년 - 년
디지털 미디어 환경의 콘텐츠 산업 진흥기금: 상상콘텐츠기금과 프랑스'문화세'를 중심으로
[Kisti 연계] 한국콘텐츠학회 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.14 No.2 2014 pp.146-160
...industry in digital media environment with regard to the new content fund which Korean government has tried to establish since 2013. The study focuses on value transfer toward the digital content distributors as stressed by the French government introducing Culture tax on smart device. As the concentration of added-value poses a problem hampering the co-evolvement of total ecosystem, the goal of new content fund should focus on financing and digitalization of content, which should be financially contributed by content service providers and smart device manufacturers.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
본 연구는 2013년부터 정부가 추진하고 있는 상상콘텐츠기금 논의의 문제를 확인하고, 디지털 환경에서의 콘텐츠 진흥기금 목적 및 부담 주체를 제시하고자 설계되었다. 본 연구는 프랑스의 새로운 콘텐츠 기금도입 정책과, 부가가치가 콘텐츠 유통 사업자들에게 집중되는 디지털 콘텐츠 생태계의 불균형 문제에 주목하였다. 공존과 균형을 통한 공진화는 생태계의 발전의 필수 요소인 바, 새로운 콘텐츠 기금의 목적은 '콘텐츠 생산 재원조달 활성화와 콘텐츠 산업의 디지털화'에 초점을 맞추어야 하며, 기금 재원은 콘텐츠 유통을 통해 부가가치를 창출하는 디지털 콘텐츠 서비스 사업자 및 스마트 기기 사업자의 역할 분담을 통해 조성되는 것이 바람직하다.
The purpose of this study is to suggest the goal and potential contributors of public fund for content industry in digital media environment with regard to the new content fund which Korean government has tried to establish since 2013. The study focuses on value transfer toward the digital content distributors as stressed by the French government introducing Culture tax on smart device. As the concentration of added-value poses a problem hampering the co-evolvement of total ecosystem, the goal of new content fund should focus on financing and digitalization of content, which should be financially contributed by content service providers and smart device manufacturers.
제4차 산업혁명 시대 놀이문화를 위하여 ― 한⋅중 게임산업을 중심으로
[NRF 연계] 중국어문논역학회 중국어문논역총간 Vol.41 2017.07 pp.217-239
...industry, which had been led by Korea. However, it is not the aim of this paper to compare the gaming industries and related policies of Korea and China and determine which industry has a superior position. What is important is that the “Nori” culture of the public is going through a complete transformation. The Gaming is a part of virtual reality that happens in cyber space and it is one of the most cost-effective form of entertainment that can be enjoyed any time, in any place. In the Korean society where the “life with an evening” appears as an alluring slogan, the existence of the gaming industry and gamers demonstrates the necessity of a new game culture. Certainly, we should prepare for the fourth industrial revolution in various aspects: creating jobs, providing education for job seekers and the unemployed, and considering a basic income program to prevent the worst case. However, first and foremost, it is imperative that the benefits of technological advances improve the quality of human life. In a country, where suicide rate remains highest among OECD countries for 11 consecutive years, growth, development, and the efficiency of work are probably no longer the most urgent priorities. Korea should begin its own fourth industrial revolution by reviewing the most fundamental human rights.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
본고에서는 한국과 중국 게임산업 현황 분석을 통해 ‘성장’과 ‘발전’ 프레임이 지닌 문제점 및 한계를 진단함으로써 제4차 산업혁명 시대 놀이문화의 나아갈 길을 모색하고자 한다. 2013년, 한국에서는 게임을 마약, 알코올, 도박과 함께 ‘4대 악’으로 규정하고 법적 규제를 강화한 반면, 중국은 게임을 주요 문화콘텐츠로 분류하고 특별 전담기구 및 게임산업단지를 설치하는 등 적극 지원해왔다. 그 결과 한국이 주도해온 양국 게임산업의 위상은 180도 뒤바뀌었다. 한⋅중 게임산업 관련 정책을 비교하고 그 우열관계를 가림이 본고의 목적은 아니다. 주목할 것은 이 시대 놀이문화가 확연하게 달라지고 있다는 점이다. 게임은 사이버 스페이스에서 진행되는 가상현실 혹은 증강현실의 일환으로서 시간과 장소를 불문하고 즐길 수 있는 가성비 최고의 오락거리이다. ‘저녁이 있는 삶’이 매혹적인 선거문구로 등장하는 한국사회에서 게임과 게이머들의 존재가 역설하는 것은 노동시장의 억압에 대한 탈출욕구와 새로운 놀이문화를 향한 열망이다. 제4차 산업혁명 대처는 다각도로 진행되어야 한다. 일자리를 마련하고, 미취업자와 실업자를 위한 교육을 실시하고, 최악의 경우 방지를 위해 기본소득 제도를 고려해볼 수도 있다. 그러나 제일 중요하고도 평범한 사실은 기술발전의 혜택으로 인간 삶의 질이 나아져야 한다는 점이다. 자살률로 11년째 OECD 국가 중 1위를 고수하는 한국에서 고려되어야 할 사항은 더 이상 성장과 발전, 일의 효율성이 아닐 것이다. 한국의 제4차 산업혁명은 가장 기본적인 인간의 권리가 무엇인지를 되짚어보는 것으로 시작되어야 한다.
This paper examines trends of the fourth industrial revolution by focusing on the gaming industries of Korea and China. In 2013, the Korean government has defined gaming as one of the “four great evils,” alongside drugs, alcohol, and gambling, and tightened related regulations, whereas China has established special zones and drastically supported the gaming to develop it as an industrial engine of cultural contents. This, in turn, completely reversed the relative positions of the two countries in the gaming industry, which had been led by Korea. However, it is not the aim of this paper to compare the gaming industries and related policies of Korea and China and determine which industry has a superior position. What is important is that the “Nori” culture of the public is going through a complete transformation. The Gaming is a part of virtual reality that happens in cyber space and it is one of the most cost-effective form of entertainment that can be enjoyed any time, in any place. In the Korean society where the “life with an evening” appears as an alluring slogan, the existence of the gaming industry and gamers demonstrates the necessity of a new game culture. Certainly, we should prepare for the fourth industrial revolution in various aspects: creating jobs, providing education for job seekers and the unemployed, and considering a basic income program to prevent the worst case. However, first and foremost, it is imperative that the benefits of technological advances improve the quality of human life. In a country, where suicide rate remains highest among OECD countries for 11 consecutive years, growth, development, and the efficiency of work are probably no longer the most urgent priorities. Korea should begin its own fourth industrial revolution by reviewing the most fundamental human rights.
