 대한 부정을 동시에 함의하게 된다는 역설에 맞닥뜨리게 된다. 이 논문에서 나는 대중음악에 함축되어 있는 구술성의 이러한 변증법적 성격에 주목하면서, ‘공장의 불빛’이라는 제목으로 1978년에 발표된 독특한 음악적 실험 한 가지를 조명한다. 대중음악과 음향기술에 입각한 대중매체의 관계에 초점을 맞추면서, 대중음악이 갖는 ‘민중음악’으로서의 가치, 다시 말해 민중의 구술성을 담보할 수 있는 정치적 잠재력을 점검할 것이다.

If there is any room for 20th century ‘popular music’ to be interpreted as ‘people’s music’, the grounds for such an interpretation would be the oral practices embedded in popular music. But we cannot discuss the orality of popular music without considering sound reproduction technologies or the mass media connecting the individual members of an modern industrialized society to one other. And it is an inevitable irony that this mechanical reproduction and the mass media are products of a highly developed ‘literacy’ marked by scientific method, ‘rationality’, literate communication, and so forth. Therefore, at the very moment when our discussion of popular music turns to the question of a people’s political power exerted through orality, we end up with the following contradiction: that one of the main political ends of popular music is found in the affirmation of sound technologies that give popular music a ‘secondary orality’ and thus negate the ‘literate’ mass-mediated musical systems. Focussing on this dialectic character of orality implied in music in the age of mechanical reproduction, I examine a unique musical experiment, a musical play titled ‘Light of a Factory’ that was in 1978. I consider the value of popular music as ‘people’s music’, or its political potential to suggest a kind of musical orality focused on the relationship between popular music and mass-mediated reproduction.

70

대중음악 흥행결정요인과 공연성과와의 관계

이남미, 구요한, 유명현, 김재현

[Kisti 연계] 한국콘텐츠학회 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.19 No.7 2019 pp.54-66

...popular music market. Therefore, this research analyzes music and concert ticket revenue charts, which serve as the most representative success quotient for singers, to delve into the elements that affect concert performance. Also, to secure reliability and validity of this research, 6 years(2012-2017) worth of data from Gaon Chart, a representative domestic music chart, and Interpark, the largest ticket purchasing site, were collected and analyzed. Research model identified how music chart ranking, genre, tv music shows, type of singer (gender and idol), and career affect concert performance rank via multiple regression analysis. The results suggest that music charts, music bands, tv music shows, and career had a significant effect on concert performance and rise in ranking; and the type of singer (gender and idol) had no significant influence. Finally, the result of this research could contribute to the understanding of the market of popular music.

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원문보기

본 연구의 목적은 현 대중음악시장에서 공연성과에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 탐색하고 규명하는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공연성과에 영향을 주는 요인들을 탐색하기 위하여 가수의 대표적 성과지표인 음원차트와 공연 예매순위 차트의 분석을 통해 공연성과에 영향을 주는 요인들을 탐색하고자 하며, 연구의 신뢰도 및 타당성 확보를 위하여 국내 대표 음원차트인 가온차트와 가장 많은 예매현황을 보유하고 있는 인터파크의 6개년(2012-2017) 데이터를 수집하고 분석하였다. 공연성과에 영향을 주는 요인들을 이론적 배경에 근거하여 도출하였으며 이를 통해 음원차트 순위, 음악 장르, 방송 출연 여부, 가수 유형, 아이돌 여부, 가수 활동기간이 공연성과 순위에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 음원차트, 음악 장르 중록/인디음악, 방송 출연 여부, 가수 활동기간이 공연성과 순위의 상승에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며 가수 유형과 아이돌 여부는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이 결과를 통해 대중문화 산업에 있어 공연성과와 관련해 영향을 주는 다양한 요인들을 규명함으로써, 현 대중음악 공연시장에 대한 이해에 기여하고 대중문화의 생산 및 소비자들에게 실천적 보탬이 되고자 한다.

The purpose of this research is to examine and identify the factors that influence the outcome of performances in the popular music market. Therefore, this research analyzes music and concert ticket revenue charts, which serve as the most representative success quotient for singers, to delve into the elements that affect concert performance. Also, to secure reliability and validity of this research, 6 years(2012-2017) worth of data from Gaon Chart, a representative domestic music chart, and Interpark, the largest ticket purchasing site, were collected and analyzed. Research model identified how music chart ranking, genre, tv music shows, type of singer (gender and idol), and career affect concert performance rank via multiple regression analysis. The results suggest that music charts, music bands, tv music shows, and career had a significant effect on concert performance and rise in ranking; and the type of singer (gender and idol) had no significant influence. Finally, the result of this research could contribute to the understanding of the market of popular music.

71

대중음악콘텐츠에 나타난 성장서사: BTS <피 땀 눈물> 뮤직비디오의 통과제의 구조와 의미

서영호

[NRF 연계] 인문콘텐츠학회 인문콘텐츠 Vol.65 2022.06 pp.157-178

...music video of the title song <Blood Sweat and Tears> is functioning as a base content for content differentiation strategy by containing the narrative of growth centered on the structure of the rites of passage through the borrowing of the classics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reveal the structure and meaning of the rite of passage in the music video of <Blood Sweat and Tears> as an example of popular music contents borrowing growth narratives. And a scene analysis was conducted focusing on the discussion of Van Genef and Simone Biernne on the rites of passage. Through the analysis, it was revealed how the music video contained the macroscopic three-level structure of the rite of passage: 'separation and preparation-transfer and death by passage-integration and rebirth'. And in it, it was confirmed that the imagery of the rite of passage, which symbolizes preparation and isolation for the sanctuary, fainting, discovery and acceptance of evil, descent and ascension, maternal regression, escape and departure, and cracks and awakenings, supports the narrative context of the music video. <Blood Sweat & Tears> music video borrowing classical motifs from various humanities and arts, including fine arts, music, the Bible, and more, centering on <Demian> gives implications as an example of expanding popular music contents through the use of growth narrative.

