Earticle

This study aims to discuss the image making of K-pop girl groups to provide an outlook on the necessary fashion components in order to express certain concepts by analyzing the fashion styles. The fashion styles of the representative girl groups from 2007 to 2011 were classified into five types: retro style, schoolgirl style, chic style, sporty style and marine style. The following are the features and elements of image making by style. The retro style pursued going back to the past. It used stripes, dots, leopard patterns, spangles and denim. It reproduced the style of the past to the trendy style using big sunglasses, retro makeup, girlish hair and gold wigs. The schoolgirl style created the sexy or cute image by using school uniforms as the motif including shirts, short pants and knee socks. It included having natural makeup and straight hair and differentiated colors, patterns and designs. The chic style was classified into rock chic look and sexy look. Both looks had common elements including smoky pop active makeup while the fashion concepts and hair styles were different. The sporty style took the concept of cheer girls. It used plaid shirts, baseball jackets, short pants, thigh high boots, vivid hair accessories, romantic makeup and straight, wave hair. The marine style took the naval uniform as the motif. It expressed the image using short pants, stripe patterns, wappens, naval caps and smoky sexy makeup, straight hair. K-pop girl group fashion is the driving force for the growth of Korean fashion industry as well as its cultural trends and hope that it have a growing influence on the global market and trend through continuing research and support.

본 연구에서는 전 세계적으로 주목받고 있는 K-POP 한류의 성공요인을 분석하였다. K-POP은 한류의 대중문화가 아시아를 넘어 세계적인 주목을 받고 있음을 보여주며 새로운 킬러 콘텐츠로서 급부상하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 K-POP의 글로벌 확산의 성공요인을 분석하고 특히, 소셜 미디어를 비롯해서 스마트 미디어 환경의 변화가 대중문화예술의 글로벌화에 미치는 영향력을 탐색하고 관련 요구조건을 분석하였다. 또한, 국내외 실감콘텐츠 관련 제작사례를 탐구하고 다양한 콘텐츠의 재매개를 통해 K-POP한류의 확산가능성을 분석 하였다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 한류의 지속화 방안을 위하여 K-POP한류 확산을 위한 잠재적인 시장분석을 수행하고 스마트 미디어 기반 실감 콘텐츠의 생산자, 플랫폼사업자, 네트워크 사업자, 가전사 등 효율적인 생태계 구축과 비즈니스 모델 개발을 통해 지속가능한 K-POP한류의 가능성을 제시하였다.

K-POP has become a part of killer contents attracting worldwide attention beyond Asia. The purpose of this study aims to identify some critical factors for recent success of K-POP. In order to do that, the influence of the change in media on the globalization of popular culture was explored and its required conditions were analyzed. And the international and domestic contents production cases were investigated and the possibility of expansion of Korean Wave through reproduction of diverse contents was discussed. The potential markets for further development of Korean Wave were also analyzed and gave some suggestions for building new businesses model and effective infrastructure of among producer of contents, platform subscriber, network provider, terminal enterprise and retailers.

With the growing popularity of Hallyu around the world, one would expect the growing attention of journalists to K-pop news. It would seem, however, that mainstream media often fails to meet the needs of K-pop fans, leaving them to seek information elsewhere. Taking off from the Users and Gratification theory of Blumler and Katz, this study sought to identify and understand the kind of information K-pop fans from the Philippines seek as well as identify their choice of information sources. The researchers surveyed over 200 Philippine K-pop fans and found that fans preferred to access independent internet sources due to its accessibility, timeliness, and completeness of information, highlighting the gap left by mainstream media. Also, the use of clickbait was deemed more of a deterrent in the fans’ motivation to rely on mainstream media because it eroded their trust in the medium. The study also noted that online sources did not provide all the information they sought as well, necessitating fans to do their own ‘research’ of internet sources.