외식프랜차이즈기업의 조직문화, 임파워먼트, 조직시민행동 및 서비스품질간의 구조적관계
[NRF 연계] 한국호텔관광학회 호텔관광연구 Vol.15 No.2 2013.06 pp.301-322
...culture, organizational citizenship behavior, and empowerment, and quality of service by identifying the present study was to provide useful information and suggestions for Restaurant Franchise company's competitiveness. Restaurant Franchise companies to deploy a total of 300 data from 15 January 2013 until 10 February 2013. Using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 and 279, and conducted a factor analysis to verify the reliability and covariance structure analysis was performed in order to test the research hypotheses presented. First, a summary of the verification results test hypotheses about the relationship between organizational culture and empowerment of the relationship between empowerment and impact of organizational culture and factors from the covariance structure model analysis look at the individual cultural meaning / competence, self-determinism, significant I've found that does not affect or influence was significantly affecting the analysis. Second, the relationship between organizational culture and service quality and type for the individual culture / gender convinced castle significant influence. Third, citizenship and sportsmanship does not significantly affect the relationship between organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior in the individual culture, I've found that is significantly affecting altruism / conscience, sexuality. Fourth, as a means of empowerment in relation to the performance competencies of organizational citizenship behavior altruism and conscience gender empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior does not significantly affect the analysis was Fifth, empowerment, and quality of service in relation to significant empowerment meaning of the performance capabilities of the type of quality service and assurance, reliability, and responsiveness does not impact was analyzed. Influence the analysis was that significant influence tangibles confident sexuality.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
Food Service Franchise company's organizational culture, organizational citizenship behavior, and empowerment, and quality of service by identifying the present study was to provide useful information and suggestions for Restaurant Franchise company's competitiveness. Restaurant Franchise companies to deploy a total of 300 data from 15 January 2013 until 10 February 2013. Using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 and 279, and conducted a factor analysis to verify the reliability and covariance structure analysis was performed in order to test the research hypotheses presented. First, a summary of the verification results test hypotheses about the relationship between organizational culture and empowerment of the relationship between empowerment and impact of organizational culture and factors from the covariance structure model analysis look at the individual cultural meaning / competence, self-determinism, significant I've found that does not affect or influence was significantly affecting the analysis. Second, the relationship between organizational culture and service quality and type for the individual culture / gender convinced castle significant influence. Third, citizenship and sportsmanship does not significantly affect the relationship between organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior in the individual culture, I've found that is significantly affecting altruism / conscience, sexuality. Fourth, as a means of empowerment in relation to the performance competencies of organizational citizenship behavior altruism and conscience gender empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior does not significantly affect the analysis was Fifth, empowerment, and quality of service in relation to significant empowerment meaning of the performance capabilities of the type of quality service and assurance, reliability, and responsiveness does not impact was analyzed. Influence the analysis was that significant influence tangibles confident sexuality.
콘텐츠 기업에서 창의적 조직문화가 직무만족에 미치는 영향: 집단효능감을 매개로
[NRF 연계] 한국인력개발학회 HRD연구 Vol.14 No.2 2012.05 pp.21-45
...culture on the collective efficacy and job satisfaction, especially focusing the collective efficacy as a mediating factor. The results of the study are as follows:First, findings supported that collective efficacy and job satisfaction of the producers had increased as the essentials of creative organizational culture increased: organizational encouragement, supervisor’s encouragement, group support, sufficient resources and challenges. Secondly, as collective efficacy of the producers increased, job satisfaction had increased as well. Finally, producers’ collective efficacy partially mediates the essentials between creative organizational culture and job satisfaction. The findings concluded that an industry based on the quality of their contents was dependent on the producers’ job satisfaction. Therefore, in order to improve productivity, the industry must find methods to improve work environment for the producers. Moreover, it is important to understand the industry’s culture and improve organizational strategies. Finally, the core of the industry is determined by its employees, therefore, further investment on talent management should be put into practice.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
본 연구는 콘텐츠 기업에서 창의적 업무환경이 집단효능감과 직무만족에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고, 특히 제작 종사자들의 집단효능감이 업무환경과 직무만족 간에 매개역할을 하는지 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 대표적인 콘텐츠 기업인 C사의 방송 프로그램, 영화, 음악, 공연, 콘서트, 뮤지컬 등 콘텐츠 제작에 직접 관여하는 종사자 192명을 대상으로 설문하였다. 분석 결과, 콘텐츠 기업의 창의적 업무환경(조직의 격려, 상사의 지지, 업무집단의 지지, 자원, 도전감)은 집단효능감과 직무만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 제작 종사자들의 집단효능감은 직무만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있었고, 창의적 업무환경에서 직무만족을 높이는데 매개효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 콘텐츠 기업과 같이 구성원의 창의성이 조직의 성과에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 조직일수록 이들을 위한 창의적 업무환경이 마련되어야 하고, 더불어 협업을 통한 프로젝트 단위의 직무가 중심인 조직에서는 구성원들의 집단효능감이 조직의 효과성을 향상시킬 수 있는 요소로 작용할 수 있음을 주지해야 한다.