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원문보기

세계 시장에서의 BTS의 성과는 이에 대한 무수한 분석을 낳았으며 정밀하게 기획, 구현된 콘텐츠의 차별성은 그 성공 요인의 하나로 꼽히고 있다. 특히 헤세의 <데미안>을 위시한 성장서사가 대주제로 관통하는 2016년 발표 앨범 《윙즈Wings》와 그 연계 콘텐츠들은, 이 시기를 즈음하여 본격적으로 이루어진 BTS에 대한 세계적 팬덤 구축과 관심에 성공적으로 부응한 중요한 의미를 갖는 작품이다. 그리고 여기서 타이틀곡인 <피 땀 눈물>의 뮤직비디오는 고전 차용을 통한 통과제의 구조를 중심으로 성장서사를 담아냄으로써 콘텐츠 차별화 전략의 거점 콘텐츠로 기능하고 있다. 이에 이 연구는 대중음악콘텐츠에서의 성장서사 활용 사례로서 <피 땀 눈물> 뮤직비디오에 나타난 통과제의의 구조와 의미를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 하였으며 통과제의에 관한 반 겐넵과 시몬느 비에른느의 논의를 중심으로 뮤직비디오를 분석했다. 이를 통해 뮤직 비디오가 어떻게 '분리와 준비-전이와 통과제의적 죽음-통합과 재탄생'이라는 통과제의의 거시적 3단계 구조 속에서 각각 성소 준비와 격리, 악의 발견과 수용, 혼절, 하강과 상승, 모태회귀, 탈출과 일탈, 그리고 균열과 각성이라는 통과제의의 표상화를 통해 뮤직비디오의 성장서사 맥락을 뒷받침하고 있는지 확인했다. <피 땀 눈물> 뮤직비디오는 <데미안>을 중심으로 미술, 음악, 성서 등을 아우르는 다양한 인문·예술의 고전 소재와 원형적 심상을 통해 성장서사의 핵심인 통과제의 테마를 드러내고 있음에, 성장서사 활용을 통한 대중음악콘텐츠 확장의 사례로서 시사점을 발견할 수 있었다.

BTS' performance in the global market has given rise to countless analyzes, and the differentiation of precisely planned and implemented content is considered one of the success factors. In particular, the album Wings, where the theme of the rite of passage including Hesse's <Demian>, runs through the main theme, released in 2016 and its related contents are important works that successfully responded to the global fandom and interest in BTS, which was made in earnest around this time. And here, the music video of the title song <Blood Sweat and Tears> is functioning as a base content for content differentiation strategy by containing the narrative of growth centered on the structure of the rites of passage through the borrowing of the classics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reveal the structure and meaning of the rite of passage in the music video of <Blood Sweat and Tears> as an example of popular music contents borrowing growth narratives. And a scene analysis was conducted focusing on the discussion of Van Genef and Simone Biernne on the rites of passage. Through the analysis, it was revealed how the music video contained the macroscopic three-level structure of the rite of passage: 'separation and preparation-transfer and death by passage-integration and rebirth'. And in it, it was confirmed that the imagery of the rite of passage, which symbolizes preparation and isolation for the sanctuary, fainting, discovery and acceptance of evil, descent and ascension, maternal regression, escape and departure, and cracks and awakenings, supports the narrative context of the music video. <Blood Sweat & Tears> music video borrowing classical motifs from various humanities and arts, including fine arts, music, the Bible, and more, centering on <Demian> gives implications as an example of expanding popular music contents through the use of growth narrative.

72

1990년대 이후 모잠비크 대중음악 마라벤타(Marrabenta)의 전환: 인기 장르와의 혼합과 형식 변화

소시우

[NRF 연계] 한국아프리카학회 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.74 2025.06 pp.131-160

...music functions as a critical medium for expressing cultural identity and social values. Under the capitalist structure of the global society, musicians selectively incorporate external elements to create hybrid musical genres that reflect their own value systems. Notably, genres originating in Western countries?particularly those from the United States, which maintains a dominant cultural industry and consumer market?are frequently blended into local music. This trend is an inevitable outcome of capitalism, where maximizing consumer bases and rapidly generating new markets are prioritized for economic gain. In particular, the younger generation, as a key consumer group, rapidly accesses music through digital devices and actively embraces global music trends, thereby serving as a major driving force behind the rapid transformation of popular music. This phenomenon is especially salient in African societies, where music and dance are deeply embedded in daily life. African musicians, aiming to attract capital, are rapidly transforming the forms and styles of their music by blending it with highly demanded Western?particularly American?genres in the global music market. Marrabenta, Mozambique’s popular dance music, originated in the 1930s and 1940s from traditional rhythms in the southern regions of the country. Over time, it gradually transformed through complex socio-historical processes, including Portugal’s assimilation policy, intercultural interactions among diverse ethnic groups within urban areas, and the return of Mozambican mine workers from South Africa. In particular, since the introduction of the democratic system in 1990, Marrabenta has continuously undergone hybridization with various popular music genres in order to strengthen its connection with younger generations and enhance its competitiveness in the global music market. However, despite these significant formal transformations under the influence of the capitalist music industry, there remains a paucity of systematic and in-depth academic research on the subject. Therefore, this study focuses on the continuously transforming and hybridizing contemporary Marrabenta, aiming to explore the significant changes in its musical forms before and after the 1990s, thereby contributing to the expansion of academic knowledge in this field.

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원문보기

1990년대 이후 신자유주의와 세계화가 본격화되면서 문화는 사람의 이동과 관계없이 더욱 활발하게 국경을 넘어 이동하기 시작했다. 운송 및 통신기술의 발전은 사람, 상품, 아이디어 간의 접촉을 촉진하였고, 이로 인해 새로운 문화적 형태들이 다수 등장하였다. 이러한 변화 속에서 음악은 문화적 정체성과 사회적 가치관을 반영하는 중요한 매체로, 국제 사회의 자본주의 체제하에서 음악가들이 선택적으로 외부 요소를 혼합해 창출한 다양한 음악 장르들은 그들의 가치관을 드러낸다. 특히, 글로벌 시장에서 강력한 문화산업과 소비 시장을 보유한 서구 국가들, 그중에서도 미국의 음악 장르들이 두드러지게 혼합되는데, 이는 경제적 이익을 최우선시하는 자본주의 사회에서 소비자를 많이 확보하고 새로운 시장을 빠르게 창출하기 위한 필연적인 현상이다. 특히, 신세대는 디지털 기기를 활용하여 음악에 신속하게 접근하고, 글로벌 음악 트렌드를 적극적으로 수용하는 핵심 소비층으로서, 대중음악의 빠른 변화에 중요한 동인으로 작용하고 있다. 이는 음악과 춤이 삶의 일부인 아프리카에서 두드러지게 나타나며, 아프리카 뮤지션들은 자본 유치를 목적으로 글로벌 음악시장에서 높은 수요를 보이는 서구, 특히 미국의 음악 장르들과의 혼합을 통해 음악의 형식과 스타일을 빠르게 변화시키고 있다. 모잠비크의 대중 댄스 음악인 마라벤타는 1930~1940년대에 남부지역의 전통 리듬에서 기원하여 발전하기 시작했다. 이후 포르투갈의 동화정책, 도시 내 다양한 민족 집단 간의 문화적 접촉, 남아프리카공화국 광산 노동자들의 귀환 등 복합적인 사회, 역사적 과정을 거치며 점진적인 변화를 겪었다. 특히, 1990년 민주주의 체제의 도입 이후, 마라벤타는 젊은 세대와의 연결성을 강화하고 글로벌 음악시장에서 경쟁력을 확보하기 위해 다양한 인기 음악 장르와의 혼합을 지속적으로 시도하고 있다. 그러나, 자본주의적 음악 산업의 영향 아래 형식적으로 큰 변화를 겪었음에도 불구하고, 이에 대한 체계적이고 심층적인 학술 연구는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 끊임없이 변화 및 혼합하고 있는 현대의 마라벤타에 초점을 두고 1990년 전후로 크게 달라진 음악의 형식을 탐구하여 해당 분야의 학문적 지식 확장에 기여하고자 한다.

