Earticle

The quantity, process and kinetics of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) migration in the 30/70 and 40/60 poly(vinylchloride) (PVC)/DEHP blends were investigated using gas chromatograph. A thin and flexible PVC sheet was soaked in surrounding medium (SM) of water/ethanol mixture and acetonitrile with constant stirring to release DEHP. By observed concentration of DEHP in the SM, it is found that acetonitrile is more intense in DEHP migration than water/ethanol mixture. In addition the amount of extracted DEHP is proportional to the leaching temperature and added ratio of DEHP. The behavior of DEHP migration from flexible PVC sheets was described by the Ficks's law with $2.72-10.1\;{times}\;10^{-10}$ cm²/s of the diffusion coefficients.

Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was known as endocrine disrupter revealing reproductive / developmental toxicity. For a long time, risk due to DEHP released from PVC medical devices was became an issue for patient receiving blood bag, iv injection solution like saline and Hartman's solution. This study was conducted to suggest permissible intake level (PIL) of DEHP based on reproductive toxicity, to quantify daily intake level of DEHP can be exposed to patient through various medical treatment and to estimate risk values of DEHP released from PVC medical devices.(omitted)

A triboelectrostatic separation system using a fluidized bed tribocharger for the removal of PVC material in the mixture of PVC/PS plastics is designed and evaluated as a function of electric field strength, air flow rate, and the mixing ratio of two-component mixed plastics. It consists of a fluidized-bed tribocharger, a separation chamber, a collection chamber and a controller. PVC and PS particles can be imparted negative and positive surface charges, respectively, due to the difference in the work function values of plastics suspended in the fluidized-bed tribocharger, and can be separated by passing them through an external electric field. Experimental results show that separation efficiency is strongly dependent on the electric Deld strength and particle mixing ratio. In the optimum conditions of 150 Ipm air flow rate and 2.6 kV/cm electric field strength a highly concentrated PVC (99.1%) can be recovered with a yield of more than 99.2% from the mixture of PVC and PS materials for a single stage of processing.

Air table을 이용해서, 입상플라스틱 혼합물로부터 PVC를 제거 분리하는 연구를 행하였다. Air table상에서 플라스틱이 어떠한 운동을 하는가 연구하고, PVC 10%와 PE 90%의 인공흔합물을 가지고 선별 분리시험을 행하였다. 이 연구로부터 선별 최적조건은, 9.2 Hz의 Frequency, 1.05 m/sec의 바람속도, 7.5 End-slope, 1 side-slope, 450 g/min의 Feeding speed 등이었다 PE-PVC 흔합물에서 99.96%의 PE를 98.9% 얻을 수 있었고, 88.7%의 PVC를 99.6% 얻을 수 있었다.

A study was conducted in order to remove Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) from granular plastic mixture by using Air Table. The motion of plastic particle on Air Table was investigated, and separation test on the plastic mixture with the mixing ratio of PVC 10% and PE 90% was conducted. At the optimum condition obtained from this study, that is frequency of 9.2Hz, air velocity of 1.05 m/sec, End-slope of $7.5 ^{\circ}$, Side-slope of $1^{\circ}$, Feeding speed of 450 g/min, etc., we could separate the PE-PVC mixture to PE (99.96% grade and 98.9% yield) and PVC (88.7% grade and 99.6% yield).