K-Pop is hugely promoted offline/online in East Asia, while efforts to promote it elsewhere are kept to a minimum. Whilst addressing the role of digital marketing in the promotion of K-Pop in the Brazilian music industry this study aims to demonstrate that K-pop will provide its audience with a unique and engaging experience if it thinks globally and acts locally in its marketing and communication strategies. A survey of K-Pop’s world fan base was carried out online with 1,074 fans to determine the validity of the hypothesis. The results have demonstrated the need to adapt global and intercultural strategies to local markets with increasing brand awareness through utilizing digital marketing. For example, to increase K-Pop’s popularity and market share in Brazil, it is not required to sing in Brazilian Portuguese, contrary to what might be perceived but fully singing in English would help breaking into the market dominated by domestic music as songs would have a higher probability to be included in the international soundtrack of a Brazilian telenovela and promote the K-Pop artist not only across Brazil but also give the artist exposure in all the markets the Brazilian telenovela is exported to, opening an entry door to those markets. K-Pop audience segmentation and psychographic profiling is crucial to the understanding of each market’s consumer’s preferences, likes, dislikes and their buying habits as it was proven through Brazil’s digital media, social media, digital music market and K-Pop market analysis within the global context of the study. It should be also considered that brand extensions are not standard everywhere and that there are cultures where different product categories are not directly associated with its main corporate owner which requires extensive local market knowledge to succeed. The primary and secondary data research that we conducted for this study intended to demonstrate that K-Pop can be successful in Brazil and in Latin America and increase their local and regional market share if digital marketing and communication strategies are tailored to each individual market.

현시대는 음반 중심이 아닌 음원을 기본으로 한 모바일 및 온라인 중심의 디지털 음악 산업과 음악공연산업이 매니지먼트 산업과 연계되어 집중되고 있다. 온라인 음악시장의 등장으로 인해 2000년대 초 온라인 음악 스트리밍 서비스가 개제 되면서 디지털 시장이 확대되었고 이는 1차는 드라마의 아시아 진입을 통해, 2차 K-POP 주류의 시대가 되었다. 대중음악의 산업 속에 실용음악교육 또한 함께 발전하고 있으나 연예인 양성과 상품의 판매로 수익을 목적으로 한 대중음악산업과 뮤지션을 육성하기 위한 대학의 실용음악 교육의 실질적인 교육방향의 개선이 필요한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 K-POP 주류의 한국 대중음악산업의 변화된 과정을 통해 현 실용음악교육의 개선할 방향에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 그 배경을 살펴본 결과 K-POP의 운영 및 사업화 전략의 변화가 두드려졌고, K-POP 아티스트에 대한 사회적인 인식이 변화하였으며, K-POP과 SNS의 결합에 의한 대중음악시장의 유통망의 변화가 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 K-POP 주류의 한국 대중음악 산업과 대학의 실용음악교육이 함께 성장하기 위해서는 첫째, 진로방향에 따른 커리큘럼 개발, 둘째, 산학 프로그램의 활성화, 셋째, 실무경력 중심의 전문 강사의 채용의 세 가지 방안을 제시하였다.

Currently, there has been more emphasis on the mobile and online digital music and performance industry with a strong connection with music management industry based on the sound source rather than on the sound disc. With the emergence of the online music market, online music streaming services started in early 2000, which resulted in the expansion of the digital music market. This market was dominated by TV Drama in the first generation, followed by the next generation of Korean wave of the K-POP throughout the Asian market. Even though the practical music education is now under development in the pop music industry, it is necessary to improve the practical music education in the pop music industry which focuses on the training of entertainer and the sale of the goods, as well as developing the college education that gears toward the goals of training musicians. Therefore, in this study, the researcher examined Korean pop music industry and explored how to improve the practical music education. Findings of the study indicate that there were significant changes in the development of K-POP, its business strategies, and in the social recognition of K-Pop artists as well as the change in the distribution network of pop music due to the combination of K-POP and SNS. This study makes suggestions for the growth of the practical music education in the college as follows: First, the development of music educational curriculum for the two different careers; second, the promotion of the industrial-educational collaboration; third, the employment of lecturers with professional experiences in colleges.

