Earticle

음식포장용 필름은 열이 노출시 재질과 첨가제들에 기인한 휘발성 화합물들이 방출된다. 그러나 이러한 휘발성 유기화합물은 기존의 용매추출법을 이용한 시험방법으로는 평가하기가 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실생활에서 사용되고 있는 식품용 플라스틱 필름의 사용조건을 고려해줄 수 있는 열추출장치를 개발하였다. 그리고 PVC재질의 식품용 필름을 실생활에서 사용하는 온도범위($50-120^{\circ}C$)에서 열노출시켜 발생하는 휘발성 유기화합물들을 on-column 저온농축방법을 사용하여 GC/MS로 분석하였다. PVC필름을 열노출 시켰을 때 방출되는 휘발성 유기화합물을 분석한 결과, $C_{12}-C_{18}$의 파라핀계 탄화수소류와 내분비계 교란물질로 알려진 터트부틸페놀과 디메틸프탈레이트와 노닐페놀을 포함한 알킬페놀류가 확인되었다. 테트라메틸부틸페놀은 $50^{\circ}C$에서는 $0.07ng/cm^2$였고, 온도에 따라 증가하여 $100^{\circ}C$에서 $3.94ng/cm^2$의 가장 높은 방출량을 나타냈다.

The volatile organic compounds emitted from food wrapping films when it was used at high temperatures. However, the testing method based on solvent extraction may not be suitable for determination of volatile organic compounds from food wrapping films. Therefore, thermal extraction device was investigated in the study for reflection of actual usage conditions at home and restaurant. In this study, PVC food wrapping films were exposed to normal use condition controlled from $50^{\circ}C$ to $120^{\circ}C$ and collected on sorbent trap. Then, emitted VOCs from the films were analyzed with On-column cryofocusing-GC/MS system. The major VOCs emitted from films were $C_{12}-C_{18}$ paraffinic hydrocarbons, dimethylphthalate, alkylphenols, known as endocrine disrupting chemical, such as tetramethylbutylphenol, tert-butylphenol, and nonylphenol. The concentration of tetramethylbutylphenol emitted from PVC films was $0.07ng/cm^2$ at $50^{\circ}C$, rapidly increased with temperature, $3.94ng/cm^2$ at $100^{\circ}C$.

Penicillin sensor was manufactured by immobillizing penicillinase with glutaraldehyde on the $H^+$-selective membrane based on PVC-COOH-TDDA. This membrane was not inter fered by $K^+$ ion in Pc-G potassium salt. When enzyme was immobilized with glutaraldehyde, the PVC-COOH matrix was more effective than PVC matrix. Calibration curve calculated from Nernst equation was not linear. But potential was relative to concentration of Pc-G. And maximal potentiometric velocity was also relative to concentration of Pc-G. Therefore, it may be applied to Michaelis-Menten equation. The penicillin sensor was useful for determination of Pc-G at concentration of 0.1~10mM level.

The perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate ion-selective PVC membrance electrode for measuring hazardous anion in waste water were developed by incorporating the quaternary ammonium salts as active material. Ion-selective characteristics in waste water were studied by the useful pH range, the selective coefficients to various interfering anions, and the stability of electrode potential. DBP was best as a plasticizer. The effect of the membrane thickness on the electrode characteristics was improved with decreasing the membrane thickness, but below the optimum membrane thickness the electrode exhibited an inverse trend. The electrode potential of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate electrode with TDDA, as active material, was stable within the pH range 4-11, 3-12, and 4-10 repectively. And the long-term potential stability of these electrodes were 3.0, 3.5, and 3.5 months respectively. The order of the selectivity coefficients was as shown below ; $ClO_4{^-}$ > $SCN^-$ > $I^-$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $Br^-$ > $CN^-$ > $F^-$ > $Cl^-$ > $Ac^-$ > $H_2PO_4{^-}$, $SO_4{^-}$.

