Earticle

충진제의 함량, titanate계 coupling agent의 종류, 처리량에 따른 PVC-Ni 복합재의 전기적.기계적 성질을 연구하였다. coupling agents처리에 의해 충진제의 분산상태가 양호해지고, 충진제 표면의 불순물이 대체되어 복합재의 전기저항은 감소되며 기계적 성질을 연구하였다. coupling agent처리에 의해 충진제의 분산상태가 양호해지고, 충진제 표면의 불순물이 대체되어 복합재의 전기저항은 감소되며 기계적 성질들은 향상되나 과량의 coupling agent의 처리는 이들 효과를 상쇄함을 보였다.

The effect of titanate coupling agents on the electrical and mechanical properties of conductive poly (vinyl chloride)-nickel composite was studied as functions of filler concentration, the variation of the amount of titanate coupling agents and the type of titanate coupling agents. It was found that the electrical and mechanical properties of PVC-Ni system were improved by the treatment of titanate coupling agents, but the excessive use of titanate coupling agents influenced to give worse properties.

Friction factors and equivalent sand roughness of PVC pipe fittings have been studied by experiments in the Reynolds number range of $2,000\~70,000$. PVC pipe fittings studied are straight pipes, $90^{\circ}$ elbows and tees with 15, 25, and 40mm in norminal diameter, all manufactured in Korea with KS mark approval. Equivalent relative roughness of PVC pipes obtained lies between smooth pipe and 0.002. The study shows that equivalent sand roughness of PVC pipes increasses in proportion of the square root of pipe diameter , and can be approximately abtained by multiplying 4 to the root mean square value measured by metal surface roughness tester. Loss coefficient of PVC $90^{\circ}$ elbows decreases slowly with increasing Reynolds number. Loss coeffiicent of tees is a function of ratio of flow rates and Reynolds number.

AgI 가루에 PVC를 섞어 Infrared Pellet Presser로 눌러 만든 Pellet을 이용하여 막전극을 만들고 이것을 지시전극으로 사용하여 $Ag^+$의 활동도에 대한 전위를 측정하였다. 이 막전극의 특성을 순수한 AgI pellet와 PVC로 표면을 입힌 AgI pellet을 이용한 두 막전극의 특성과 비교하였다. 이들 막전극의 은이온 활동도에 대한 감응은 은이온의 농도가 $10^{-1}$M에서 $10^{-6}$M 까지의 범위에서 좋은 직선을 보여준다. 그러나 그 중에서도 AgI가루에 PVC를 섞어서 만든 막전극이 Nernstian 기울기에 가장 잘 맞고 견고하고 장시간 사용할 수 있어 가장 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 이 전극은 은이온 이와의 다른 양이온에 대하여는 거의 감응하지 않고 할로겐화이온, 즉$I^-,CI^-,Br^-,CN^-$에 대한 감응도는 $10^{-1}$M에서 $10^{-6}$M까지 직선관계를 유지하였다. 이 전극은 단일 할로겐화이온 뿐 아니라 할로겐화이온의 혼합시료 용액의 전위차 은법적정에 지시전극으로 이용될 수 있음을 알았다.

The PVC mixed silver iodide pellet was prepared by means of the Infrared Pellet presser and the pellet was used as an indicating membrane electrode, to measure the potentials for various silver ion activities, ranging from $10^{-1}$ to $10^{-6}$ M. The potential responses to silver ion activities were linear and the slope was much close to Nernstian relation as compared with that of the pure silver iodide pellet membrane electrode and the PVC coated silver iodide pellet membrane electrode. The mechanical property and chemical durability of this electrode were found much better than the others. This electrode did not show significant response to the other except silver ion, but had good response to halide ions, i.e., iodide, chloride, bromide and cyanide ions, in the concentration range $10^{-1}$ to $10^{-6}$ M. This electrode could be used as an indicating electrode in potentiometric titrations of single halide ion and also halide mixture with standard solution of silver nitrate.

본시험사업기간(本試驗事業期間)이 $9{\sim}2$월초(月初) 사이기 때문에 시험포장(試驗圃場)을 임대(賃貸)하여 흡수관리설공사(吸水管理設工事)가 끝나자 이어 장려품질(品質)인 맥류(麥類) 2종(種) (밀 : 농림 4호 쌀보리 : 도원)을 파종하고 발아상태(發芽狀態)와 초기생육(初期生育)만 조사(調査)하고 나머지는 내년(來年) $1{\sim}6$월(月) 사이에 조사(調査)를 완료(完了)하고 이어 벼의 시험(試驗)을 하기로 한다.