This study examines the influence of the creative organizational culture on the collective efficacy and job satisfaction, especially focusing the collective efficacy as a mediating factor. The results of the study are as follows:First, findings supported that collective efficacy and job satisfaction of the producers had increased as the essentials of creative organizational culture increased: organizational encouragement, supervisor’s encouragement, group support, sufficient resources and challenges. Secondly, as collective efficacy of the producers increased, job satisfaction had increased as well. Finally, producers’ collective efficacy partially mediates the essentials between creative organizational culture and job satisfaction. The findings concluded that an industry based on the quality of their contents was dependent on the producers’ job satisfaction. Therefore, in order to improve productivity, the industry must find methods to improve work environment for the producers. Moreover, it is important to understand the industry’s culture and improve organizational strategies. Finally, the core of the industry is determined by its employees, therefore, further investment on talent management should be put into practice.
[Kisti 연계] 한국품질경영학회 Journal of the Korean Society for Quality Management Vol.47 No.2 2019 pp.217-236
...culture, 2) to design and analyze survey data from defense industry companies, and 3) to suggest directions for enhancing quality culture levels. Methods: Key elements and items for a quality culture are derived by investigating related references and using affinity diagram. Questionnaire items to investigate the quality culture level of the organizations are prepared and the survey data on the level of quality culture of military defense companies are analyzed. Results: 1) Descriptive statistical analyses are presented to compare the levels of the six key elements. 2) In each element items with low scores are identified, which should be improved. 3) Among six key elements, 'support 'element shows lowest level. 4) The quality culture level of the small-sized companies are relatively low. Conclusion: 1) To improve the quality culture level of the defense industry companies, it is necessary to provide quality education, to enhance recognition and rewards, and to invest resources for employees' self-development. 2) Small-sized companies can easily be adapted to quality-oriented cultural change if the CEO leadership focuses on quality culture.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
Purpose: This article aims 1) to identify key elements for building quality culture, 2) to design and analyze survey data from defense industry companies, and 3) to suggest directions for enhancing quality culture levels. Methods: Key elements and items for a quality culture are derived by investigating related references and using affinity diagram. Questionnaire items to investigate the quality culture level of the organizations are prepared and the survey data on the level of quality culture of military defense companies are analyzed. Results: 1) Descriptive statistical analyses are presented to compare the levels of the six key elements. 2) In each element items with low scores are identified, which should be improved. 3) Among six key elements, 'support 'element shows lowest level. 4) The quality culture level of the small-sized companies are relatively low. Conclusion: 1) To improve the quality culture level of the defense industry companies, it is necessary to provide quality education, to enhance recognition and rewards, and to invest resources for employees' self-development. 2) Small-sized companies can easily be adapted to quality-oriented cultural change if the CEO leadership focuses on quality culture.
안전문화 인식의 잠재 프로파일 분석(LPA) - 전력산업을 중심으로 -
[NRF 연계] 사단법인 안전문화포럼 안전문화연구 Vol.49 2025.12 pp.415-431
...culture perceptions among power industry workers by adopting an integrated analytical framework that combines Reason’s (1997) four safety culture subcultures?reporting, just, flexible, and learning?and Westrum’s (2004) information-flow?based organizational culture typology. A survey was administered to 466 employees across headquarters, field sites, and subcontractor organizations, and Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to extract latent subgroups underlying their response patterns. Correlation structures among subcultures, organizational differences in mean perceptions, and multiple model fit indices (AIC, BIC, entropy) were examined to determine the optimal model. The analysis identified four latent profiles?low-level, mid-level, imbalanced, and high-level types. These findings indicate that the four subcultures do not manifest as a single uniform pattern within the organization but are configured in multiple combinations. Notably, the imbalanced type, characterized by relatively low levels of just culture, suggests potential discontinuities in risk information transmission and accountability structures, aligning with Westrum’s view that variations in information flow quality constitute a core differentiator of organizational culture. Furthermore, the distribution of latent profiles was significantly associated with age, organizational unit, and tenure, indicating that safety culture perceptions are shaped more by structural conditions?such as organizational experience, role, and access to information?than by individual dispositions. Overall, the results demonstrate that safety culture cannot be reduced to a single aggregated score; instead, it differentiates into multilayered latent groups depending on the quality of information flow and learning structures. The study confirms that LPA is an effective tool for delineating intra-organizational perceptual structures and that the integrated Reason?Westrum framework provides a robust theoretical basis for explaining the information-processing and learning mechanisms of safety culture. The validity of this analytical approach suggests potential applicability beyond the power industry, offering practical utility for diagnosing latent perceptual structures and designing tailored strategies for safety culture improvement across diverse sectors.