운반체(감응물질)로 제 4급 인산염을 사용하여 PVC를 지지체로 하여 과염소산이온의 농도 $10^{-6}$ M까지 선형적인 이온선택성 전극을 제작하였다. 운반체의 화학적구조와 함량 가소제의 종류 및 막 두께에 따른 전극의 기울기 선형응답범위 및 한계측정농도 등 전극전위특성을 고려하여 최적의 과염소산 이온선택성 PVC막 전극을 제조한 다음 측정 가능한 pH 범위 선택계수 및 전극의 교류임피던스 특성을 비교 검토하였다 운반체로 tetraoctyl-phosphonium perchlorate(TOPP) tetraphenylphosphonium perchlorate(TPPP) 및 tetrabutylphosponium perchlorate (TBPP)_ 등의 제 4급 인산염의 과염소산 이온 치환체를 사용하였다 알킬기의 탄소고리 수가 증가할수록 전극특성은 TBPP<TPPP<TOPP의 순서로 좋아졌고 가소제는 dioctylsebacate(DOS) 운반체의 함량은 11.76 wt% 및 막두께 0.19mm인 경우 가장 좋은 전극특성을 나타냉었다 이 조건에서 전극의 기울기는 56.58 mV/$^P{ClO}_4$, 선형응답범위 $10^{-1}$\times$10^{-6}$ M 및 한계측정농도는 9.66$\times$$10^{-7}$ M 이었으며 시판되고 있는 Orion 전극특성보다 좋은 결과를 나타내었다 전극전위는 pH3~11범위에서 ph의 영향을 받지 않았으며 ${CIO}_4$ 에 대한 방해이온의 선택계수 서열은 ${SO}^2_4$ < F < Br < I 이었다 임피던스 측정결과 TOPP의 경우 등가회로는 용액저항 이중층용량과 벌크저항의 병렬 및 Warburg 임피던스의 직렬이었다 이 경우 용액저항은 거의 나타나지 않았고 확산에 의한 Warburg 임피던스는 크게 나타났으며 Warburg 계수는 1.32$\times$$10^74 $\Omega$ $\cdot$ ${cm}^2/s^{1/2}$이었다.

Perchlorate ion-selective electrodes in PVC membranes that respond linearly to concentration 106 M were developed by incorporating the quaternary phosphonium salts as a canier. The effects of the chemical structure, the contents of canier, the kind of plasticizer and the membrane thickness on electrode characteristics such as the electrode slope, the linear respone range and the detection limit were studied. With this results, the detectable pH range, selectivity coefficients and AC impedance characteristics were compared and investigated. The perchlorate ion substituents of the quaternary phosphonium salts like tetraoctylphosphonium perchlorate (TOPP) , tetraphenylphosphonium perchlorate(TPPP), and tetrabutylphosphonium perchlorate(TBPP) as a canier were used. The electrode characteristics were better in the ascending order of TBPP < TPPP < TOPP, with the increase of carbon chain length of the alkyl group. Dioctylsebacate(OOS) was best as a plasticizer, the canier contents were better with 11.76 wt% and the optimum membrane thickness was 0.19 mm. Under the above condition, the electrode slope was 56.58 mV/$^P{ClO}_4$,the linear response range was $10^{-1}$\times$10^{-6}$ M, the detection limit was 9.66 x $10^{-7}$ M. The performance of electrode was better than Orion electrode. The electrode potential was stable within the pH range from 3 to 11. The order of the selectivity coefficients for the perchlorate ion was sol < F < Br < 1. With the result of impedance spectrum, it was found that the equivalent circuit for the electrode could be expressed by a series combination of solution resistance, parallel circuit consisting of the double layer capacitance and bulk resistance and Warburg impedance. And solution resistance was almost not appeared and Warburg impedance was highly appeared by diffusion. Then Warburg coefficient was 1.32$\times$$10^74 $\Omega$ $\cdot$ ${cm}^2/s^{1/2}$.

감응물질로 제4급 암모늄염을 사용하여 PVC를 지지체로 과염소산이온의 농도 $10^{-6}M$까지 측정가능한 이온 선택성 전극을 제작하였다. 감응물질의 화학적 구조와 함량, 가소제의 종류 및 막 두께에 따른 선형응답 범위와 Nernst의 기울기 등 전극특성을 검토하여, 최적 막조건을 구한 다음 측정가능 pH범위와 여러 방해이온에 대한 선택계수를 비교 검토하였다. 과염소산 이온선택성 전극에서 감응물질의 화학적 구조 즉, 알킬기의 탄소고리수가 증가할수록 선형응답 범위 등 전극 특성은 Aliquat 336P, TOAP, TDAP 및 TDDAP의 순서로 좋아졌다. 가소제는 DBP가 가장 좋았고, 감응물질의 양은 최적 함량 이상에서 적을수록 좋았다. 최적 막 조성은 TDDAP 9.09, PVC 30.3 및 DBP 60.61wt%이었고, 막두께 0.45mm이었다. 이 조건에서 선형응답 범위 $10^{-1}~1.2 {\times} 10^{-6}M$, 검출한계 $5.1{\times}10^{-7}M$ 및 Nernst기울기 $57mV/pClO_4$이었다. 막전위는 pH 4~11 범위에서 pH의 영향을 받지 않았으며, 선택계수 서열은 다음과 같았다. $SCN^->I^->NO_3^->Br^->ClO_3^->F^->Cl^->SO_4^{2-}$