본 논문은 王陽明의 ‘良知’ 개념에 대한 현대적 접근을 K-Pop의 ‘感興’을 중심으로 논의하였다. 필자는 도덕적 실천으로서의 良知가 아니라 행위의 발아지점으로서 ‘良知’가 실현되는 과정을 중심으로 ‘感興’과의 연관성을 모색하였다. ‘良知’와 ‘感興’은 항상 인간의 몸을 통해 구체적인 상황과 함께 현실의 시공간을 점유하고 있다. 즉 이 두 개념은 인간이 현재 살고 있는 그때그때 상황에 따라 현실에 드러나는 것이다. 따라서 ‘良知’와 ‘感興’은 주체와 세계가 맺는 관계성을 중요시한다. 필자는 이와 같은 점을 싸이(PSY)의 콘서트라는 특정한 상황에서 조명해보았다. ‘良知’가 실현되었을 때의 즐거움에서 수반되는 행동과 콘서트에서의 즐거움이 춤과 노래의 ‘感興’으로 이어지는 양상을 비교해 보았다. 또한 지금 여기라는 시공간에서 주체는 신체를 통해 세계와 감응하여 소통한다. 이러한 측면은 콘서트 장에서 가수와 감상자들의 ‘感興’이 너와 나의 구분을 넘어서 우리라는 하나의 전체(全體)임을 온몸으로 느끼는 데에 있었다.

본 연구는 산업적인 관점에서 K-POP의 뮤직비디오와 PPL과의 연계 가능성과 관련하여 국, 내외 뮤직비디오를 대상으로 PPL을 비교, 검토하여 K-POP 에서의 성공적인 PPL 전략을 수립하고자 한다. 이를 위한 연구방법으로 K-POP과 해외 뮤직비디오(영미권)에서 나타난 PPL의 사례를 내용분석하고 이들의 성공 요인을 도출 하였다. 또한 본 연구는 PPL 노출횟수 및 노출시간, PPL 배치유형, PPL 제품군 유형, 그리고 광고주 등의 내용 분석을 통하여 K-POP과 해외 뮤직비디오 PPL 전략을 분석하였다. 연구결과 K-POP 뮤직비디오에서는 패션 뿐 만 아니라 PPL 제품군을 다양화할 필요가 있다. 또한 노출횟수 보다는 노출시간에 초점을 맞춘 해외 뮤직비디오의 PPL 전략을 활용하는 것이 필요하다. 아울러 K-POP 뮤직비디오에서는 보다 과감한 PPL 배치 노출전략 세우는 것이 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 향후 K-POP에서의 성공적인 PPL 전략에 필요한 이론적, 정책적 시사점을 제공하는데 그 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다.

This study compares and reviews PPL in domestic and foreign music videos with reference to possibility of connecting K-POP music videos and PPL in industrial perspective and establishes a successful PPL strategy for K-POP. For this, their success factors are drawn through content analysis method for PPL examples in K-POP and foreign(British-American) music videos. The study analyzes PPL strategies in K-POP and foreign music videos by content analysis of PPL exposure frequency and time, PPL placement type, PPL products group type, advertisers, etc. According to the study, PPL product lines as well as fashions need to be diversified in K-POP music videos. The study also shows that it needs to apply the PPL strategy used in foreign music videos which are focused on exposure time rather than exposure frequency. In addition, it turned out to be important to establish more bold PPL placement exposure strategy in K-POP music videos. Therefore, the study is to offer theoretical and political implications required for successful PPL strategy in K-POP in the future.

As a typical subculture, Goth exercises influence on our culture in broad areas. Features of Gothic style, such as dark aesthetics, images of death and fear, and erotic horrification, emerged as attractive themes to contemporary fashion designs. Based on the dark attraction of black color, Goth fashion creates mysterious and fantastic atmosphere as well as grotesque and horrifying mood. 'Hallyu' or Korean wave is a term to describe the phenomenon of fervently loving Korean popular culture. As the fast spreading Hallyu is strongly engraved through the visually conspicuous fashion, we can say that fashion plays important role in diffusing Hallyu. In addition, a number of analyses and researches on the Hallyu, including K-pop, have been conducted, while concentrating keen interest in fashion of Hallyu K-pop stars. Accordingly, this study is designed to examine relations between fashion of K-pop stars and Goth fashion after analyzing features of Hallyu and K-pop and contemplating Goth fashion. Namely, this study will analyze various Goth images shown in K-pop fashion, which is the core of Hallyu, and identify aesthetic features of Goth shown in the fashion of K-pop stars. An investigation and analysis of the Goth images shown in the fashion of K-pop stars identifies the following features : a black aesthetic, eroticism, defiance, reversal of gender identity, and mystery.