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본 연구의 목적은 Reason(1997)의 네 가지 안전문화 하부문화(보고·공정·유연·학습)와 Westrum(2004)의 정보흐름 중심 조직문화 유형을 통합한 분석틀을 바탕으로, 전력산업 종사자의 안전문화 인식이 조직 내에서 어떠한 잠재적 구조로 분화되는지를 규명하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 본사·사업소·협력업체 종사자 466명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 잠재 프로파일 분석(Latent Profile Analysis, LPA)을 적용하여 응답 패턴에 내재된 잠재집단을 도출하였다. 분석 과정에서는 하부문화 간 상관관계, 조직유형별 인식 차이, AIC·BIC·Entropy 등 다수의 적합도 지표를 종합적으로 검토하였다. 연구결과, 저수준형·중간수준형·불균형형·고수준형의 네 개 잠재집단이 확인되었다. 이는 보고·공정·유연·학습문화가 동일한 조직 내에서도 단일한 패턴으로 존재하지 않고 다양한 조합으로 구조화될 수 있음을 보여준다. 특히 공정문화가 상대적으로 낮은 불균형형 집단은 위험정보의 전달 및 책임구조가 일관되게 작동하지 않을 가능성을 시사하며, 이는 정보 흐름의 질적 차이가 조직문화를 구분하는 핵심 요인이라는 Westrum(2004)의 관점과도 부합한다. 또한 잠재집단의 분포가 연령·소속·근무경력과 유의하게 관련된 것으로 나타나 안전문화 인식이 개인 성향보다 조직 경험·역할·정보 접근성 등 구조적 요인에 의해 더 크게 형성됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 안전문화가 단일 평균값으로 환원될 수 없으며 정보흐름과 학습 구조의 질에 따라 다층적 잠재집단으로 분화된다는 점을 실증적으로 보여준다. 본 연구는 잠재 프로파일 분석(LAP)이 조직 내부의 인식 구조를 세분화하는 데 유효한 도구임을 확인하였으며, Reason–Westrum 통합틀이 안전문화의 정보처리·학습 메커니즘을 설명하는 데 적합한 분석 기반임을 보여주었다. 이와 같은 분석틀의 타당성은 전력산업을 넘어 다른 산업에서도 구성원 인식의 잠재구조를 진단하고 집단 특성에 기반한 안전문화 개선 전략을 설계하는 데에도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
This study aims to identify the latent structural patterns of safety culture perceptions among power industry workers by adopting an integrated analytical framework that combines Reason’s (1997) four safety culture subcultures?reporting, just, flexible, and learning?and Westrum’s (2004) information-flow?based organizational culture typology. A survey was administered to 466 employees across headquarters, field sites, and subcontractor organizations, and Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to extract latent subgroups underlying their response patterns. Correlation structures among subcultures, organizational differences in mean perceptions, and multiple model fit indices (AIC, BIC, entropy) were examined to determine the optimal model. The analysis identified four latent profiles?low-level, mid-level, imbalanced, and high-level types. These findings indicate that the four subcultures do not manifest as a single uniform pattern within the organization but are configured in multiple combinations. Notably, the imbalanced type, characterized by relatively low levels of just culture, suggests potential discontinuities in risk information transmission and accountability structures, aligning with Westrum’s view that variations in information flow quality constitute a core differentiator of organizational culture. Furthermore, the distribution of latent profiles was significantly associated with age, organizational unit, and tenure, indicating that safety culture perceptions are shaped more by structural conditions?such as organizational experience, role, and access to information?than by individual dispositions. Overall, the results demonstrate that safety culture cannot be reduced to a single aggregated score; instead, it differentiates into multilayered latent groups depending on the quality of information flow and learning structures. The study confirms that LPA is an effective tool for delineating intra-organizational perceptual structures and that the integrated Reason?Westrum framework provides a robust theoretical basis for explaining the information-processing and learning mechanisms of safety culture. The validity of this analytical approach suggests potential applicability beyond the power industry, offering practical utility for diagnosing latent perceptual structures and designing tailored strategies for safety culture improvement across diverse sectors.
안전문화의 역량평가 모형개발: 원자력 산업의 사례를 중심으로
[NRF 연계] 피터드러커 소사이어티 창조와 혁신 Vol.8 No.2 2015.05 pp.197-235
...culture by researchers and international agencies. In particular, these efforts on safety culture and organizational/individual competence gave a birth of comprehensive assessment toolkit focused on the three dimensions; leadership of Chief Executive Officer, the arrangement of safety management system, including the participation of members in the enhancement of safety culture. For the development of a new research model, this paper assumed to synthesize the assessment indicators of safety culture and safety-related attributes from the previous research outputs (i.e., Guldenmund, 2007; Hudson, 2007; Lee & Harrison, 2000) and reports from the international and domestic organizations (i.e., IAEA, NMA, INPO, HSE, AREVA, KHNP, KAC, IIAC, SK Chemical, POSCO). In particular, South Korea's nuclear power sectors expect and require a far practical research models that can be applied to the organization such as KHNP in order to improve safety culture, including the ethical and the social dimension considering the current lack in attitudinal vigilence, open communication activities, and to deal with the recurrent corruptions. In addition to the comparison and analysis on evaluation index and elaboration of a new research model, validation processes and ‘Mechanism-based view’ were applied with the content analysis on accident cases (AREVA, KHNP, Fukushima nuclear power plants) mainly occurred from ‘Human errors’. As a result, the suggested main attributes of safety culture by the international organizations mentioned above confirmed us, in common, their practical usefulness in explaining the nature and the level of organizational safety culture as independent variables. And the main safety culture performance variables (the result) appeared in common, among the different organizations(international and domestic), but they are practiced with a wide variety according to the needs of each organization in different safety management situation.
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1986년 체르노빌 원전사고 이후 안전문화에 대한 연구자들의 관심과 국제기구의 노력이 지속되고 있다. 안전문화의 수준을 안전분위기로 측정하려는 학자들의연구 및 안전역량을 평가하려는 주요 기관들의 노력은 최근들어 안전에 대한 경영자의 리더십 발휘, 조직의 시스템 정비, 그리고 구성원들의 참여문화 등 3대 영역을 중심으로 종합적 분석틀을 제시하는 것으로 나타난다. 본 논문은 안전문화의 주요 속성과 구축방안을 제시하고 있는 안전관련 세계적 주요기관의 논지를 비교분석하고, 기존의 연구결과를 종합하여 안전문화 역량을 평가하기 위한 주요지표의 도출 및 연구모형을 개발하는데 초점을 두었다. 특히 한국의 원전 조직에 적용할 수있는 실용적 연구모형의 개발을 위하여 안전문화의 범위에 윤리적 사회적 차원의지표를 포함시켰으며, 우리나라 주요 기업의 안전역량 평가자료도 함께 분석하였다. 또한 도출된 평가지표 및 연구모형의 타당성을 확인하기 위하여 프랑스 원자력기업인 AREVA와 우리나라 한수원의 사고 사례에 대한 내용분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 국제적 기구(IAEA, NMA, HSE, INPO 등)에서 제시한 안전문화 속성요인 간에 높은 공통적 성격과 함께 선행변수(독립변수)로 활용될 수 있다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 안전문화 성과변수(결과변수) 역시 이들 국제기구에서 제시하고있는 핵심요인들 간에 공통적 특성이 표출되었지만 필요에 따라 다양하게 활용되고있다는 점을 확인하였다.