This study was carried out to assess worker exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and to present control measures in the factories processing and producing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. The conclusion remarks are as follows. Only two personal samples in the factory ("E") processing polyvinyl chloride resin were analysed to be 27.6 ppm and 12.6 ppm, respectively. But, these concentration exceed 1 ppm, Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) of OSHA. So, worker's exposure to VCM at "E" factory should be reevaluated. In "A", "B" and "C" factory producing polyvinyl chloride resin, the average worker's exposures to VCM were 0.12 ppm, 0.86 ppm and 1.23 ppm, respectivery. Worker exposure to VCM at distillation and dry process was higer than other processes at "A" factory. The average exposure concentration of worker at polymerization process of "B" and "C" factory was 1.23 ppm, and 1.46 ppm respcetively. These concentration exceed 1 ppm, Permissible Exposure Limits of OSHA. Control room of "B" and "C" factory had 0.91 ppm and 0.65 ppm of worker's exposure concentration respectively. "A" factory was evaluated to be "acceptable", but "B" and "C" factories were evaluated to be "not acceptable", by the workplace exposure assessment program of AIHA. Process other than bagging and control room of "A" factory was evaluated to "not acceptable". Immediate correction measures for preventing workers from exposure to VCM should be performed in the factories or process that were evaluated to be "not acceptable". After these control measures are taken, worker exposure to VCM must be reevaluated through personal air monitoring. Control measures presented by this study are complete sealing of connecting pipe lines, flanging, packing, bolting and nutting. Periodic leak test for leak parts is also required. And positive pressure facility should be constructed at control room of "B" and "C" factory. Fresh air through cleaner such as HEPA filter should be supplied to control room. In addition to these control measures, periodic personal monitoring for evaluating worker exposure to VCM should be performed.

This study reinterprets the aesthetics and cultural values of traditional Korean heritage by developing textile pattern designs and water-leisure PVC fashion products inspired by the Dalhangari (Moon Jar), a notable white porcelain artifact from the late Joseon Dynasty. The design process involved categorizing the Moon Jar's form into four structural motif units: elevation, flat, elevation split, and flat split. This categorization led to the creation of nine textile patterns using regular, free, and gradational arrangement methods. These patterns were digitally developed using Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop and printed on high-transparency PVC film through UV flatbed printing. The final designs were applied to shopper bags optimized for water-leisure environments. The results show that integrating traditional motifs with modern functional materials enhances both the visual storytelling and practical usability of cultural fashion goods. Additionally, this study highlights the potential of Moon Jar-inspired designs to elevate the symbolic and commercial value of Korean cultural content in global fashion contexts. Limitations include a narrow range of color applications and environmental concerns related to PVC, and future directions are suggested for exploring sustainable materials and validating user-centered design.

본 연구는 프탈레이트 가소제가 도입된 연질 폴리(염화 비닐)(PVC)의 가소제 이행성을 저감시킬 수 있는 아크릴레이트계 올리고머의 분자량별 합성 및 그 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 부틸 아크릴레이트 단량체를 group transfer polymerization 및 라디칼 중합을 이용하여 1000~2500 Da 구간대 분자량별 3종을 중합하였다. 합성된 3종의 분자량별 부틸 아크릴레이트 올리고머가 도입된 연질 PVC 필름을 solution casting으로 제조하였다. 아크릴레이트 올리고머가 첨가된 프탈레이트 가소화 PVC 필름과 첨가되지 않은 프탈레이트 가소화 PVC 필름의 투과도, shore A 경도, 연신율, 열안정성, $T_g$, 그리고 내이행성을 비교하여 아크릴레이트 올리고머의 도입이 프탈레이트 가소화 PVC의 물성에 미치는 영향에 대해 고찰하였다.

<P>In this study, we investigated the effect of acrylate oligomers on the migration properties of phthalate of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). We synthesized various molecular weight acrylate oligomers and characterized the corresponding PVC compounds containing both acrylate oligomer and phthalate plasticizer. First, butyl acrylate monomer was polymerized by both group transfer polymerization and radical polymerization techniques to give the corresponding three oligomers in the molecular weight range of 1000-2500 Daltons. By solution casting method, flexible PVC films containing both phthalate and butyl acrylate oligomers (pBA1000, pBA1800, pBA2500) were fabricated. The corresponding PVC films were fully characterized by studying the film transmittance, shore A hardness, elongation, thermal stability, T-g and the degree of migration properties of phthalate plasticizer.</P>