In the field of leisure and tourism research in the twenty-first century, a new phenomenon known as "special interest tourism" emerged, primarily among tourists who travel to see their favorite celebrities. This study aims to examine international K-pop fans’ involvement in fandom, attachment to celebrity, commitment to celebrity and its final effect on loyalty towards fandom using salient fan identity as a mediator to examine the relationship among these factors. This study employed a theoretical background derived from Tajfel’s (1981) social identity theory. The empirical results of this study showed positive relationships between fandom involvement, psychological attachment to celebrity, commitment to celebrity, identity salience and loyalty towards celebrity. This study presents the importance of salient identity on fans’ lives and their decision to choose Korea as a travel destination where they can participate in fandom activities of their favorite K-pop celebrities. This study will provide valuable contributions to the tourism literature and to industry practitioners who need to create effective marketing tools and develop Korean tourism with K-pop.

This paper attempts to engage in the body of Hallyu research through a sociolinguistic lens. As a case of analysis, it explores the ways in which the Korean Wave shapes the process of relationship building between South Korean and other ethnic students during their overseas stay. Drawing data from an ethnographic fieldwork of international language learners studying English abroad, the paper reports that, with the global popularity of Hallyu, K-pop serves as an interactional resource in intercultural communication. In particular, Korean students find that it helps them to build friendships with Latin American students, whom they perceive as culturally distinctive interlocutors. The following analysis of interactions between one Brazilian and two Korean male students in a leisurely activity shows that the Korean students are positioned as authentic bearers of K-pop culture in social interactions. In addition, the international students share evaluations of K-pop stars and songs, and stage performances of singing and dancing together, thus leading to jocular and light-hearted atmospheres. However, it suggests that as their K-pop talks involve gendered images and representations of female idol stars, their interactions lead to reproducing “sexy” and “cute” images of K-pop femininity.

The global music industry has typically been theorized as a recording industry which embraces and controls the creativity of artists while simultaneously seeking to influence the tastes of consumers in order to generate profits. This article critiques conventional accounts by exploring modes of exchange within the Korean music industry. It discusses censorship, control, and policing as the industry emerged in the early 20th century, how it reacted to changing government and media pressures in post-liberation Korea and, with the coming of satellite and cable television, how visual imaging became as important as audio soundtracks. The article shows how the recent rise of transregional entertainment companies has allowed the Korean music industry to leap-frog international “majors,” so that in today’s neo-liberal environment, the music industry’s profits accrue from everything except direct sales of its primary products ? recordings.

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 K-Pop과 일본의 J-Ani를 평가한 중국소비자가 해당 국가의 방문의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 검증하고자 하였으며, 동아시아의 문화적 측면에서 교차효과가 있는지를 알아보는 것이다. 실증분석을 위하여 한국, 일본의 K-Pop과 J-Ani에 대한 문화콘텐츠를 대상으로 중국 소비자를 대상으로 설문지를 배포 및 수집하였으며, AMOS를 이용해 검정하였다. 이러한 중국소비자를 대상으로 본 연구의 연구가설 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소비시스템접근 측면에서 교차(crossover) 효과는 나타나지 않는 것으로 확인하였다. 둘째, 중국소비자가 인식하는 K-Pop과 J-Ani의 상관관계는 강한 양의 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 셋째, 한국의 K-Pop과 일본의 J-Ani의 문화제품에 대한 평가가 문화제품 만족을 거쳐 방문의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 한국과 일본은 중국소비자 또는 국제소비자를 대상으로 K-Pop과 J-Ani의 문화제품의 질을 극대화하여 한국과 일본의 방문할 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다.

This study suggests the direction of policy making which contributes the visiting intention improvement of satisfaction by evaluation of cultural product between K-Pop and J-Ani. This study of research model are typically estimated within the framework of AMOS and related methods such as EQS and LISREL. The results show that statistically positive relationship among a evaluation of cultural product, a satisfaction and the visiting intention. This study reveals that Korea and Japan need to investigate the improvement of the K-Pop and J-ani. Finally, Korea and Japan should strive attract foreigner.