Underdrainage has been studied by using PVC suction pipes in the low and wet Paddy field: Fist, three test plot and three control plots were set and drainage methods and Soil tempratures in the test plots have been examined. The experiment was conducted making use of the 'NONG-RIM No, 4'(Wheat) 'DOWON' (rice barley), a recommended variety. Test period was from September, to December, 1969. The experimental methodsand results obtained through this experimontation are as follows: 1) Ground water level in the test plot goes down by 34 cm. 2) In sprouting, control plot is earlier than test plot by three days. 3) The rate of sprouting is equal.

비뉴톤 점탄성 Maxwell 요소와 탄성 스프링으로 이루어진 3 요소 비뉴톤 모델로부터 응력완화 식을 유도하였다. 이 식을 응력완화 실험 결과에 적용하여 여러 가지 모델 파라메타를 계산하였다. 모델 파라메타로부터 계산한 이론 곡선은 실험적인 응력완화 곡선과 잘 일치하였다. 비선형 점탄성 모델 파라메타로부터 섬유고분자 물질의 홀부피, 미세구조, 점탄성성질, 역학적인 성질 등을 연구하였다. 응력완화 실험은 용매기를 부착한 인장 시험기를 사용하였으며, 시료는 두 종류의 polyacrylonitrile-polyvinylchloride 공중합체와 또 다른 두 종류의 PVC 모노 필라멘트 섬유를 여러 온도의 공기와 물속에서 응력완화 실험을 하였다.

From the three element non-Newtonian model of one non-Newtonian viscoelastic Maxwell elements and a elastic spring, the stress relaxation equation was derived. The various model parameters of this equation were evaluated by appling the experimental results of stress relaxation to the stress relaxation equation. The theoretical curves calculated from this model parameters agreed with the experimental stress relaxation curves. From the parameters of nonlinear viscoelastic model, the hole volume, fine structure, viscoelastic properties and mechanical properties of polymer fibers were studied. The experiments of stress relaxation were carried out using the tensile tester with the solvent chamber. The stress relaxation curves of the two types polyacrylonitrile-polyvinylchloride copolymer and another two types PVC monofilament fibers were obtained in air and water of various temperatures.

Polyvinylchloride(PVC) is variously used to produce food packaging, wrap film, sealing compound of drinking bottle cap. Safety of these PVC food package is controlled by Food Code, PVC regulation. This study was carried out researches on manufacture process, physical, chemical properties and monomer(CAS No., common name, molecular structure) of PVC to help the understanding of PVC material. Also, this study helps us the understanding of regulation through researches on the foundation of PVC regulation, the purpose of test and the comment of test method. It is considered that these informations of material properties and explanations of test method are very useful to PVC producers, users and analyzers of them.

2005년 이후 국내에서 생산된 벽지 중의 가소제와 중금속 함량의 실태와 변화를 파악하기 위해 2002년도에 생산된 벽지와 비교하였다. 벽지의 가소제는 KSM1991 방법에 따라 n-hexane을 용매로 속실렛 추출하여 GC/FID로 분석하였다. 중금속은 EN 71-part 3 방법에 따라 0.07 mol/L 염산으로 전처리하여 ICP/OES로 분석하였다. 가소제는 DEHP, DINP, DEP, acetyl tributyl citrate가 검출되었다. DEHP는 6개 벽지에서 0.2~11.3%로 사용되고 있었고, DINP는 6개 벽지에서 17.9~27.8%, DEP는 한 개 벽지에서 1.5%, acetyl tributyl citrate도 한 개 벽지에서 8.9%로 나타났다. 2002년 PVC 벽지와 비교하면 가소제는 위해성 논란에 있는 DEHP에서 DINP와 DEP, acetyl tributyl citrate로 바뀌고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 중금속은 방염벽지에서 안티몬이 환경마크의 기준값 이상이었던 것 외에는 모든 벽지에서 기준치 이하로 검출되었다. 이와 같이 PVC 벽지는 다양한 가소제의 사용으로 개선되고 있지만, 방염벽지와 같은 일부 기능성 벽지는 안티몬의 함량이 높은 것으로 조사되었다.