본 연구는 프탈레이트 가소제가 도입된 연질 폴리(염화 비닐)(PVC)의 가소제 이행성을 저감시킬 수 있는 아크릴레이트계 올리고머의 분자량별 합성 및 그 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 부틸 아크릴레이트 단량체를 group transfer polymerization 및 라디칼 중합을 이용하여 1000~2500 Da 구간대 분자량별 3종을 중합하였다. 합성된 3종의 분자량별 부틸 아크릴레이트 올리고머가 도입된 연질 PVC 필름을 solution casting으로 제조하였다. 아크릴레이트 올리고머가 첨가된 프탈레이트 가소화 PVC 필름과 첨가되지 않은 프탈레이트 가소화 PVC 필름의 투과도, shore A 경도, 연신율, 열안정성, $T_g$, 그리고 내이행성을 비교하여 아크릴레이트 올리고머의 도입이 프탈레이트 가소화 PVC의 물성에 미치는 영향에 대해 고찰하였다.

In this study, we investigated the effect of acrylate oligomers on the migration properties of phthalate of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). We synthesized various molecular weight acrylate oligomers and characterized the corresponding PVC compounds containing both acrylate oligomer and phthalate plasticizer. First, butyl acrylate monomer was polymerized by both group transfer polymerization and radical polymerization techniques to give the corresponding three oligomers in the molecular weight range of 1000~2500 Daltons. By solution casting method, flexible PVC films containing both phthalate and butyl acrylate oligomers (pBA1000, pBA1800, pBA2500) were fabricated. The corresponding PVC films were fully characterized by studying the film transmittance, shore A hardness, elongation, thermal stability, $T_g$ and the degree of migration properties of phthalate plasticizer.

In this study, the partial discharge degradation properties for 2-core PVC cable($2cores{\times}1.5mm^2$ cross section, length of 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm) following immersion with the salt water that the 2%, 4%, 8% of NaCl is dissolved in 100 g of distilled water for 48 and 96 hours has been measured. The results of this study are as follows. When the degradation time in salt water of 2% NaCl is 48 hours, it found that the number of partial discharge increased as about 40 pps, 50 pps, 90 pps with increasing the length of cable to 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm. In case the concentration and degradation time is same, the inception and extinction voltage decreased with increasing the length of cable. When the degradation time in salt water is 96 hours and the length of cable is 20 cm, it found that the number of partial discharge decreased as 3,000 pps, 500 pps, 100 pps with increasing the concentration of NaCl to 2%, 4%, 8%.

In this study, PVC-LMO beads were prepared by immobilizing lithium manganese oxide (LMO) with poly vinyl chloride (PVC) diluted in dioxane solvent. XRD and SEM analysis confirmed that LMO was immobilized well in PVC-LMO beads. The diameter of PVC-LMO beads prepared by dioxane solvent was about 2 mm. The adsorption experiments of lithium ions by PVC-LMO beads were conducted batchwise. The optimum pH was pH 10. The adsorption characteristics of lithium ions by PVC-LMO beads was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir model was 24.25 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters such as ${\Delta}H^{\circ}$, ${\Delta}S^{\circ}$ and ${\Delta}G^{\circ}$ were evaluated. The calculated ${\Delta}G^{\circ}$ was between -6.16 and -4.14 kJ/mol (below zero), indicating the spontaneous nature of $Li^+$ adsorption on PVC-LMO beads. Also, the results showed that PVC-LMO beads prepared in this study could be used for the removal of lithium ions from seawater containing coexisting ions such as $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$.

본 연구에서는 노말 메틸 피로리돈(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP)을 대신하여 다이메틸설폭시화물(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)을 용매로 사용하여 폴리염화비닐 (poly vinyl chloride, PVC)로 리튬망간산화물(lithium manganese oxide, LMO)를 고정화하여 PVC-LMO 비드를 제조하였다. XRD 분석을 통해 PVC-LMO 비드내에 LMO가 잘 고정화 된 것을 확인 하였다. 합성한 PVC-LMO 비드의 크기는 약 4 mm였다. PVC-LMO 비드에 의한 리튬이온 흡착 실험은 회분식으로 수행하였다. 랭뮤어 모델식으로 부터 구한 최대 흡착량은 21.31 mg/g였다. PVC-LMO 비드에 의한 리튬이온 흡착특성은 유사 2차 속도모델식으로 잘 설명되었으며, 내부확산 단계가 흡착속도 결정단계인 것으로 사료되었다.