K-Pop hat auf der ganzen Welt unzahlige Fans gefunden und obwohl Musik schon immer ein fester Bestandteil des Fremdsprachenunterrichts war, war K-Pop als Lehrmaterial in der DaF-Szene bis heute kaum im Einsatz. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich einem Didaktisierungsvorschlag, Lernende koreanische Pop-Songs ins Deutsche ubersetzen und dabei verschiedene Ubersetzungsstrategien und ?kriterien bezuglich Musik-Ubersetzung anwenden zu lassen. Durch die Einfuhrung dieses Ubersetzungsprojekts in Kursen wie Deutsche Linguistik oder Deutsche Syntax, die auf die Ubermittlung von Theorien fokussiert sind, sind Lernende in der Lage, Theorie und Praxis zu verbinden und aktiv am Lernprozess teilzunehmen. Die von den Lernenden selbst ausgewahlten koreanischen Songtexte sollen zur Teilnahme am Unterricht anregen. Anhand des Projekts sollen nicht nur die ubersetzerischen Fahigkeiten auf der Sprachebene gefordert werden, sondern Lernende sollten auch auf textspezifisches Ubersetzen aufmerksam gemacht werden.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of K-POP cover dance on violence related psychological factors, blood hormones, and neurotransmitters in adolescents. Participants in this study were 30 males and females taken blood sample and surveyed. All participants were performed K-POP cover dance (50~75%MHR, 80 min/day, 3days/week) during 8 weeks. School stress, assumed stress, interpersonal stress, ego stress were composed the stress factors. Body and verbal aggression, propriety, anger were composed aggression factors. School stress, assumed stress, interpersonal stress, ego stress were decreased significantly on K-POP cover dance. Also, body and verbal aggression, propriety, doubt, anger were decreased significantly on K-POP cover dance. Cortisol, melatonin, beta-endorphin, serotonin, dopamin were composed violence related blood factors. Cortisol were decreased significantly, but melatonin and dopamin were no significantly on K-POP cover dance. It is concluded that K-POP cover dance caused positive effects on violence and stress, stress related blood hormones.

This study aimed to explore the fashion design and style features, and differences in BLACKPINK, TWICE, and Red Velvet girl groups. A total of 469 fashion photos (132 BLACKPINK, 217 TWICE, 120 Red Velvet) focusing on 23 title songs (7 BLACKPINK, 9 TWICE, 7 Red Velvet) were collected. Photo classification work was carried out in accordance with the design analysis criteria and the results were derived by combining statistical analysis and content analysis. BLACKPINK's fashion design characteristics showed a lot of complex colors, shade tone, pure tone, contrast color coordination, stylistic pattern, slit, patchwork, checklist method, sexy and avant-garde images. TWICE's fashion design characteristics included warm color, complex color, tint tone, monotone, contrast color coordination, tone-on-tone, geometric & stylistic patterns, cotton, silk, a combination of the same material, frill, beads, ribbon decoration, blouse, skirt, and many romantic and ethnic images. Red Velvet's fashion design characteristics were a cold color, moderate tone, monotone, cotton, velvet, geometric pattern, zipper, sequins, T-shirt, pants, tie, belt, and many retro and active images. The fashion styles of BLACKPINK, TWICE, and Red Velvet were as follows. BLACKPINK was divided into sexy avant-garde, sexy active, sexy romantic styles. TWICE was divided into romantic active, romantic classical, and romantic ethnic styles. Red Velvet was divided into retro active, retro sexy, and retro avant-garde styles.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide data on gait characteristics of K-pop professional dancers. Method: Participants were divided into four groups: male dancers (n=10, age: $28.2{\pm}3.4years$, height: $175{\pm}6cm$, weight: $68.9{\pm}5.6kg$), female dancers (n=10, age: $26.7{\pm}3.1years$, height: $162{\pm}4cm$, weight: $52.1{\pm}3.7kg$), non-dancer males (n=10, age: $25.2{\pm}2.6years$, height: $171{\pm}6cm$, weight: $66.4{\pm}5.3kg$), or non-dancer females (n=10, age: $26.2{\pm}3.0years$, height: $161{\pm}5cm$, weight: $56.4{\pm}6.7kg$). Twelve infrared cameras (Qualisys, Oqus 500, Sweden, 150 Hz.) were used to capture three-dimensional motion data. Gait motion data of professional dancers and ordinary persons were obtained. Results: K-pop dancers' dynamic stability during the female toe off event and the male heel contact event was better compared with that of ordinary persons in the front-rear direction. In addition, the results showed a significant difference in the margin of stability (MoS). However, the medial-lateral direction of both female and male dancers during heel contact and the toe off event was more stable compared with ordinary person, who exhibited an increased MoS than did the dancers. Conclusion: This study aimed to investigate the gait characteristics of K-pop professional dancers in comparison with ordinary persons using gait parameters and MoS. The stability of K-pop professional dancers' dynamic gait in the front-rear direction was better than that in the medial-lateral direction. Therefore, further studies in which the dance movements of K-pop dancers are sub-divided and analyzed will be necessary to reduce related injury.