Since the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986, more of the concerns and efforts have been paid to the positive safety culture by researchers and international agencies. In particular, these efforts on safety culture and organizational/individual competence gave a birth of comprehensive assessment toolkit focused on the three dimensions; leadership of Chief Executive Officer, the arrangement of safety management system, including the participation of members in the enhancement of safety culture. For the development of a new research model, this paper assumed to synthesize the assessment indicators of safety culture and safety-related attributes from the previous research outputs (i.e., Guldenmund, 2007; Hudson, 2007; Lee & Harrison, 2000) and reports from the international and domestic organizations (i.e., IAEA, NMA, INPO, HSE, AREVA, KHNP, KAC, IIAC, SK Chemical, POSCO). In particular, South Korea's nuclear power sectors expect and require a far practical research models that can be applied to the organization such as KHNP in order to improve safety culture, including the ethical and the social dimension considering the current lack in attitudinal vigilence, open communication activities, and to deal with the recurrent corruptions. In addition to the comparison and analysis on evaluation index and elaboration of a new research model, validation processes and ‘Mechanism-based view’ were applied with the content analysis on accident cases (AREVA, KHNP, Fukushima nuclear power plants) mainly occurred from ‘Human errors’. As a result, the suggested main attributes of safety culture by the international organizations mentioned above confirmed us, in common, their practical usefulness in explaining the nature and the level of organizational safety culture as independent variables. And the main safety culture performance variables (the result) appeared in common, among the different organizations(international and domestic), but they are practiced with a wide variety according to the needs of each organization in different safety management situation.
문화마케팅(Mecenat)이 외식기업이미지와 충성도에미치는 영향 연구
[NRF 연계] 한국이벤트컨벤션학회 이벤트컨벤션연구 Vol.9 No.1 2013.06 pp.107-125
...culture marketing by means of culture. This research aims at redefining the concept of culture marketing of a food service industry on the basis of the preceding research work and also looking into a link having an effect of the Mecenat activities in culture marketing on a corporate image, brand loyalty. In addition, this research tried to suggest a model for culture marketing in a food service industry through the positive analysis of Nolbu which is making an attempt on culture marketing although it's a small & medium food service industry. The summary of this research results is as follows: First, as a result of inquiring into the influential relation of the Mecenat activities in culture marketing on a corporate image, it was found that the factors in business behavior had an effect on designed purity; factors in contribution to society had an effect on benefit for public good & favorable mind for marketing and the remaining factors had no effect on any part of a corporate image. Second, the Mecenat activities in culture marketing were found to have no great effect on brand loyalty. Such results could have a new influence on the marketing activity in the existing food service industry and it is hoped that a new pathway could be suggested so that more perfect marketing can be fulfilled in keeping with a consumer's needs.
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Enterprises are now deeply feeling the necessity of a new marketing strategy besides the one reflecting consumers' cultural desire and preference in recognition of the fact that they could get a weeding-out from the market if they fail to comply with consumers' consumption trend which is switching to a dignity-centered pattern deviating from a quality-centered one or to fail to meet their cultural desires. According to this, an enterprises is introducing a variety of marketing strategies, such as sensibility marketing or experience marketing; particularly, they are promoting their own differentiation and the elegant distinct from other rival companies' corporate image, brand image and product quality through culture marketing by means of culture. This research aims at redefining the concept of culture marketing of a food service industry on the basis of the preceding research work and also looking into a link having an effect of the Mecenat activities in culture marketing on a corporate image, brand loyalty. In addition, this research tried to suggest a model for culture marketing in a food service industry through the positive analysis of Nolbu which is making an attempt on culture marketing although it's a small & medium food service industry. The summary of this research results is as follows: First, as a result of inquiring into the influential relation of the Mecenat activities in culture marketing on a corporate image, it was found that the factors in business behavior had an effect on designed purity; factors in contribution to society had an effect on benefit for public good & favorable mind for marketing and the remaining factors had no effect on any part of a corporate image. Second, the Mecenat activities in culture marketing were found to have no great effect on brand loyalty. Such results could have a new influence on the marketing activity in the existing food service industry and it is hoped that a new pathway could be suggested so that more perfect marketing can be fulfilled in keeping with a consumer's needs.
조직의 안전문화가 레질리언스 역량에 미치는 영향 : 건설업을 중심으로
[Kisti 연계] 한국산업경영시스템학회 Journal of the Society of Korea Industrial and Systems Engineering Vol.44 No.3 2021 pp.73-85
...industry is considered to be a fatal accident industry, accounting for 28.5% of the total industrial accidents in 2017, as the number of industrial accidents in the construction industry has steadily increased over the past decade. So it is necessary to consider introducing Resilience Engineering, which is actively applied to risky industries around the world, to drastically reduce construction accidents. Although Resilience Engineering, which has emerged as the next-generation safety management centered on Hollnagel since the 2000s, claims the importance of strengthening Resilience abilities considering organizational structure and culture, most studies focus only on developing evaluation indicators. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of an organization's safety culture on its Resilience abilities in the construction industry. Specifically, it conducted empirical analysis on the impact of safety culture consisting of 'communication, leadership and safety systems' on the Resilience abilities(responding ability, monitoring ability, learning ability, anticipating ability), and the mediation relationship between leadership, communication, and safety system. The survey was conducted on construction workers, and an empirical analysis was conducted on the final 154 responses using SPSS 25 and Smart PLS 3. The results showed that the safety system had a significant impact on all Resilience Abilities, and communication had a significant impact on the remaining three except for anticipating ability among Resilience Abilities. On the other hand, leadership has been shown to have a significant impact on anticipating ability only. In the verifying of the mediation relationship between leadership, communication and safety systems, it was found that leadership affects all Resilience abilities by means of safety systems, but communication can only affect responding ability. This study has practical significance in that it suggests the need for policy-level efforts to introduce and apply Resilience Engineering and then expanded the effective safety management assessment of the construction industry in the future. Moreover, the academic implications are important in that the study attempted to expand the academic scope for a paradigm shift in the future as the safety culture has identified its impact on the Resilience abilities.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
The construction industry is considered to be a fatal accident industry, accounting for 28.5% of the total industrial accidents in 2017, as the number of industrial accidents in the construction industry has steadily increased over the past decade. So it is necessary to consider introducing Resilience Engineering, which is actively applied to risky industries around the world, to drastically reduce construction accidents. Although Resilience Engineering, which has emerged as the next-generation safety management centered on Hollnagel since the 2000s, claims the importance of strengthening Resilience abilities considering organizational structure and culture, most studies focus only on developing evaluation indicators. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of an organization's safety culture on its Resilience abilities in the construction industry. Specifically, it conducted empirical analysis on the impact of safety culture consisting of 'communication, leadership and safety systems' on the Resilience abilities(responding ability, monitoring ability, learning ability, anticipating ability), and the mediation relationship between leadership, communication, and safety system. The survey was conducted on construction workers, and an empirical analysis was conducted on the final 154 responses using SPSS 25 and Smart PLS 3. The results showed that the safety system had a significant impact on all Resilience Abilities, and communication had a significant impact on the remaining three except for anticipating ability among Resilience Abilities. On the other hand, leadership has been shown to have a significant impact on anticipating ability only. In the verifying of the mediation relationship between leadership, communication and safety systems, it was found that leadership affects all Resilience abilities by means of safety systems, but communication can only affect responding ability. This study has practical significance in that it suggests the need for policy-level efforts to introduce and apply Resilience Engineering and then expanded the effective safety management assessment of the construction industry in the future. Moreover, the academic implications are important in that the study attempted to expand the academic scope for a paradigm shift in the future as the safety culture has identified its impact on the Resilience abilities.