Since the 1990s, the acceleration of neoliberalism and globalization has facilitated the transnational flow of culture regardless of the physical movement of people. Advancements in transportation and communication technologies have significantly promoted interactions among people, goods, and ideas, thereby contributing to the emergence of numerous new cultural forms. In this context of transformation, music functions as a critical medium for expressing cultural identity and social values. Under the capitalist structure of the global society, musicians selectively incorporate external elements to create hybrid musical genres that reflect their own value systems. Notably, genres originating in Western countries?particularly those from the United States, which maintains a dominant cultural industry and consumer market?are frequently blended into local music. This trend is an inevitable outcome of capitalism, where maximizing consumer bases and rapidly generating new markets are prioritized for economic gain. In particular, the younger generation, as a key consumer group, rapidly accesses music through digital devices and actively embraces global music trends, thereby serving as a major driving force behind the rapid transformation of popular music. This phenomenon is especially salient in African societies, where music and dance are deeply embedded in daily life. African musicians, aiming to attract capital, are rapidly transforming the forms and styles of their music by blending it with highly demanded Western?particularly American?genres in the global music market. Marrabenta, Mozambique’s popular dance music, originated in the 1930s and 1940s from traditional rhythms in the southern regions of the country. Over time, it gradually transformed through complex socio-historical processes, including Portugal’s assimilation policy, intercultural interactions among diverse ethnic groups within urban areas, and the return of Mozambican mine workers from South Africa. In particular, since the introduction of the democratic system in 1990, Marrabenta has continuously undergone hybridization with various popular music genres in order to strengthen its connection with younger generations and enhance its competitiveness in the global music market. However, despite these significant formal transformations under the influence of the capitalist music industry, there remains a paucity of systematic and in-depth academic research on the subject. Therefore, this study focuses on the continuously transforming and hybridizing contemporary Marrabenta, aiming to explore the significant changes in its musical forms before and after the 1990s, thereby contributing to the expansion of academic knowledge in this field.

73

유행의 관점에서 본 중국 대중음악의 비(非) 순환성 2 — 큐큐음악(QQ音樂) TOP 300을 중심으로

이근석

[NRF 연계] 중국문화연구학회 중국문화연구 Vol.64 2024.05 pp.109-131

...Popular Music from the perspective of trend, I - Focusing on Music Charts and Broadcasting Platforms”, which was published in April 2024. In the previous study, the author argued that a virtuous cycle does not occur in the Chinese popular music industry due to the structural problems in each sector of ??planning, production, promotion, distribution, and consumption. In this study, I expanded sample areas to check to what degree the argument is verified through actual data. I analyzed Top 300 of QQ Music, China’s largest online music platform, and discovered the following facts. First, more than half of the charts are filled with old songs. It is confirmed that the structure of circulation from planning, production, promotion, distribution, and consumption of new songs has not been well established. Second, in the charts, songs from Greater China (including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.) have a large advantage over mainland pop music. As far as commercial music is concerned, China has not yet reached the popularity (marketability) of songs from the capitalist camp in the Greater China region. Third, the flood of remakes, which is pointed out as a chronic problem in the Chinese pop music industry, is confirmed on the actual charts. Fourth, the higher the ranking, the greater the proportion of OST. Fifth, most of the charts are occupied by lyrical songs with a slow tempo. A variety of music does not coexist, and there is an overemphasis on certain genres. Sixth, most types of singers are solo, and the influence of bands or idol groups is rarely found. Among solo singers, the number of people who are active only online without face exposure has increased significantly. Rather than creating new songs, they mainly remake old songs and release them. Seventh, foreign songs in the Top 300 are mainly divided into American POP and K-POP.

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원문보기

This paper is a follow-up study to “Non-circularity of Chinese Popular Music from the perspective of trend, I - Focusing on Music Charts and Broadcasting Platforms”, which was published in April 2024. In the previous study, the author argued that a virtuous cycle does not occur in the Chinese popular music industry due to the structural problems in each sector of ??planning, production, promotion, distribution, and consumption. In this study, I expanded sample areas to check to what degree the argument is verified through actual data. I analyzed Top 300 of QQ Music, China’s largest online music platform, and discovered the following facts. First, more than half of the charts are filled with old songs. It is confirmed that the structure of circulation from planning, production, promotion, distribution, and consumption of new songs has not been well established. Second, in the charts, songs from Greater China (including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.) have a large advantage over mainland pop music. As far as commercial music is concerned, China has not yet reached the popularity (marketability) of songs from the capitalist camp in the Greater China region. Third, the flood of remakes, which is pointed out as a chronic problem in the Chinese pop music industry, is confirmed on the actual charts. Fourth, the higher the ranking, the greater the proportion of OST. Fifth, most of the charts are occupied by lyrical songs with a slow tempo. A variety of music does not coexist, and there is an overemphasis on certain genres. Sixth, most types of singers are solo, and the influence of bands or idol groups is rarely found. Among solo singers, the number of people who are active only online without face exposure has increased significantly. Rather than creating new songs, they mainly remake old songs and release them. Seventh, foreign songs in the Top 300 are mainly divided into American POP and K-POP.

74

‘테헤란젤레시 음악'에서 ‘케이팝(K-POP)까지: 이란 밀레니얼 세대의 하위문화로서의 대중음악

구기연

[NRF 연계] 한국중동학회 한국중동학회논총 Vol.41 No.2 2020.10 pp.85-115

...popular culture and especially popular music and explores how the young generations are aligned with their national identities as the youth of the Islamic Republic. This article analyses the subculture of the young Iranian generation through the music of the Iranian diaspora, ‘Teherangelesi music’, the domestic underground music and the Korean Wave phenomena. Today, the young generation’s enjoyment of social media and popular culture can be interpreted as going beyond a subculture, to becoming a conscious and autonomous act of revealing one’s preferences within a context of strict regulation. In particular, since the late 2010s, the influence and popularity of social media platforms have drastically increased, such that the expansion of popular cultural content online and through smartphones is spreading much faster than hardliner Islamists can control or stop. Despite the strict cultural censorship and regulations, Iranian teenagers and young adults are fans of not just diaspora Iranian singers, but also famous Western singers. The Iranian youth in their teens and twenties are learning to b-boy by watching internet satellite channels and they are opening numerous fan pages in different corners of social media. In this way, the enjoyment of popular culture through social media in Iran acts a key route for the Korean Wave through groups such as BTS to gain force in Iran. This research is based on a year-long field study in Iran that took place in 2009, and two-week field studies carried out in 2016 and 2017. The study will conduct an anthropological study of the results through social media research, etc.