Perchlorate ion-selective PVC membrane electrode responsive to $10^{-6}M$ was developed by incorporating the ion-pair complex of perchlorate with the quaternary ammonium salts as a active material. The effect of chemical structure, the content of active material, the kinds of plasticizers, and the membrane thickness on the electrode characteristics such as the linear response range and Nernstian slope of the electrode were studied. With the results, the useful pH range and the selectivity coefficients to various interfering anions were compared and investigated. It was obtained that the effect of the chemical structure of an active material on the electrode characteristics was improved with increasing the alkyl chain length of the quarternary ammonium salts in the ascending order of Aliquat 336P, TOAP, TDAP, and TDDAP. The electrode characteristics was improved with the decrease of the active material content below the optimum membrane composition, and DBP was the best as a plasticizer. The optimum membrane composition was 9.09wt% of TDDAP, 30.3wt% of PVC, and 60.6wt% of ptasticizer(DBP). And the optimum membrane thickness was0.45mm at this composition. Under the above condition, thelinear response ranger was $10^{-1}~1.2 {\times} 10^{-6}M$, and the detection limit was $5.1{\times}10^{-7}M$ with the Nernstian slope of 57mV/decade of activity of perchlorate ion. The electrode potential was stable within the pH range from 4 to 11. The selectivity coefficient was as shown below : $SCN^->I^->NO_3^->Br^->ClO_3^->F^->Cl^->SO_4^{2-}$

Recycling of waste polyvinyl chloride plastics has attracted much attention due to environmental problems, but the poor mechanical properties, low thermal stability, frequent breakage of strands, and melt cracking of the waste plastics have limited their widespread use. To overcome these disadvantages of waste PVC (W-PVC), recycled PVC powder blend was prepared by adding high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a heat stabilizer and compatibilizer, respectively. An intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruder was used to prepare the blend, and the characteristics of the blend were analyzed by SEM and TGA, and by using a UTM and Izod impact tester. The impact strength was improved as the EVA content increased for the W-PVC/HDPE (80/20 wt%) blend. As the HDPE and EVA contents increased in the W-PVC/HDPE/EVA blend, the impact strength increased. SEM observations also revealed the improved interfacial adhesion for the EVA-containing blend.

크롬은 환경 중에서 산화 환원 반응을 일으키며, 0가, 3가 및 6가 크롬 등 다양한 형태로 존재한다. 이 중 6가 크롬은 발암물질로 알려져 있기 때문에, 6가 크롬 종의 산화 환원 상태를 고려하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 6가 크롬은 3가 크롬 상태로 환원될 수 있지만 작업장환경 내에서 이에 대한 구체적인 정보는 미흡하다. 본 연구는 다양한 조건 하에서 시간에 따른 6가 크롬 환원양상을 파악하기 위해 전기도금 조를 설치하여 파일럿 연구를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 6가 크롬이 미스트 형태로 방출된 이후 시간이 경과함에 따라 환원이 발생한다는 증거를 발견할 수 있었다. 미스트 방출 직후 6가 크롬 대 총 크롬의 퍼센트 비율(95% 신뢰구간)은 거의 100%(99.1~102.3%)에 달했으나, 1시간 경과 후 87.4%(84.8~89.9%)로, 2시간 경과 후엔 81%(78.3~83.5%)까지 환원됐다. PVC 여과지에 채취된 6가 크롬의 경우 시료채취 이후 시간이 경과함에 따라 환원이 진행됐다. 시료채취 후 2시간이 경과한 후 6가 크롬은 90.8%(88.2~93.3%)까지 환원되었으며, 또한 공기 중에 보관한 시료에서 6가 크롬의 환원이 가장 많이 진행되었다. 이에 따라, 6가 크롬 공기시료 보관 시 환원방지를 위한 각별한 주의가 요구된다.