중국의 ‘AI+문화’ 정책담론과 문화산업의 수지화(数智化) 전환
[NRF 연계] 글로벌문화콘텐츠학회 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.66 2026.02 pp.89-107
...Culture” policy discourse to elucidate how the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has been discursively and institutionally legitimized as shuzhihua (数智化), defined here as a digital–intelligence– driven structural transformation of the cultural industry. Employing a policy discourse analysis that integrates the policy argumentation model with the cultural schema model, the study traces the evolutionary trajectory of Chinese policy discourse, in which AI has been progressively repositioned from a supplementary technological tool to a strategic resource, and ultimately institutionalized as a framework of “ordered innovation” embedded within the national governance system. The analysis demonstrates that shuzhihua is not a spontaneous outcome of technological advancement, but a state-led discursive and institutional project that naturalizes political objectives as technological inevitabilities. Furthermore, the study highlights the structural tensions inherent in this model, particularly the erosion of creative autonomy and the redirection of cultural innovation toward a framework of “manageable innovation.” By internalizing state-prescribed values and normative principles within algorithmic architectures, this governance model generates new forms of structural bias and asymmetrical responsibility, posing critical dilemmas for cultural governance in the era of generative AI. In conclusion, China’s “AI+Culture” model can be understood as a strategic policy configuration that mobilizes technological rationales to consolidate state authority over the cultural sector. These findings offer an important analytical reference for critically assessing the trajectories of cultural policy and industry governance in the age of artificial intelligence.
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This study examines China’s “AI + Culture” policy discourse to elucidate how the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has been discursively and institutionally legitimized as shuzhihua (数智化), defined here as a digital–intelligence– driven structural transformation of the cultural industry. Employing a policy discourse analysis that integrates the policy argumentation model with the cultural schema model, the study traces the evolutionary trajectory of Chinese policy discourse, in which AI has been progressively repositioned from a supplementary technological tool to a strategic resource, and ultimately institutionalized as a framework of “ordered innovation” embedded within the national governance system. The analysis demonstrates that shuzhihua is not a spontaneous outcome of technological advancement, but a state-led discursive and institutional project that naturalizes political objectives as technological inevitabilities. Furthermore, the study highlights the structural tensions inherent in this model, particularly the erosion of creative autonomy and the redirection of cultural innovation toward a framework of “manageable innovation.” By internalizing state-prescribed values and normative principles within algorithmic architectures, this governance model generates new forms of structural bias and asymmetrical responsibility, posing critical dilemmas for cultural governance in the era of generative AI. In conclusion, China’s “AI+Culture” model can be understood as a strategic policy configuration that mobilizes technological rationales to consolidate state authority over the cultural sector. These findings offer an important analytical reference for critically assessing the trajectories of cultural policy and industry governance in the age of artificial intelligence.
小型映画の混淆的文化から統制へ ―大正から昭和の関西圏を中心とする9ミリ半と16ミリ映画産業―
[NRF 연계] 동서대학교 일본연구센터 차세대 인문사회연구 Vol.15 2019.03 pp.231-249
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本稿では、現在のホーム・ムービーやホーム・シアターの先駆けとなった「小型映画」について、関東大震災直後に主導的役割を果たした関西圏から全国へと拡がりをみせる小型映画産業の普及から衰退までの経過とその構造を分析する。 「小型映画」とは、劇場公開用スタンダードサイズである35ミリフィルムより小さいフォーマットの映画のことで、おもに家庭や学校、小集会用として使用された。今回は、その中でも戦前の二大フォーマットである9ミリ半と16ミリを取り上げるが、前者はフランス製「パテ・ベビー」を中心にホーム・ムービーや個人趣味的なアマチュア映画として人気を博し、後者はアメリカ製「コダスコープ」を発端にホーム・シアターから学校教育的な教材映画として地位を不動のものにしており、その両者の販売形態を比較しつつ論じていく。特に、大正デモクラシーから軍国主義へと急速に変化していく大正末から昭和初期にかけて、9ミリ半の同好会である大阪ベビー・キネマ・クラブと映画界とを結ぶ新規事業を展開した朝日新聞社と、民間向けに16ミリ映画の貸出をおこなっていた深田商会と組んで学校教育事業に活路を見出した大阪毎日新聞社との攻防を背景に、社会情勢と連動した小型映画の栄枯盛衰を明らかにする。
In this paper, we analyze the industrial structure of small gauge film that is the pioneer of current home movies and home theater, the popularization from the Kansai area which played the leading role immediately after the Great Kanto Earthquake to the whole country and the process of decline. "Small gauge film" which is a movie with a format smaller than the standard size (35mm) for theater was mainly used for homes, schools and small gatherings. This time, I will take up the two major formats before World War II, 9.5 mm and 16 mm, and discuss them by comparing the sales form of both. 9.5 mm was popular as a home movie or an amateur movie of individual hobby, centering on "Pathe Baby" made in France. 16 mm started from the American "Kodascope" and established a position as school educational teaching material film from the home theater. Especially, we will clarify the rise and fall of small gauge film linked with the social situation from the end of Taisho to the early Showa which rapidly changed from Taisho democracy to militarism, against the background of the battle of two major newspaper companies: The Asahi Shimbun Company launched a new business connecting the Osaka Baby Cinema Club which was a 9.5 mm cinema club, the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun Company found a good way to school education projects with Fukada Shokai which had previously lent 16 mm to the private sector.