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원문보기

오늘날 이란의 젊은이들은 이슬람공화국 이후의 세대이지만, 가장 이슬람에서 멀어진 세대라고 비판받을 정도로, 이란 젊은 세대들은 그들만의 독특한 문화지형도를 그려내고 있다. 이 글에서는 이란 젊은 세대들의 사회적 위치를 되짚어보고, 특히 이란 젊은 세대들이 대중 문화, 특히 대중 음악의 향유가 이슬람공화국의 젊은이로서의 국가 정체성과 어떻게 배치되는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 디아스포라 문화로서의 음악, 국내 지하음악, 그리고 한류현상 등을 분석하면서 이란 젊은 세대의 하위문화를 분석한다. 오늘날 이란의 젊은 세대에서 소셜 미디어와 대중문화 그리고 그것의 향유와 확산은 하나의 서브 컬쳐를 넘어 통제 속에서도 자신의 취향을 드러내는 의식적인 행위이자, 주체적인 정치 행위로 해석할 수 있다. 특히 2010년대 중반 이후 소셜 미디어플랫폼의 영향력과 인기가 급속도로 올라가면서, 온라인과 스마트폰을 통한 대중 문화 컨텐츠 확산은 더 이상 강경파들이 조절하고 막을 수 있는 한계보다 더욱 빠른 속도로 사회 전반적으로 퍼져나갔다. 엄격한 문화 검열과 제한에도 불구하고 이란의 청소년부터 청년세대들은 해외에서 활동하는 이란인 디아스포라 가수들 뿐 아니라, 서구의 유명한 가수 대해 열광하고 팬층 역시 두텁다. 이란의 10대, 20대들은 어려서부터 인터넷과 위성 채널을 통해 비보잉을 배우기도 하고 소셜 미디어 곳곳에서 팬 페이지를 만든다. 이와 같은 이란에서의 소셜 미디어 플랫폼을 통한 대중문화 향유는 이란 내 BTS를 비롯한 한류 열풍의 주된 경로가 되기도 한다. 이 연구는 이란에서의 2009년 1년간의 장기현지조사, 2016, 2017년의 각기 2주간의 현지조사를 기본으로 하고, 소셜 미디어 연구 등을 통해 인류학적으로 분석될 것이다.

Today, young people in Iran are portraying a unique cultural topography, such that they are being criticized as being the generation that is most distant to Islamism, despite being born in the post-Islamic Revolution era. This article examines the social position of young Iranians, in particular regarding their popular culture and especially popular music and explores how the young generations are aligned with their national identities as the youth of the Islamic Republic. This article analyses the subculture of the young Iranian generation through the music of the Iranian diaspora, ‘Teherangelesi music’, the domestic underground music and the Korean Wave phenomena. Today, the young generation’s enjoyment of social media and popular culture can be interpreted as going beyond a subculture, to becoming a conscious and autonomous act of revealing one’s preferences within a context of strict regulation. In particular, since the late 2010s, the influence and popularity of social media platforms have drastically increased, such that the expansion of popular cultural content online and through smartphones is spreading much faster than hardliner Islamists can control or stop. Despite the strict cultural censorship and regulations, Iranian teenagers and young adults are fans of not just diaspora Iranian singers, but also famous Western singers. The Iranian youth in their teens and twenties are learning to b-boy by watching internet satellite channels and they are opening numerous fan pages in different corners of social media. In this way, the enjoyment of popular culture through social media in Iran acts a key route for the Korean Wave through groups such as BTS to gain force in Iran. This research is based on a year-long field study in Iran that took place in 2009, and two-week field studies carried out in 2016 and 2017. The study will conduct an anthropological study of the results through social media research, etc.

75

남아프리카공화국 대중음악의 현대화에 관한 고찰 :타운쉽 뮤직(township music)을 중심으로

서영호, 홍성규

[NRF 연계] 한국문화산업학회 문화산업연구 Vol.18 No.1 2018.03 pp.85-97

...music, one of the popular musical genres of South Africa. In order to carry out this research, we first examined the prototype of the indigenous music of the Nguni, the main resident group of South Africa, and searched the characteristics of music elements such as melody, harmony, and rhythm. Next, the development and characteristics of the township music, which was started around the township area that was formed with the modernization of South Africa were examined according to three different styles such as marabi, kwela and mbaqanga. In this process, we looked at the social, economic and political background that changed the form of music, and what kind of connection and persistence the tradition of indigenous music has with township music , and how the influxed elements were fused and indigenized according to the changes of the environment. At the last step, by analyzing the cases of marabi, kwela and mbaqanga, we have confirmed and proved the characteristics of each musical style along with the change of indigenous music prototype. And through examination of the development process and analysis of representative songs, it has been confirmed that South African music has evolved into various aspects such as the decline of traditional music, inculturation of western style, or the emergence of new style through the fusion of the two in the face of colonization, westernization, urbanization, industrialization and apartheid policy.

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본 연구의 목적은 남아프리카공화국 대중음악 장르 중 하나인 타운쉽 뮤직의 전개와 그 현대화 양상에 대한 고찰이다. 본 연구의 수행을 위하여 먼저 남아공의 주요 거주 집단인 은구니족 토착음악의 원형을 살펴보았으며 선율, 화성, 리듬 등 음악 요소별 특징을 찾아보았다. 다음으로는 남아공의 근대화와 함께 형성된 ‘타운쉽’지역을 중심으로 시작된 대중음악인 타운쉽 뮤직의 전개와 특성을 마라비, 크웰라, 음바쾅가 등 시대별 세 가지 양식에 따라 살펴보았다. 이 과정에서 음악적 양식 변화를 추동한 정치, 사회, 경제적 배경과 함께 종래의 토착음악 전통이 타운쉽 뮤직에 어떠한 연관성과 지속성을 가지는지, 그리고 환경의 변화에 따라 유입된 요소들은 어떠한 방식으로 융합되고 토착화되었는지에 관하여 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 마라비, 크웰라, 음바쾅가 등 양식별 대표곡들을 분석해보면서 토착음악 원형의 변화 추이와 함께 양식별 특징을 확인하였다. 이러한 전개과정의 고찰과 대표곡들의 분석을 통해 식민지화와 함께 시작된 서구화, 도시화, 산업화 그리고 아파르트헤이트 정책 등 이들이 새롭게 마주한 상황 속에서 남아공의 음악은 전통음악의 쇠퇴와 서구양식의 토착화 또는 전통과 서구 양식의 혼융을 통한 새로운 양식의 출현 등 다양한 양상으로 전개되었음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the origin, development and modernization of township music, one of the popular musical genres of South Africa. In order to carry out this research, we first examined the prototype of the indigenous music of the Nguni, the main resident group of South Africa, and searched the characteristics of music elements such as melody, harmony, and rhythm. Next, the development and characteristics of the township music, which was started around the township area that was formed with the modernization of South Africa were examined according to three different styles such as marabi, kwela and mbaqanga. In this process, we looked at the social, economic and political background that changed the form of music, and what kind of connection and persistence the tradition of indigenous music has with township music , and how the influxed elements were fused and indigenized according to the changes of the environment. At the last step, by analyzing the cases of marabi, kwela and mbaqanga, we have confirmed and proved the characteristics of each musical style along with the change of indigenous music prototype. And through examination of the development process and analysis of representative songs, it has been confirmed that South African music has evolved into various aspects such as the decline of traditional music, inculturation of western style, or the emergence of new style through the fusion of the two in the face of colonization, westernization, urbanization, industrialization and apartheid policy.