In this study, PVC-LMO beads were prepared by immobilizing lithium manganese oxide (LMO) with poly vinyl chloride (PVC) diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent on behalf of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). XRD analysis confirmed that LMO was immobilized well in PVC-LMO beads. The diameter of PVC-LMO beads synthesized by DMSO was about 4 mm. The adsorption experiments of lithium ions by PVC-LMO beads were conducted batchwise. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir model was 21.31 mg/g. The adsorption characteristics of lithium ions by PVC-LMO beads was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. It was considered that the internal diffusion was the rate controlling step.

심장의 활성 근육의 움직임에 의하여 발생되는 전기적 변화량을 나타내는 심전도는 부정맥 또는 허혈성 심장질환을 진단하는데 널리 활용되고 있다. 특히 심실빈맥(Ventricular Tachycardia) 또는 심실세동(Ventricular Fibrillation)과 같이 치명적인 심장리듬이 발생하기 이전에, 심실조기수축(Ventricular Premature Contraction)을 검출하여 생명을 위협할 수 있는 부정맥을 조기에 진단할 수 있는 연구들이 일부 진행되고 있다. 이에 따라서 본 연구에서는 심전도 신호의 R-R 간격 정보와 R-peak 정보의 진위성을 판단하여 PVC 부정맥 패턴뿐만 아니라 PVC 파형이 연속적으로 진행되는 PVC-RUNs을 효율적으로 검출할 수 있는 부정맥 진단 알고리즘을 제안하고자 하였다.

화석연료의 고갈이 가시화됨에 따라 이를 해결하기 위한 대체에너지원의 확보를 위해 다양한 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 폐기물 특히 플라스틱 폐기물의 안정적인 처리 및 청정가스의 생산방법을 연구하기 위해서 선행적으로 플라스틱 폐기물의 열분해 특성을 조사하였으며, 그 반응모델을 제시하여 열분해로의 설계인자의 도출하고자 하였다. 대상 폐 플라스틱류로서 PE, PP, PVC, RPF 등을 이용하였고, 열중량분석기와 tube furnace를 통해서 온도에 따른 분해반응 특성을 확인하였다. 열분해 특성조사를 한 결과 PE, PP 등은 잔류 char가 없이 $400^{\circ}C$ 전후에서 완전 분해하였으며, PVC의 경우 $400^{\circ}C$ 이후에도 약 20% 이상의 char가 잔류함을 확인하였고, RPF의 경우에도 약 10%의 char이 잔류함을 확인하였다. 또한 각각의 열분해 특성을 DTG/TGA분석을 통해서 적정체류시간을 구할 수 있었고, 다단열분해 가스화기를 이용하여 합성가스를 제조한 결과 2500 kcal / $Nm^3$의 높은 발열량을 가진 합성가스를 제조할 수 있었다.

혼합비율 및 반응온도의 변화에 따른 ZnO가 첨가된 PVC와 PS의 혼합 열분해 특성에 관한 연구를 TG와 GC-MS를 이용하여 수행하였다. 본 연구로부터 혼합물에 있어서 PS의 양이 증가할수록 액상 생성물은 증가하였으며 기상 생성물은 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 ZnO의 첨가량이 증가할수록 기상 생성물과 염화수소의 발생량은 감소하였으며 염화수소의 발생 억제 및 액상 생성물의 최대수율을 얻기 위한 최적의 반응온도는 $500^{\circ}C$임을 알 수 있었다.

The co-pyrolysis characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) mixtures with ZnO have been studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) under various mixing ratios and reaction temperatures. From this work, it was found that the yield of liquid products increased as PS in mixtures increased, whereas that of gaseous products decreased. And as ZnO in mixtures increased, the yields of gaseous products and HCI decreased. The optimal reaction temperature for the maximum yield of liquids products and the control of HCI gas was $500^{\circ}C$.