Plasticizer and heavy metals in domestic PVC wallpaper manufactured in Korea after 2005 were analyzed to identify the contained quantity in comparison with the 2002 manufactured PVC wallpapers. Plasticizer of wallpapers was analyzed by the method KSM1991 which uses soxhlet extraction with n-hexane and GC/FID. Heavy metals were pre-treated with 0.07 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) and analyzed by ICP/OES according to the EN 71-part 3 method. DEHP, DINP, DEP, acetyl tributyl citrate were identified from wallpaper. Contents of DEHP, DINP were 0.2~11.3%, 17.9~27.8% respectively in 6 wallpapers, DEP and acetyl tributyl citrate were 1.5%, 8.9% respectively in one wallpaper. Plasticizers have changed from DEHP that has possibility of hazards to DINP, DEP and acetyl tributyl citrate as compared with 2002. Heavy metals were detected under guide line from all of the wallpapers except fire-retardant wallpaper contain antimony. While PVC wallpaper was improved by use of various plasticizer, functional wallpapers such as fire-resistant wallpaper contain high antimony in this study.

Phenomenon, such as hardening, cracking or breaking etc.. of PVC tape for wiring harness by aging were detected on driven automobile in field. Hardening or cracking of PVC tape were confirmed decline of elongation by surrounding stress. The accelerated heat aging test was carried out applying temperature most important factor of aging, and then deduced an equation of useful life using arrhenius model. Prediction method of useful life of PVC tape was developed using miner rule calculating damage value by thermal energy classified temperature by matching deduced equation of useful life and measured temperature value on driven automobile in field.

DEHP는 PVC의 유연성 등을 향상시키기 위해 첨가되는 가소제로서 우리나라에서는 식품용 PVC제조시 사용을 금지하고 있으나 주변 환경으로부터 쉽게 오염될 수 있고 동일한 설비로 여러 용도의 PVC를 생산할 경우 혼입될 우려가 있어 안전성 확보가 요구되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 유통 제품에 대한 모니터링을 위하여 2000년부터 2004년까지(2003년 제외)경기도내에서 유통되고 있는 PVC 식품포장제를 대상으로 재질에 함유된 DEHP함량을 분석하였다. 2000년에는 총 47건 중 30건($63.8\%$)에서 $5.5\∼80.6\;g/kg$의 DEHP가 검출되어 유통 제품 대부분이 DEHP를 사용하고 있었으며 검출된 제품은 대부분 한과류 용기로 나타났다. 2001년의 경우 DEHP검출 제품은 143건 중 56건($39.2\%$)으로 $1.3\∼82.8$ G/kg의 함량범위를 보였고 2000년과 마찬가지로 대부분 한과류 용기에서 DEHP가 검출 되었다. 2002년에는 88건 중 8건($9.1\%$)에서 $1.3\∼51.5$ G/kg의 범위로 DEHP가 검출되었고, 2004년에는 89건 중 1건 ($1.1\%$)에서 30.5 g/kg의 DEHP가 검출되었다. DEHP 검출을은 2000년 $63.8\%$, 2001년 $39.2\%$, 2002년 $9.1\%$, 2004년 $1.1\%$로 매년 급격하게 감소하였다. 이는 유통 PVC식품포장재에 대한 지속적인 수거$\cdot$검사와 제조업체에 대한 관리로 DEHP사용이 크게 개선되었기 때문인 것으로 사료된다.

Three hundred sixty-eight samples of domestic PVC food packaging were analyzed fir DEHP(di-(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate) used in plasticizer by GC/FID and GC/MSD. The number of samples collected were 47(2000), 143(2001), 88(2002) and 89(2004) from local markets in Gyeonggi-Do. In $2000\∼2001$, DEHP was highly detected in 86 out of 190 samples and the level of DEHP were ranged from 1.3 g/kg to 82.8 g/kg. In 2002, meanwhile, DEHP was detected in 8 out ot 88 samples and the level of DEHP were shown to from 1.3 g/kg to 51.5 g/kg. In 2004, DEHP was detected in only one out of 89 samples and the amount was 30.5 g/kg. As a result of this study, it was made clear that the detection rates of DEHP in PVC food packaging were rapidly decrease every year.

PVC를 열분해시켰을 때에 방출되는 염화수소와 전기로 제강공정에서 발생하는 분진을 반응시켜 PVC의 염소와 분진에 함유되어있는 유가금속을 염화물로 회수하기 위해 국내 I 사와 P 사의 전기로 제강공정에서 분진을 채취하여 물성을 조사하고, 순수한 PVC 분말과 분진을 혼합하여 펠릿을 제조한 후에 이를 $300^{\circ}C$에서 가열하여 생성되는 염화물과 펠릿의 상태를 조사하였다. 분진의 주 구성 광물은 zincite와 franklinite였으며, I dust와 P dust에 함유되어있는 아연중에서 각각 약 50%와 48%가 zincite로 존재하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 펠릿은 30$0^{\circ}C$에서 15분 이상의 가열로 PVC 분말의 모든 염소가 방출되었으며, 방출된 염화수소는 20%의 PVC 혼합량까지는 거의 전량이 분진과 반응하여 염화물을 형성하였다. 염화수소와의 반응은 zincite의 반응속도가 franklinite보다 빨라서 먼저 반응하고 이후의 남은 염화수소가 franklinite와 반응하므로 염화철(III)이 생성되지 않기 위한 PVC의 혼합량은 zincite의 양에 좌우된다.