76

악보에서 소리로: 한국 대중음악 녹음·기술·실천에 대한 문화인류학

조일동

[NRF 연계] 한국문화인류학회 한국문화인류학 Vol.51 No.2 2018.07 pp.325-356

...popular music is a cultural process involving hierarchical struggle, competition, and dynamics among people with different habitus of diverse sounds. I reveal this process (or procedure) through interviews and participant observations with musicians who have been working in the Korean popular music recording scene. If somebody insists that a particular music is his or her interest, perhaps it does not mean this person is favorable to a certain melody. Rather, this person probably affirms the style of certain sounds or rhythms in a particular music. Experiencing recorded music in the modern era is a common experience, in which the sound is adjusted by processes of recording, mixing and mastering, which can change the taste of the music. Thus, it is necessary to recognize that music is created by a recording procedure which includes technical tunes, changes in the texture of sound and reassignment of rhythms and sounds, in order to seek the embedded cultural definition through an anthropological approach. From this perspective, anthropological or ethnographical research procedures are suitable for dealing with the recorded and industrialized sound of music, rather than for the traditional music performance. The sound of modern music has a very sensual and technocultural character, which makes it difficultto analyze via the traditional music research method of using written music notes or scores. Thus, the current situation needs a cultural anthropological approach to address the technical basis of implementing the styles and forms of contemporary Korean popular music; through this approach, it is possible to address the tension and the dynamics between technologies and culture. In modern popular music, it is sound that gives more impact than melody, because using the same musical score or instrument does not create same sound. Therefore I examine the result through the interviews with the musicians who have experienced the limitations of following the rhythms and timbres (not marked on the music scores) of other cultures. Even though new technologies and machines are introduced, there is difficulty to overcome the difference of rhythms and the senses of sound. This is a result of the cultural issue. It is interesting that the machine plays the rhythm rather than a human being, but it has not been acknowledged as honorable to musicians. Even though digital sampling has become a common phenomenon, discussions about human performance of music are still hot. Within this perspective, anthropological research on diverse type of music sites is urgently required.

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이 글은 대중음악의 세계화 과정이 각기 다른 소리에 대한 아비투스를 가진 사람들 사이의 위계와 경합, 역동이 얽힌 문화적 과정이라는 사실을 한국 대중음악 녹음 현장에서 활동하는 음악인들과의 인터뷰와 참여관찰을 통해 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 누군가 어떤 음악이좋다고 말한다면 이는 단지 특정 선율에 대한 호감만을 의미하는 것이 아닐 수도 있다. 오히려 그 음악에 담긴 특별한 소리‘들’의 질감이나 리듬‘들’의 형식에 긍정하는 것일 확률이 높다. 특히 녹음된 소리를 통해 음악을 경험하는 것이 보편화된 현대사회에서 녹음(과 믹싱, 마스터링) 과정에서 조정된 소리의 변화는 음악에 대한 호오를 바꿔놓기 충분하다. 따라서 녹음의 기술적인 과정, 소리의 질감, 녹음 과정에서 (재)배열된 리듬과 소리가 작동하는 방식이나 그러한 작동이 품고 있는 문화적 의미를 탐색하고 이해하는 일이야말로 현대 (대중)음악연구가 해결해야 할 영역이라 하겠다. 전통적인 연행보다 녹음과 산업화된 음악의 세계화와문화적 변용은 음악인류학 혹은 문화기술지적 접근이 거의 이뤄지지 않은, 더 많은 연구가필요한 부분이다. 현대음악의 소리는 채보라는 고전적 음악연구 방법으로는 분석되기 어려운 매우 감각적이고 문화적인 성격을 지니고 있기 때문이다. 현대 한국 대중음악의 스타일과 형식을 구현하기까지 필요했던 기술적 토대는 무엇이며, 그러한 기술과 문화 사이의 긴장과 역동이 의미하는 바가 무엇인지 연구하는 것은 해외 대중음악의 스타일을 받아들여 발전시킨 한국의 대중음악 연구에서 필수적이다. 현대 대중음악에서 선율보다 중요한 것이 소리이며, 그 소리는 단순히 같은 악보를 보고 연주한다거나, 같은 악기와 장비를 사용한다고 같은 소리가 만들어지는 것이 아니기 때문이다. 이 글에서는 문화적으로 익숙한 리듬과 연주의 방식이 문화마다 다를 수 있음을 음악인들의 경험과인터뷰를 통해 살핀다. 다른 리듬과 소리의 감각을 극복할 수 있게끔 도움을 주는 새로운 기술이 도입되었으나 이러한 기술이 바로 보편화되지 못한 이유 또한 문화적이다. 먼저 녹음은 연행되는 소리를 그대로 담는 것일 뿐, 녹음의 과정이 음악의 구성과정이라는 사실을 인식론적으로 파악하지 못했다. 둘째, 음악은 기계가 아니라 사람이 하는 것이라는 고정관념이 문화적으로 자리하고 있었다. 따라서 리듬악기를 사람이 아닌 기계가 연주한다는 것이신기한 일이긴 해도 음악인에게 떳떳한 일로 자리 잡지 못했다. 디지털 샘플링이 보편화된현재에도 음악 연행을 둘러싼 인간적인 측면의 논의는 여전히 진행 중이다. 향후 이러한 관점에서 더 많은 음악 현장에 대한 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이다.