중국 지질산업 혁신상황에서 유연한 조직문화가 구성원의 변화수용태도에 미치는 영향: 구조적 임파워먼트의 매개효과를 중심으로
[NRF 연계] 한국산업경제학회 산업경제연구 Vol.32 No.1 2019.02 pp.293-315
...culture, consisting with clan culture and adhocracy culture, which is considered to be necessary in the process of organizational change, and examined the direct effect of flexibility culture on employees’ acceptance attitude toward organizational change and the indirect effect through structural empowerment. Basing on previous studies, research hypotheses and model were set up and used obtained 311 questionnaires from employees of geological organizations examined and verified research hypotheses and model using Amos23.0. The results of the analysis showed that the clan culture had no significant effect on the accept attitude of change but the adhocracy culture had a positive influence on the accept attitude of change. In addition, both clan culture and adhocracy culture have a positive effect on structural empowerment, and structural empowerment has a positive effect on the accept attitude to change. Finally, structural empowerment has a positive mediating effect on the relationship between the flexibility culture and the attitude of accept attitude to change. This study investigated the mechanism between organizational culture and employees’ accept attitude to change and also worthwhile to note that universal validity of using structured empowerment in other industries outside of the nursing area as a management technique.
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본 연구에서는 조직변화 과정에서 필요하다고 여겨지고 있는 유연한 문화에 초점을 맞추고 유연한 문화에 해당되는 두 개 문화유형인 공동체문화와 유기체문화가 구성원의 변화수용태도에 미치는 직접효과와 구조적 임파워먼트를 경유하는 간접효과를 검증하는데 있다. 본 연구에서 선행연구를 기반으로 연구모형을 설계하며, 개혁 정책을 부응하여 조직변화를 추진하고 있는 지질조직들에서 종업하는 직원들로부터 획득된 유효적인 311부의 설문지를 대상으로 Amos23.0을 이용하여 연구모형을 분석과 검증하였다. 분석결과는 공동체문화가 구성원의 변화수용태도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않지만 유기체문화가 구성원의 변화수용태도에 정(+)적 영향을 미치는 것을 발견하였다. 그리고 유기체문화, 공동체문화 모두 구조적 임파워먼트에 정(+)적 영향을 주며, 구조적 임파워먼트가 구성원의 변화수용태도에 정(+)적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 구조적 임파워먼트는 유기체 문화와 구성원의 변화수용태도의 관계에 있어서 정(+) 부분매개 효과를 갖고, 공동체문화와 변화수용태도의 관계에서 정(+) 완전매개 효과를 갖는 것을 검증하였다. 본 연구는 상대적으로 연구가 부족했던 조직문화와 구성원의 변화수용태도 간 메커니즘을 규명하였다. 또한 구조적 임파워먼트를 관리기법으로서 간호사 영역 밖에 다른 산업에서 이용함의 보편적인 유효성을 확인하였다는 점에서 가치가 있다. 연구결과에 따라서 지질산업의 성공적인 혁신을 위해 유연한 문화로 변화하는 것이 중요성을 제시하였다.
This study focuses on flexibility culture, consisting with clan culture and adhocracy culture, which is considered to be necessary in the process of organizational change, and examined the direct effect of flexibility culture on employees’ acceptance attitude toward organizational change and the indirect effect through structural empowerment. Basing on previous studies, research hypotheses and model were set up and used obtained 311 questionnaires from employees of geological organizations examined and verified research hypotheses and model using Amos23.0. The results of the analysis showed that the clan culture had no significant effect on the accept attitude of change but the adhocracy culture had a positive influence on the accept attitude of change. In addition, both clan culture and adhocracy culture have a positive effect on structural empowerment, and structural empowerment has a positive effect on the accept attitude to change. Finally, structural empowerment has a positive mediating effect on the relationship between the flexibility culture and the attitude of accept attitude to change. This study investigated the mechanism between organizational culture and employees’ accept attitude to change and also worthwhile to note that universal validity of using structured empowerment in other industries outside of the nursing area as a management technique.
문화마케팅이 사진산업의 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 : 아기사진전문스튜디오를 중심으로
[NRF 연계] 한국고객만족경영학회 고객만족경영연구 Vol.11 No.1 2009.04 pp.195-208
...culture is emerging. As the term "global village" implies, information propagates throughout the world almost instantly. This speed and availability of information equalizes the quality of product or service and greatly changes the consciousness and purchasing pattern of customers. The customers with this new propensity do not only buy for the quality of a product, but also for its value. Therefore, the advertisement and the public relations campaign with the message that only emphasizes the quality of a product is not sufficient. Marketing can be effective only when the customers have formed favorable images of the company or its products. The marketing activities in future should be centered on the additional image for the customers to feel. Accordingly, the marketing concentrates on building the image strong enough to seize customers' heart, and the culture marketing is rising, adding cultural factors to the marketing. It is because the unique sensuous code of the culture makes the customers easily access companies and products and creates strong images of them. The purpose of this research is to help small to medium size companies which have insufficient resources to grow as sustainable enterprises by utilizing culture marketing. Prior research on culture marketing and photo industry led to the assumption that the culture marketing influences the customers' sensitivity to build favorable images of companies and their products, and that it also addresses the increasing demand for the social responsibility of companies and their business performance. On this basis, we set the hypothesis that the factors that consists of culture marketing, such as culture promotion and support for cultural activities, will positively influence the corporate image and its performance. This hypothesis is verified through the study on the photo studios that specializes on baby photos and their customers. As a result, we proved that culture marketing has positive effect on corporate images and their performance. We hope that this study will help more medium and small-sized companies with insufficient resources to get better results by applying the culture marketing, and that more research in this area will follow in the future.