Chromium exists at various valences, including elemental, trivalent, and hexavalent chromium, and undergoes reduction-oxidation reactions in the environment. Since hexavalent chromium is known as a human carcinogen, it is most important to evaluate the oxidationreduction characteristics of the hexavalent chromium species. Although hexavalent chromium can be reduced to trivalent state, the detailed information on this in workplace environments is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate hexavalent chromium reduction in time in various conditions. A pilot chrome plating operation was prepared and operated in a laboratory for this study. There was evidence that the hexavalent chromium was reduced by time after mist generation. The percentage ratio (with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) of hexavalent chromium to total chromium was almost 100% (99.1 ; 102.3) immediately after mist generation, and was reduced to 87.4% (84.8 ; 89.9) at 1 hour and 81.0% (78.3 ; 83.5) at 2 hours, respectively. Another test indicated that hexavalent chromium collected on PVC filters was also reduced by time after sampling. Hexavalent chromium was reduced to 90.8% (88.2 ; 93.3) at 2 hours after sampling. It also was found that hexavalent chromium was reduced during storage in air. It is recommended that air samples of hexavalent chromium be protected against reduction during storage.

The solid phase extractant (PVC-D2EHPA bead) was prepared by immobilizing di-2-ethylhexyl-phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The prepared PVC-D2EHPA beads were characterized by using fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The removal experiments of Cu(II) by PVC-D2EHPA beads conducted batchwise. The removal kinetics of Cu(II) was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum removal capacity was 2.6 mg/g at $20^{\circ}C$. The optimum pH region was in the range of 3.5 to 6. and the standard free energy (${\Delta}G^{\circ}$) was between -4.67~-4.98 kJ/mol, indicating the spontaneous nature of Cu(II) removal by PVC-D2EHPA beads.

본 연구에서는 PVC를 분류하기 위하여 웨이브렛 계수를 기반으로 하는 fuzzy-ART 네트워크를 설계하였다. 설계된 네트워크는 feature를 추출하는 부분과 fuzzy-ART 네트워크를 학습시키는 부분으로 구성된다. 우선 feature의 문턱치 구간을 설정하기 위하여 심전도 신호의 QRS를 검출하였고, 검출된 QRS는 Haar 웨이브렛을 이용한 웨이브렛 변환에 의해 주파수 분할하였다. 분할된 주파수 중에서 입력 feature를 추출하기 위하여 저주파 영역의 6번째 계수(D6)만을 선택하였다. D6신호는 입력 feature를 구성하기 위한 문턱치를 적용하여 fuzzy-ART 네트워크의 2진수 입력 feature로 전환하였고, PVC를 분류하기 위하여 fuzzy-ART네트워크를 학습시켰다. 본 연구의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 PVC가 포함된 MIT/BIH 데이터 베이스가 사용되었으며, fuzzy-ART 네트워크의 분류성능은 96.25%이었다.

A fuzzy-ART(adaptive resonance theory) network for the PVC(premature ventricular contraction) classification using wavelet coefficient is designed. This network consists of the feature extraction and learning of the fuzzy-ART network. In the first step, we have detected the QRS from the ECG signal in order to set the threshold range for feature extraction and the detected QRS was divided into several frequency bands by wavelet transformation using Haar wavelet. Among the low-frequency bands, only the 6th coefficient(D6) are selected as the input feature. After that, the fuzzy-ART network for classification of the PVC is learned by using input feature which comprises of binary data converted by applying threshold to D6. The MIT/BIH database including the PVC is used for the evaluation. The designed fuzzy-ART network showed the PVC classification ratio of 96.52%.

Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) is one of the most effective treatment modalities for the treatment of depression, mania, schizophrenia, or other neuropsychiatric disorders. But, reportedly ECT also can produce various forms of cardiac arrhythmia. We experienced a case of ECT-induced arrhythmia(PVC) accompanied with chest pain in a schizophrenic patient during the course of plain ECT. We conclude that there is a possible causal relationship between ECT and cardiac arrhythmia(PVC). The mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmia(PVC) due to ECT may be explained by the effects of ECT to vagal and sympathetic nervous systems. from this case report, We suggest that careful cardiac monitoring before, during, and after ECT with appropriate anesthetic preparation to a patient may enable to minimize the cardiovascular side effects of ECT in the patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.