In this article, I argue that the globalization of popular music is a cultural process involving hierarchical struggle, competition, and dynamics among people with different habitus of diverse sounds. I reveal this process (or procedure) through interviews and participant observations with musicians who have been working in the Korean popular music recording scene. If somebody insists that a particular music is his or her interest, perhaps it does not mean this person is favorable to a certain melody. Rather, this person probably affirms the style of certain sounds or rhythms in a particular music. Experiencing recorded music in the modern era is a common experience, in which the sound is adjusted by processes of recording, mixing and mastering, which can change the taste of the music. Thus, it is necessary to recognize that music is created by a recording procedure which includes technical tunes, changes in the texture of sound and reassignment of rhythms and sounds, in order to seek the embedded cultural definition through an anthropological approach. From this perspective, anthropological or ethnographical research procedures are suitable for dealing with the recorded and industrialized sound of music, rather than for the traditional music performance. The sound of modern music has a very sensual and technocultural character, which makes it difficultto analyze via the traditional music research method of using written music notes or scores. Thus, the current situation needs a cultural anthropological approach to address the technical basis of implementing the styles and forms of contemporary Korean popular music; through this approach, it is possible to address the tension and the dynamics between technologies and culture. In modern popular music, it is sound that gives more impact than melody, because using the same musical score or instrument does not create same sound. Therefore I examine the result through the interviews with the musicians who have experienced the limitations of following the rhythms and timbres (not marked on the music scores) of other cultures. Even though new technologies and machines are introduced, there is difficulty to overcome the difference of rhythms and the senses of sound. This is a result of the cultural issue. It is interesting that the machine plays the rhythm rather than a human being, but it has not been acknowledged as honorable to musicians. Even though digital sampling has become a common phenomenon, discussions about human performance of music are still hot. Within this perspective, anthropological research on diverse type of music sites is urgently required.

77

1990년대 한국 대중음악에서 하나뮤직의 정체성과 주제의식

김성경, 홍성규

[NRF 연계] 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.18 No.4 2024.06 pp.83-96

...Music in the context of Korean popular music in the 1990s. First, the research looked at the characteristics of Korean popular music in the 1990s to view the musical performance of Hana Music against this background. There were many cultural changes in the 1990s. In these changes, popular music had developed in various ways, and mainstream and underground music complemented each other, providing richer music to the public. Hana Music was a music community that sought to continue the underground spirit of Dong-A records in the 1980s. They are called the ‘auteurist music community’. The study examined the theme of Hana Music and mainstream music in the 1990s so as to find out the identity and artistic themes of Hana Music. The lyrics of selected songs were analyzed in an attempt to examine the identity and artistic themes of Hana Music in contrast to mainstream music. This study has its significant in reminding us Hana Music, which had a great influence on the history of Korean popular music.

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본 연구는 1990년대 한국 대중음악을 배경으로 작가주의적 음악을 지향했던 기획사 하나뮤직의 정체성과 작품의 주제 의식을 고찰한 것이다. 먼저 1990년대 한국 대중음악의 특성을 살펴보고 이를 배경으로 하나뮤직의 음악 활동을 조망해 보았다. 1990년대는 문화적으로 많은 변화가 있었던 시기였다. 그 속에서 대중음악은 다양한 모습으로 발전해 나갔으며 주류 음악 뿐만 아니라 언더그라운드음악이 서로 상호 보완을 하며 대중들에게 더욱 풍성한 음악들을 제공했다. 하나뮤직은 1980년대 동아기획의 언더그라운드 정신을 이어가고자 했던 싱어송라이터 중심의 음악 공동체였다. 그들에게는 ‘작가주의적 음악 공동체’라는 수식어가 따른다. 하나뮤직만의 정체성과 작품의 주제의식을 도출해 내기 위해 1990년대 주류 음악들의 주제 의식과 하나뮤직 음악들의 주제 의식을 살펴보았다. 각각 곡의 주제 의식이 뚜렷하고 하나뮤직의 작가주의적 특징을 나타내는 몇 곡을 선별하여 가사를 분석했으며 이를 통해 주류 음악과 대비되는 하나뮤직의 정체성과 작품의 주제 의식을 고찰하였다. 본 연구는 한국 대중음악사에 영향을 미친 하나뮤직을 재조명 하는데 의의가 있다.

This study examines the identity and the artistic themes of Hana Music in the context of Korean popular music in the 1990s. First, the research looked at the characteristics of Korean popular music in the 1990s to view the musical performance of Hana Music against this background. There were many cultural changes in the 1990s. In these changes, popular music had developed in various ways, and mainstream and underground music complemented each other, providing richer music to the public. Hana Music was a music community that sought to continue the underground spirit of Dong-A records in the 1980s. They are called the ‘auteurist music community’. The study examined the theme of Hana Music and mainstream music in the 1990s so as to find out the identity and artistic themes of Hana Music. The lyrics of selected songs were analyzed in an attempt to examine the identity and artistic themes of Hana Music in contrast to mainstream music. This study has its significant in reminding us Hana Music, which had a great influence on the history of Korean popular music.

78

음악과의 대중음악교육(과정기준 개발)에 관한 교육구성원의 인식조사 연구

박정은, 홍후조

[NRF 연계] 한국문화교육학회 문화예술교육연구 Vol.16 No.4 2021.08 pp.69-91

...popular music education, based on the outcome about necessity of the introduction of criteria of popular music curriculum confirmed in ‘A Survey for the Introduction of Criteria of Popular Music Curriculum of Elementary and Middle Schools.’ For it, this study carried out an analysis of difference in it, by gender, belonged organization, most familiar field, and relations with popular music education, targeting those research participants. The main results are as follows. In the first place, an analysis by belonged organization shows that the group of ‘university professors and researchers’ accounted for the highest rate, on the average, in every category. By contrast, the group of ‘other(including school parents)’ was in the lowest rate, on the average. In the second place, an analysis by gender shows that males accounted for the higher rate, on the average, regarding the expansion and reinforcement of popular music education, compared to females. In the third place, an analysis of most familiar field shows that ‘artistic worlds outside music’ reached the high rate, on the average. For standard deviation, ‘others (general people)’ took up with a relatively high rate, compared to other groups. Lastly, an analysis of relations with popular music education shows that instructors accounted for a high rate, in every category, compared to other groups, which is an indicator proving the awareness in the expansion and reinforcement of popular music. Through the research results stated above, it is identified that there is difference of awareness in the expansion and reinforcement of popular music to be considered in the course of developing music curriculum.