This study examines the impact of metaverse-based brand experiences on brand loyalty and consumer behavior among K-POP fans. The metaverse is not just a digital space but an interactive and immersive environment where consumers engage with brands in novel ways. The K-POP industry has actively leveraged virtual environments to enhance fan engagement and deepen brand interactions. The purpose of this study is to analyze how K-POP fans' brand experiences in the metaverse influence their emotional responses, revisit intentions, and brand loyalty. To achieve this, the study employs sentiment analysis and content analysis, systematically assessing consumer feedback collected from AI-generated metaverse environments that simulate brand interactions. Sentiment analysis categorizes responses into positive, neutral, and negative sentiments, while content analysis identifies dominant themes shaping consumer-brand interactions. The results reveal that metaverse-based brand experiences generate predominantly positive emotional responses, reinforcing brand loyalty. Fans perceive these experiences as immersive and enjoyable, contributing to increased recommendation intentions and revisit behaviors. Emotional engagement, social interaction, and content immersiveness emerge as key drivers of consumer behavior in the metaverse. These findings suggest that brands should develop interactive, socially engaging metaverse experiences to enhance consumer loyalty. As virtual environments increasingly influence brand perception, companies should incorporate AI-driven brand interactions and gamified brand experiences to optimize engagement. This study contributes to academic and industry discussions by providing empirical insights into metaverse branding. Future research should explore how these brand experiences affect consumer behavior across different industries and demographics, further assessing their long-term impact on purchasing behavior and sustained brand loyalty.

A now dominant frame with which to view K-Pop is ‘cultural hybridity’. Its explanatory appeal is clear. By describing K-pop’s heavy borrowing of American hip-hop, rap and EDM in terms such as glocalization, cultural reconfiguration and third space transnationalism, it is relieved of the anxiety of provenance. Hybridity theory recontextualizes the ‘local’ into a migratory landscape in which it does not seem to matter whether something is culturally authentic or not since everything is influenced by something else, and borrowing has been a tradition as long as there has been human history. Yet almost as many have called out the hybridity of Western ‘form’ and Korean ‘content’ as a euphemism for cultural hegemony of Western pop. On this view, Korean features in K-pop are but a veneer of local packaging, devoid of any meaningful cultural substance. This paper attempt to move beyond this binary and puts forth an alternative case by situating the language of K-pop in Korean cultural history, tracing back K-pop’s interlingual conviviality back to sixth century hyangga songs.

Korean pop has been growing in presence in the global entertainment sector, serving as a distinc- tive element of Korean culture and its soft power. Bearing this in mind, this study analyzes the inter- connections between the credibility of K-pop idols and foreigners’ attitudes, desires, and purchase intentions toward Korean food. This study develops foreigners’ behavior to enhance our understanding of the effect of foreigners’ purchase intentions toward K-food, by utilizing the source credibility model. We obtain these causal relationships by analyzing the effect that the credibility of K-pop idols has on K-food purchase intentions. The data comprising 249 questionnaires were obtained through an online survey company target- ing Americans who are interested in K-pop idols. The results show that the credibility of K-pop idols was found to have a positive effect on Americans’ attitudes toward K-food, attitudes were found to have a pos- itive impact on their desire for K-food, and ultimately their desires had a positive effect on K-food purchase intentions. However, the attitude of Americans did not directly affect the intention of purchasing K-food. Based on these findings, various academic and practical implications were derived regarding the globalization and sustainable growth of K-food.