원자전달 라디칼 중합(ATRP)에 의해 poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 주사슬과 poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) 곁사슬로 되어있는 양쪽성 PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체를 합성하였다. PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체 고분자를 템플레이트로 사용하고 졸겔법을 적용하여, 결정성 아타네제상의 미세기공 이산화티타튬 필름을 제조하였다. $TiO_2$ 전구체인 TTIP를 친수성인 PSSA 영역과 선택적으로 작용시켜 $TiO_2$ 메조기공 필름을 성장하였으며, 이를 주사전자 현미경 (SEM)과 엑스레이회절 (XRD)분석을 통해 분석하였다. 스핀코팅 횟수와 P25 도입에 따른 염료감응 태양전지 성능을 체계적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 준고체 고분자 전해질을 이용하였을 때, 100 mW/$cm^2$ 조건에서 에너지 변환 효율이 2.7%에 이르렀다.

An amphiphilic graft copolymer comprising a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) backbone and poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) side chains (PVC-g-PSSA) was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Mesoporous titanium dioxide $(TiO_2)$ films with crystalline anatase phase were synthesized via a sol-gel process by templating PVC-g-PSSA graft copolymer. Titanium isopropoxide (TTIP), a $TiO_2$ precursor was selectively incorporated into the hydrophilic PSSA domains of the graft copolymer and grew to form mesoporous $TiO_2$ films, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The performances of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) were systematically investigated by varying spin coating times and the amounts of P25 nanoparticies. The energy conversion efficiency reached up to 2.7% at 100 mW/$cm^2$ upon using quasi-solid-state polymer electrolyte.

조기심실수축(Premature Ventricular Contractions, PVC)은 부정 맥 중 가장 빈번히 나타나는 심장질환으로 위험한 상황으로 발전할 가능성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 이의 검출은 심장질환에 대한 예방과 추후 발생여부에 대한 기초조사로서 매우 중요하다. 지금까지 PVC를 검출하는 많은 방법이 연구되어 왔으나 기존의 방법들은 잡음의 영향을 많이 받고 P파의 존재 유무에 의존적이기 때문에 검출의 정확도가 떨어지며, 처리시간이 많이 소요되기 때문에 실시간 검출에는 많은 어려움이 따른다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 본 논문에서는 리듬분석과 비트매칭을 통한 PVC검출 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 전처리 과정 후 R 파를 검출하고, RR 간격의 리듬분석과 QRS 폭간격의 비트 매칭을 통해 비트 유형을 결정하는 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 제안한 알고리즘의 R파 및 PVC 검출 성능을 평가하기 위해 MIT-BIH 부정맥 데이터베이스를 사용하였다. 성능평가 결과, R파의 sensitivity는 99.74%, positive predictivity는 99.81%, PVC의 sensitivity는 93.91%, Positive predictivity는 96.48%의 검출 결과를 나타내었다.

Premature ventricular contractions are the most common of all arrhythmias and may cause more serious situation in some patients. Therefore, the detection of this arrhythmia becomes crucial in the early diagnosis and prevention of possible life threatening cardiac diseases. Most of the algorithms detecting PVC reported in literature is not always feasible due to the presence of noise and P wave making the detection difficult, and the process being time consuming and ineffective for real time analysis. To solve this problem, a new approach for the detection of PVC is presented based rhythm analysis and beat matching in this paper. For this purpose, the ECG signals are first processed by the usual preprocessing method and R wave was detected. The algorithm that decides beat type using the rhythm analysis of RR interval and beat matching of QRS width is developed. The performance of R wave and PVC detection is evaluated by using MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The achieved scores indicate sensitivity of 99.74%, positive predictivity of 99.81% and sensitivity of 93.91%, positive predictivity of 96.48% accuracy respectively for R wave and PVC detection.

Dimethyl 1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-8-oxo-2,8-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoindole-2,3-dicarboxylate has been used as an ionophore and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether as a plasticizer in order to develop a poly(vinyl chloride)-based membrane electrode for calcium ion detection. The sensors exhibit significantly enhanced response towards calcium(II) ions over the concentration range $8.0{\times}10^{-7}\;1.0{\times}10^{-1}$ M at pH 3.0-11 with a lower detection limit of $5.0 {\times}10^{-7}$ M. The sensors display Nernstian slope of 29.5 ${\pm}$ 0.5 mV per decade for Ca(II) ions. Effects of plasticizers, lipophilic salts and various foreign common ions are tested. It has a fast response time within 10 s over the entire concentration range and can be used for at least 2 months without any divergence in potentials. The proposed electrode revealed good selectivity and response for $Ca^{2+}$ over a wide variety of other metal ions. The selectivity of the sensor is comparable with those reported for other such electrodes. The proposed sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of a Ca(II) solution, with EDTA.