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현행 교육과정에서 새롭게 추진되는 2022 개정 교육과정에 대해 교육부는 지난 4월 추진계획을밝혔다. 이에 따라 현 시점에서 차기 교과 교육과정 개정을 위한 현행 교육과정 및 교과내용에 대한 적정성 분석 연구가 수행될 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 ‘초⋅중등 대중음악 교육과정기준 개발을위한 의견 조사’에서 확인한 대중음악 교육과정기준 개발의 필요성의 결과를 바탕으로 대중음악교육 확대 강화에 대한 인식 차이 분석을 하였다. 이를 위하여 연구에 참여한 대상자들의 성별, 소속, 가장 친숙한 분야, 대중교육과의 관계에 의한 차이 분석을 하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소속에 따른 분석은 모든 항목에서 ‘대학교수⋅연구원’ 집단의 평균이 가장 높았으나반대로 ‘기타(학부모 외)’ 집단의 평균이 가장 낮게 나왔다. 둘째, 성별에 따른 분석은 대중음악교육의 확대 강화에 여성 보다 남성의 평균이 모든 항목에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 음악계내의 집단별 분석 결과에서 평균은‘음악 외 예술계’, 표준편차는 ‘기타(그 외)’이 타 집단에비해 대체적으로 높게 확인되었다. 넷째, 대중음악교육계 내 집단별 분석은 모든 항목에서 강의교수자의 평균이 타 집단에 비해 높게 나타나 대중음악 확대 강화에 대한 인식을 확인하였다. 연구결과를 통하여 음악과의 대중음악 교육과정기준 개발에 있어 고려되어야 할 대중음악 확대 강화방안에 대한 인식 차이를 확인할 수 있었다.

Regarding curriculum revision 2022 that will be facilitated in the ongoing curriculum, the Ministry of Education made clear to facilitate it, in the last April. In this context, a propriety analysis research about the ongoing curriculum and subject contents for following curriculum revision needs to be conducted. This research conducted an analysis of difference of awareness in the expansion and reinforcement of popular music education, based on the outcome about necessity of the introduction of criteria of popular music curriculum confirmed in ‘A Survey for the Introduction of Criteria of Popular Music Curriculum of Elementary and Middle Schools.’ For it, this study carried out an analysis of difference in it, by gender, belonged organization, most familiar field, and relations with popular music education, targeting those research participants. The main results are as follows. In the first place, an analysis by belonged organization shows that the group of ‘university professors and researchers’ accounted for the highest rate, on the average, in every category. By contrast, the group of ‘other(including school parents)’ was in the lowest rate, on the average. In the second place, an analysis by gender shows that males accounted for the higher rate, on the average, regarding the expansion and reinforcement of popular music education, compared to females. In the third place, an analysis of most familiar field shows that ‘artistic worlds outside music’ reached the high rate, on the average. For standard deviation, ‘others (general people)’ took up with a relatively high rate, compared to other groups. Lastly, an analysis of relations with popular music education shows that instructors accounted for a high rate, in every category, compared to other groups, which is an indicator proving the awareness in the expansion and reinforcement of popular music. Through the research results stated above, it is identified that there is difference of awareness in the expansion and reinforcement of popular music to be considered in the course of developing music curriculum.

79

대중음악을 활용한 음악수업에서 얻게 된 지체장애 특수학교 교사의 실천적 지식

문혜리, 임경원

[NRF 연계] 대구대학교 특수교육재활과학연구소 특수교육재활과학연구 Vol.55 No.3 2016.09 pp.135-162

...music instruction that uses the popular music. The participants included a special education teacher as a researcher, five peer teachers who observed the classes and provided feedback, and eight students with physical disabilities. The data collected from five classes based on five reflective circles was analyzed by an inductive method. The practical knowledge of a special education teacher who provided students with physical disabilities with music instruction was categorized by four upper themes: (a) using popular music in classes, (b) music class that enabled chorus and ensemble, (c) different purposes of music education: from learning music to enjoying music, and (d) special education teachers with music knowledge, affection, and will. The conclusions based on study results were follows. First, the instruction using the popular music supported students to pay more attention to class instructions. Second, special education teachers need to be multi-talented professionals to increase students’ participation in the class. Third, music instruction needs to be a vehicle to support students’ happy lives, not to be a content area to increase the knowledge. Fourth, special education teachers should be experts who possess teaching skills, performance skills, and warm heart.

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이 연구의 목적은 지체장애 특수학교에서 대중음악을 활용한 음악수업을 순환적으로 실시한 후 얻게 된 교사의 실천적 지식을 탐색하는데 있었다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 실행연구방법을 적용하였으며, 연구 참여자는 수업을 실행한 연구자, 수업 참여 학생 8명, 수업관찰자인 동료교사 5명이었다. 연구 결과, 수집된 자료에 대한 포괄적 분석절차를 통하여 4개의 상위 범주, 10개의 하위 범주, 31개의 의미단위가 도출되었다. 4개의 상위범주는 ‘대중음악, 수업 속으로 들어오다’, ‘합창과 합주가 가능해진 수업’, ‘음학(學)에서 음악(樂)으로’, ‘지정의(知情意)갖춘 교사되기’이다. 대중음악을 활용한 음악 수업은 장애 학생의 수업 참여와 흥미 유발에 효과적이었고 몰입 경험을 제공하였으며, 교사의 대중음악의 선별작업이 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 중도ㆍ중복장애가 있는 지체장애학생의 의사소통 방식을 파악하기 위한 관찰, 협동학습의 사용, 악기 수정 및 연주법 수정은 합창과 합주를 가능하게 하였으며, 음악수업의 방향은 지식 전달보다 즐겁고 행복한 경험을 제공하는 것이어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 특수교사는 악기 연주에 관한 지식 뿐 아니라 인화적인 품성을 지녀야 하며 훌륭한 음악 수업의 지휘자가 되기 위하여 끊임없이 노력해야 함을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study, applying an action research method, is to examine a special education teacher’s practical knowledge in music instruction that uses the popular music. The participants included a special education teacher as a researcher, five peer teachers who observed the classes and provided feedback, and eight students with physical disabilities. The data collected from five classes based on five reflective circles was analyzed by an inductive method. The practical knowledge of a special education teacher who provided students with physical disabilities with music instruction was categorized by four upper themes: (a) using popular music in classes, (b) music class that enabled chorus and ensemble, (c) different purposes of music education: from learning music to enjoying music, and (d) special education teachers with music knowledge, affection, and will. The conclusions based on study results were follows. First, the instruction using the popular music supported students to pay more attention to class instructions. Second, special education teachers need to be multi-talented professionals to increase students’ participation in the class. Third, music instruction needs to be a vehicle to support students’ happy lives, not to be a content area to increase the knowledge. Fourth, special education teachers should be experts who possess teaching skills, performance skills, and warm heart.