PVC fiber was dyed with disperse dye. It could be dyed without carrier at high temperatures, however, the fiber shrunk severely at high temperatures. Carrier was used to reduce the dyeing temperature. Diethylphthalate and benzyl alcohol were tested as carriers. The object of this study is to investigate dyeing behavior of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fiber with carrier in a disperse dye bath. The effect of dyeing conditions on dye uptake was evaluated by measuring the K/S values. Dyeing temperature, time, pH, and concentrations of dye and carrier were varied to estimate the dyeing behavior.

Thermoplastic polyurethane is a engineering plastic with elasticity, abrasion resistance and good resistance to oil, grease and many solvents. Characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) are good general chemical resistance, excellent weatherablility, good insulate. properties, and self-extinguishing or flame resistance, etc. So it is used in widespread industrial fields[2]. (omitted)

Polyvinylchloride(PVC)는 1838년 Regnault에 의해 처음으로 합성된 고분자로 1920년대 후반부터 섬유로 이용하기 위한 많은 연구가 시도되었으나, 상업적 규모로 제조되기 시작한 것은 1942년경부터였다[l]. 현재, PVC는 건축자재용 파이프, 필름 등의 포장재, 가구 및 수송자재, 자동차 내장재 등의 다양한 용도로 사용되어지고 있으나, 다른 폴리머에 비해 열안정성이 낮아 분해시 HCl 외에도 benzene, naphthalene, toluene과 다른 alkylated benzene이 방출되어 유독성과 금형 및 기기의 부식에 있어서 문제가 되고 있다[2]. (중략)

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) 가 가소제로 첨가되 있는 poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) 제품의 사용중에는 DEHP가 방출되어 나올 가능성이 있다. 이때 추출되는 DEHP의 정량적인 측정법에는 여러가지가 있으나 그 방법에 따라 용출량에 많은 차이가 발생하기 때문에 측정방법과 결과에 대한 비교분석은 시급한 과제라 할 수 있다. 이를 평가하기 위하여 PVC를 주원료로 하는 혈액백과 수액백에서의 DEHP 용출에 관한 연구를 기체 크로마토그래프와 분광광도계를 이용한 두 가지 방법으로 수행하였다. 5종류의 PVC 백을 실험 재료로 선택하여 $40{\times}10{\times}0.4mm$ 크기의 시편을 제조하고 이를 용출액에 담가 1시간동안 DEHP를 용출하였다. 기체 크로마토그래프로 DEHP 를 검출한 결과 시료에 따라 $23.2{\sim}70.9{\mu}g/mL$ 의 DEHP가 용출되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 반면 PVC백 안에 용출액을 주입하여 1시간 동안 DEHP를 용출시키고 분광 광도계를 이용하여 DEHP를 검출한 결과 $24.8{\sim}41.3{\mu}g/mL$의 DEHP가 용출되었다. 용출 조건과 실험방법에 따라 서로 다른 수치를 보임을 알 수 있었고 단위 시간 단위 면적 당 용출되는 DEHP의 양은 일정하다는 전제 하에 두 실험의 결과를 비교하고 환산하는 식을 구하여 적용한 결과 두 측정방법에서 얻어진 용출량이 거의 일치하였다.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) may be released from plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) articles. In the cases of various methods for the quantitative analysis of migrating DEHP, there are much differences in migrating quantity according to the experimental methods. It is therefore important to make the comparison and analysis between these two results. A study of DEHP migration from blood and infusion bags has been carried out in different methods to evaluate the amount of DEHP migration using gas chromatograph and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Five PVC bags were cut into plane sheets in size of $40{\times}10{\times}0.4mm$, then were immersed in extraction solvent for an hour to release DEHP. It was determined by a gas chromatograph that $23.2{\sim}70.9{\mu}g/mL$ of DEHP was extracted. While extraction solvent was injected into PVC bags which were then placed for an hour to leach DEHP out. It was checked by a UV-vis spectrophotometer that the concentration of DEHP in extraction solvent was $24.8{\sim}41.3{\mu}g/mL$. Two results show different values according to the extraction conditions and experimental methods and the gas chromatographic results were converted into UV-vis spectroscopic results on condition that DEHP would be extracted equally per unit time and unit contact area. It was concluded that DEHP migrating amounts are approximately equal in two analytical methods.