New PVC plasticizer, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-1-butyrate-3-isobutyrate was synthesized via simple esterification with butyric acid and Texanol(a trademark of Eastman Chemicals), the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-3-isobutyrate and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-1-isobutyrate. The analysis of $^1H-1D,\;^{13}C-1D$ NMR and HMBC spectra identified internal-ester-transfer of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-1-isobutyrate during the reaction. 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-1-butyrate-3-isobutyrate gave better properties in PVC than 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate(TXIB, a trademark of Eastman Chemicals) such as lower viscosity, higher tensile strength and better elongation. In particular, remarkably reduced migration compared with TXIB suggested a reduced emission of VOC(volatile organic compound) from PVC.

We investigate the triboelectrostatic separation of polyvinylchloride (PVC) from mixed plastics in the laboratory scale triboelectrostatic separation system. The flow and electric fields in the precipitator are obtained from the numerical solution of finite volume method. Using these flow and electric fields, we solved the particle motion equation considering the inertia, drag, gravity and electrostatic forces acted on the particles. The particle trajectories are obtained using a Lagrangian method as a function of different important variables such as Reynolds number, Stokes number, electrostatic force, electric charge and electric field distribution, inclined angle of plane electrodes, particle rebounding, particle charge decay rate after impact on the electrode surface, etc., in order to determine the optimal design conditions. The present predicted results for the cumulative yield represent well the experimental ones.

본 연구에서는 전극전위 분석법을 사용하여 중성운반체로 dibenzo-18-crown-6(D18Cr6)와 valinomycin(Val)을 이용하여 $K^+$ 이온선택성 PVC막 전극의 막과 용액계면에서의 전극특성을 검토하였다. PVC막에서 감응물질(운반체)에 기본전해질의 혼입 (doping)여부, 감응물질의 종류와 함량, 가소제, 막두께 및 이온의 활동도변화에 따른 전극의 기울기, 선형응답범위 한계측정농도 및 방해이온에 따른 선택계수 등 전극특성을 검토하였다. 중성운반체로 D18Cr6, Val을 $K^+$ 이온으로 착체형성하여 사용하였고, 가소제로 dibutylphthalate(DBP), dioctyl sebacate(DOS) 및 dibutyl sebacate(DBS)를, 혼입제인 기본전해질로 potassium tetraphenylborate (KTPB) 및 용매로 THF를 지지체로 PVC를 이용하여 막을 제조하였다. 운반체의 최적 함량은 D18Cr6와 Val의 경우 3.23 wt %이었고, 가소제는 DBP가 가장 적절한 가소제이었다. 막두께에 대한 영향은 최적 막두께 이상에서는 막두께가 얇아질수록 전극특성이 좋아졌으나, 막두께가 이 이하로 얇아지면 운반체의 용출, 막의 강도 등이 작용하여 전극특성이 나빠짐을 알 수 있었다. D18Cr6의 경우 $K^+$ 이온에 대한 혼합용액법에 의한 선택계수 서열은 다음과 같았다: $NH_4{^+}>Ca^{2+}>Mg^{2+}>Na^+$.

Electrode characteristics were studied in the interface between sample solutions and $K^+$ ion selective PVC membrane electrodes containing neutral carriers, dibenzo-18-crown-6(D18Cr6) and valinomycin(Val). The effect of doping of base electrolytes, the chemical structure and the content of carrier, variation of plasticizer, membrane thickness, and concentration variation of sample solution on the response characteristics of electrode such as the measured Nernstian slope, the detection limit, the linear response range, and potentiometric selectivity coefficients, were studied. In order to synthesize the membrane D18Cr6 and Val as neutral carriers were used, and complex between the carrier and $K^+$ ions were used as active materials. PVC membrane electrodes were made of plasticizers (DBP, DOS, and DBS), the base electrolyte[potassium tetraphenylborate(KTPB)], and solvent(THF). The chemical structure of carrier D18Cr6 was best for electrode and ideal electrode characteristics were appeared especially in case of doping of TPB. The optimum carrier content was about 3.23 wt % in case of D18Cr6 and Val. DBP was best as a plasticizer. As membrane thickness decreased the electrode characteristics was improved. But its characteristics were lowered below the optimum membrane thickness because of the elution of carrier, deterioration of membrane strength, etc. In the case of D18Cr6, the selectivity coefficients by the mixed solution method for the $K^+$ ion were in the order of $NH_4{^+}>Ca^{2+}>Mg^{2+}>Na^+$.