80

한국 군사정권하의 금지곡에 대한 작사가별 분석* -1970∼80년대의 대중음악 통제를 중심으로-

양삼석

[NRF 연계] 대한정치학회 대한정치학회보 Vol.20 No.1 2012.06 pp.233-257

...Music was the primary target for such censures and encompassed a wide and expansive reach into the industry. In this paper, I will analyze the songwriters of the time who produced many of these prohibited works, those pieces released from prohibition and have since been shelved and which were under discussion thrice in 1975, 1983 and 1987. In particular the works of JoMyung-Am and Park Young-Ho who were among those most actively censored at that time. It should be noted that most of the pieces in question were prohibited because they crossed a de facto cultural border between North and South Korea. This action seems to have emerged from arbitrary judgments which considered the political situation between North and South Korea, their proximity as well as their respective struggles for legitimacy and self- identity.The second most prohibited group of musicians were those such as Shin Joong- Hyun, Ban Ya-Woel, Kim Joong-Soon, Lee Cheol-Su, Woel Gye-Cho, Inseong, Lee Jang-Hee, Jeong Doo-Soo, Cha Min-Ho, Jeong Jin-Seong due to socio-ethical reason. For music that were considered anti-nationalistic or disrupting the sentiment of the general population, a certain level of regulation is unavoidable. Whether it is for political motivations or a socio-ethical rationale, there are numerous works which were prohibited without a clear reason. This is caused by an arbitrary exertion of powerand therefore caused further ethical dilemmas on the political front. In particular, the works of Jo Myung-Am and Park Young-Ho were most prohibited amongst contemporary songwriters. But, those were judged uniformly regardless of character as anti-establishment or held characteristics in their lyrics of benefiting the enemy. The prohibition of music provides legitimacy when a definitive standard and objectivity are supported. Excessive regulation of popular music will not only limit originality and freedom of expression but also prevent people from enjoying music that may bring about negative consequences of dispelling the right to pursue one's happiness. However, the most important aspect that must be considered is that awareness of ethical sensibility and the effort put forth in subject matter is a necessity for a thriving musical culture.

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한국정치사에서 1970년대와 1980년대는 군사정권의 집권기로 문화, 예술 전반에 걸쳐 각종 검열, 금지 등의 통제조치가 행하여졌던 시기이다. 음악분야는 그러한 통제조치가 가장 광범위하고 직접적으로 이루어졌던 분야 중 하나이다. 본고에서는 1975년과 1983년, 그리고 1987년에 행하여진 음악에 대한 금지조치에서 금지된 곡들과 금지 해제된 곡, 그리고 금지해제에서 보류된 곡들에 대한 작사가별 분석을 행하였다. 작사가에 대한 분석은 금지 사유가 된 가사의 작사가에 대한 분석으로 금지의 사유나 금지된 곡의 음악 양식 등과 더불어 금지곡의 금지행태를 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 일정의 의미를 갖는다. 분석의 결과 가장 많은 곡을 금지당한 작사가는 조명암과 박영호였는데 그것은 가사의 내용보다 작사가의 월북이 금지의 주요 명분이었다. 이것은 그러한 조치가 정당성을 확보할 수 있을 것이라는 자의적 판단에서 나온 것으로 보인다. 조명암과 박영호 다음으로 많은 금지조치를 받은 작사가는 신중현, 반야월, 김중순, 이철수, 월계초 인성, 이장희, 정두수, 차민호, 정진성 등의 순이었다. 신중현의 경우를 제외할 때, 이들의 음악에 대한 금지는 사회⋅윤리적 이유가 금지의 명분이 된 점에서 앞의 두 작사가와 구별된다. 다수의 곡을 금지당한 작곡가가 특정 음악가에 집중되어 있는 것은 그것이 금지의 사유와 밀접한 관련성을 띠고 있기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 국가체제의 유지, 국민의 결속, 정체성의 확보, 국민의 정서 순화 등을 위해 음악에 대한 어느 정도의 통제는 불가피한 측면이 있다. 그러나 실제로 금지 처분을 받은 작사가의 대부분이 모호하고 불분명한 사유에 의해 금지 조치를 받은 경우가 많았다. 이것은 자의적(恣意的) 권력행사에서 기인한 것으로 정책 실행의 정당성 문제가 제기된다. 특히 월북작가 작품에 대해서는 가사의 내용이 갖는 반체제성이나 이적성 여부에 대한 판단을 떠나 거의 예외 없이 일률적으로 금지 조치가 내려졌다. 통치자의 측면에서 볼 때, 음악에 대한 후원이나 통제를 통해 통치행위를 공고히 하는 것 역시 하나의 유효한 통치 전략이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 그것은 명확한 기준과 객관성이 담보될 때 정당성을 가질 수 있다. 권력의 재단에 의한 대중음악의 통제는 음악가의 창작력과 표현의 자유를 제약함과 아울러, 대중들의 음악 향유 기회를 제한함으로써 행복추구권을 제한하는 부정적 결과를 가져온다. 따라서 대중음악에 대한 규제는 신중하게 행하여져야 한다. 아울러 무엇보다 중요한 것은 올바른 음악문화의 정착을 위해 음악의 주체와 객체 모두의 자정(自淨) 노력과 윤리의식이 요구된다는 점이다.

In the 1970‘s and 1980’s, a military regime grasp control of the Korean political system. During this period, various forms of censorship and prohibition were executed in almost every aspect of Korean culture and arts. Music was the primary target for such censures and encompassed a wide and expansive reach into the industry. In this paper, I will analyze the songwriters of the time who produced many of these prohibited works, those pieces released from prohibition and have since been shelved and which were under discussion thrice in 1975, 1983 and 1987. In particular the works of JoMyung-Am and Park Young-Ho who were among those most actively censored at that time. It should be noted that most of the pieces in question were prohibited because they crossed a de facto cultural border between North and South Korea. This action seems to have emerged from arbitrary judgments which considered the political situation between North and South Korea, their proximity as well as their respective struggles for legitimacy and self- identity.The second most prohibited group of musicians were those such as Shin Joong- Hyun, Ban Ya-Woel, Kim Joong-Soon, Lee Cheol-Su, Woel Gye-Cho, Inseong, Lee Jang-Hee, Jeong Doo-Soo, Cha Min-Ho, Jeong Jin-Seong due to socio-ethical reason. For music that were considered anti-nationalistic or disrupting the sentiment of the general population, a certain level of regulation is unavoidable. Whether it is for political motivations or a socio-ethical rationale, there are numerous works which were prohibited without a clear reason. This is caused by an arbitrary exertion of powerand therefore caused further ethical dilemmas on the political front. In particular, the works of Jo Myung-Am and Park Young-Ho were most prohibited amongst contemporary songwriters. But, those were judged uniformly regardless of character as anti-establishment or held characteristics in their lyrics of benefiting the enemy. The prohibition of music provides legitimacy when a definitive standard and objectivity are supported. Excessive regulation of popular music will not only limit originality and freedom of expression but also prevent people from enjoying music that may bring about negative consequences of dispelling the right to pursue one's happiness. However, the most important aspect that must be considered is that awareness of ethical sensibility and the effort put forth in subject matter is a necessity for a thriving musical culture.

 
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