PVC(polyvinyl chloride) powder were mixed with EAF(Electric Arc Furnace) dust and made as pellets. In order to recover the hydrochloride emitted from pyrolysis of PVC and the valuable metals in dust through making chlorides, pellets were roasted at $300 ^{\circ}C$ and investigated about the generation of chlorides. Two dust samples were collected at I steel making Co. and P Co. (called I dust and P dust respectively), which were mainly composed of zincite and franklinite. It was confirmed that about 50% of Zn in I dust and 48% of Zn in P dust compose zincite. The emission of HCl gas was completed in 15 min at 30$0^{\circ}C$ and the HCl mostly reacted with dust and made chlorides under 20% PVC mixed ratio. Because the reaction of HCl with zincite was faster than with franklinit, when generation and volatilization of ferric chloride is not allowed, the equivalent PVC powder mixed ratio in pellet depended on the amount of zincite in dust.

This present paper mainly contains adhesion part disconnection type exposure composition waterproof method using embossing PVC sheet. The existing polymer resin coating and sheet waterproofing construction method have, however, some weak point such as being decrease life cycle of concrete with water leaking from materials be affected by crack and movement dash bond concrete through the whole-adhere construction. Above the reason, this paper has particular method increasing crack-defending performance from stress occurred concrete movement by part disconnection, adds maintain waterproofing performance subordinate sheet, that can be contributed a convenience of maintenance which is decreasing industrial waste and repair construction cycle through the part repair in case of leaking water.

돼지고기와 쇠고기를 다양한 조건으로 PVC 랩 필름으로 포장하고 저장하였을 때 시료로 이행된 DEHA 가소제의 양을 조사하였다. 돼지고기 등심과 등지방을 조합하여 지방 함량을 5.9, 13.9와 29.6%로 각각 만들어 랩 포장하고 5$^{\circ}C$에서 2일간 저장한 결과 지방함량이 높을수록 이행량은 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 돼지고기를 -2, 5와 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 각각 저장하였을 때 저장 기간이 연장되고 저장 온도가 상승할수록 이행량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 랩 포장된 돼지고기와 쇠고기 시료육에서 필름과 접촉된 표면으로부터 멀어질수록 이행량은 낮게 나타났으며 2 cm 이상의 깊이에서는 DEHA가 검출되지 않았다. 돼지고기 삼겹살을 랩 포장 후 5$^{\circ}C$에서 3일간 저장하였을 때 한 겹보다는 두 겹으로 포장 시 이행량이 높게 나타났다. 한편 2일 후 분쇄한 다음 새로 랩 포장하여 하루 더 저장하였던 시료에서는 앞의 두 시료들에서보다 이행량이 더 낮게 나타났다. 국내에는 DEHA 이행량에 대한 기준이 없지만 유럽연합의 기준치인 3 mg/d$m^2$ 또는 18 mg/kg에 근거하면 조사된 대부분의 시료들에서 이 기준치를 초과한 것으로 나타났다.

The effect of fat content, thickness, and storage temperature and period of fresh meat samples on the migration of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA) from plasticized PVC film was investigated. Pork samples were prepared to have different fat contents by mixing with pork loin and pork backfat and stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 2 d. The migration values of DEHA into the pork samples were increased with a high fat content. There was a gradual increase in the DEHA concentration as a function of prolonged exposure period and elevated storage temperature when the pork samples were stored at -2, 5 and l0$^{\circ}C$ for up to 7 d, respectively. The migration of DEHA into fresh pork and beef was limited only to a small depth under the meat surface($\leq$2 cm). The migration value was higher when the pork belly was wrapped double with plasticized PVC film compared to once after storage at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 3 d. However, when the samples was minced and repacked with new film after 2 d, and kept for a further 1 d, these showed lower migration value compared to the above two intact samples. Migration values exceeded in most cases the upper limit for DEHA migration proposed by the EU(18 mg/kg or 3 mg/d㎡), even though no limitation is currently set in Korea.