Using as an alternate of insulating material for outdoor and cable, however, it has still many problems to be solved in the field of material such as resistances of environment and tracking. In this paper, Tracking property of PVC filled with aluminum hydroxide have been investigated by ASTM D 2303 method. It was found that time to track of PVC filled aluminum hydroxide was longer than that of unfilled PVC. Tensile strength and elongation of PVC were decreases increased with aluminum hydroxide contents. On the other hand, Thermegravimetry of PVC decreased. Therefore, the increase of time to tracking breakdown by antitracking additive can be explained by increased degradation temperature of polymer.

심전도 신호의 QRS 영역은 심장의 질환을 판단하는 중요한 자료로 쓰이는데, 여러 종류의 잡음으로 인해 이를 분석하는데 어려움을 준다. 또한 일반인들의 건강상태를 지속적으로 모니터링 하는 헬스케어 시스템에서는 신호의 실시간 처리가 필요하다. 그리고 생체신호의 특성상 개인 간의 차이가 있음에도 불구하고, 일반적인 ECG 신호의 판단 규칙에 따라 진단을 수행함으로써 성능하락이 나타날 수밖에 없다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 최소한의 연산량으로 QRS를 검출하고 환자의 특성에 맞게 부정맥을 분류할 수 있는 알고리즘의 설계가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 형태연산을 통한 효율적인 QRS 검출과 개인별 정상신호 분류를 위해 해쉬 함수를 적용하여 프로파일링 하였으며, 검출된 QRS 폭과 RR 간격을 이용하여 심실조기수축(PVC)을 분류하는 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 제안한 방법의 우수성을 입증하기 위해 MIT-BIH 부정맥 데이터베이스를 통해 기존 방법과 부정맥 분류 성능을 비교하였다. 성능평가 결과, R파는 평균 99.77%, 정상 신호 분류에 대한 에러율은 0.65%, PVC는 각각 93.29%로 기존 방법에 비해 약 5% 우수하게 나타났다.

QRS detection of ECG is the most popular and easy way to detect cardiac-disease. But it is difficult to analyze the ECG signal because of various noise types. Also in the healthcare system that must continuously monitor people's situation, it is necessary to process ECG signal in realtime. In other words, the design of algorithm that exactly detects QRS wave using minimal computation and classifies PVC by analyzing the persons's physical condition and/or environment is needed. Thus, efficient QRS detection and PVC classification based on profiling method is presented in this paper. For this purpose, we detected QRS through the preprocessing method using morphological filter, adaptive threshold, and window. Also, we applied profiling method to classify each patient's normal cardiac behavior through hash function. The performance of R wave detection, normal beat and PVC classification is evaluated by using MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The achieved scores indicate the average of 99.77% in R wave detection and the rate of 0.65% in normal beat classification error and 93.29% in PVC classification.

This work reports the preparation of proton conductive crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes by blending poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(hydroxyl ethyl acrylate) (PVC-g-PHEA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The PHEA chains of the graft copolymer were crosslinked with PVA using sulfosuccinic acid (SA) via the esterification reaction between -OH of polymer matrix and -COOH of SA. The PVC-g-PHEA graft copolymer was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using direct initiation of the secondary chlorines of PVC backbones. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) continuously increased with increasing concentrations of SA, due to the increasing portion of charged groups in the membrane. However, the water uptake increased up to 20.0 wt% of SA concentration above which it decreased monotonically. The membrane exhibited a maximum proton conductivity of 0.026 S/cm at 20.0 wt% of SA concentration, which is presumably due to competitive effect between the increase of ionic sites and the crosslinking reaction.