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문화의 시대가 열리고 있다. 지식정보화시대가 심화되면서 세상에서 일어나고 있는 일들이 거의 실시간에 공개되고 있다. 이러한 정보력을 바탕으로 제품의 품질이나 서비스의 질이 평준화 되어가고 있고, 소비자들의 의식이나 구매패턴이 크게 변화하고 있다. 이처럼 새로운 성향의 소비자들은 이제 제품의 품질만이 아닌 가치를 구매하는 것이다. 가치를 찾는 소비자들에게 광고와 홍보로는 그들의 마음을 움직일 수가 없게 되었다. 따라서 소비자들의 마음을 사로잡을 수 있는 강력한 이미지를 구축해 가는 일이 마케팅의 중심이 되었고, 문화적 요소를 마케팅에 가미한 문화마케팅이 부상하고 있다. 문화예술이 가지고 있는 독특한 감성코드는, 소비자들이 기업과 상품에 편하게 접근하도록 하면서도 강력한 이미지를 형성시키기 때문이다. 이 연구의 목적은 자원이 부족한 중소기업이 문화마케팅을 활용하여 지속가능기업으로 성장해 가는데 도움이 되게 하기 위함이다. 문화마케팅과 사진산업에 대한 선행연구를 통하여, 문화마케팅은 소비자들의 감성을 움직여, 기업과 상품에 대한 호의적인 이미지를 구축하고, 기업의 사회적 책임은 물론 경영성과에도 영향을 미칠 것으로 가정하였다. 이러한 근거를 바탕으로 문화마케팅에서 문화판촉과 문화지원, 문화기업의 요소들이 기업이미지와 경영성과에, 기업이미지가 경영성과에 각각 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 설정하고 아기사진전문스튜디오를 이용하는 고객을 대상으로 검증을 하였다. 결과, 문화마케팅이 기업이미지와 경영성과에, 문화마케팅을 통하여 형성된 호의적인 기업이미지는 경영성과에 각각 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 입증이 되었다. 따라서 아기사진전문스튜디오를 비롯하여 자원이 부족한 중소기업이 문화마케팅을 도입하여 경영성과에 도움이 되고, 앞으로 이 분야에 더 많은 연구가 이어지기를 바란다.
The age of culture is emerging. As the term "global village" implies, information propagates throughout the world almost instantly. This speed and availability of information equalizes the quality of product or service and greatly changes the consciousness and purchasing pattern of customers. The customers with this new propensity do not only buy for the quality of a product, but also for its value. Therefore, the advertisement and the public relations campaign with the message that only emphasizes the quality of a product is not sufficient. Marketing can be effective only when the customers have formed favorable images of the company or its products. The marketing activities in future should be centered on the additional image for the customers to feel. Accordingly, the marketing concentrates on building the image strong enough to seize customers' heart, and the culture marketing is rising, adding cultural factors to the marketing. It is because the unique sensuous code of the culture makes the customers easily access companies and products and creates strong images of them. The purpose of this research is to help small to medium size companies which have insufficient resources to grow as sustainable enterprises by utilizing culture marketing. Prior research on culture marketing and photo industry led to the assumption that the culture marketing influences the customers' sensitivity to build favorable images of companies and their products, and that it also addresses the increasing demand for the social responsibility of companies and their business performance. On this basis, we set the hypothesis that the factors that consists of culture marketing, such as culture promotion and support for cultural activities, will positively influence the corporate image and its performance. This hypothesis is verified through the study on the photo studios that specializes on baby photos and their customers. As a result, we proved that culture marketing has positive effect on corporate images and their performance. We hope that this study will help more medium and small-sized companies with insufficient resources to get better results by applying the culture marketing, and that more research in this area will follow in the future.
[NRF 연계] 글로벌문화콘텐츠학회 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.48 2021.08 pp.147-162
...industry by country by analyzing film consumption characteristics of the audiences in South Korea·China·Japan and comparing the analysis with the findings in 2016. To this end, a content analysis of the films included in the top 100 of all time by country was conducted to figure out the audiences’ film consumption patterns, and it was compared with the findings in 2016 to analyze changes in the film market of each country. The results are as follows. In the Korean film market, preference for Korean films has steadily increased, and there is a high preference for films that contain social messages as well as entertainingness rather than the ones that only pursue entertainingness. In terms of the Chinese film market, the market has recently shown rapid growth, and Chinese blockbusters, which are the combination of Chinese materials and Hollywood blockbuster styles, are highly preferred. Regarding the Japanese film market, it shows the tendency to be stagnant compared to Korea and China, and Japan is the only country to have a low percentage of its films in the box office rankings among the three countries. Japan has not been able to establish its own unique film styles, resulting in falling behind in the competition with Hollywood films. Audiences in Japan show steady loyalty to Japanese animation films but demonstrate a high preference for American films when it comes to other genres. This way, the study analyzed the film consumption propensity of the audiences in South Korea·China·Japan and identified the differences by country. Recently, South Korea is seeking ways to advance Korean films overseas beyond the saturated domestic market, but unlike other genres such as TV series and music, Korean films have not yet gained ground in overseas film markets. To boost the Korean film industry, it will be necessary to develop great stories, produce higher-quality films, identify the characteristics of watching movies by country, and establish a strategy for film production and marketing based on this.
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본 연구는 한·중·일 관객의 영화 소비 특성을 분석함으로써 국가별 영화 산업 동향을 파악하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 국가별 역대 흥행순위 내 100위에 랭크된 작품에 대한 내용분석을 실시하여 관객의 영화 소비 형태를 파악하였으며, 2016년 연구결과와 비교함으로써 국가별 영화시장의 변화에 대해 분석하였다. 그 결과 한국 영화시장에서는 한국영화에 대한 선호도가 꾸준히 높아지고 있으며, 오락적 기능만을 추구하는 영화보다는 오락성과 함께 사회적 메시지를 담은 영화에 대한 선호도가 높음을 알 수 있다. 중국 영화시장은 최근 급속도로 성장하고 있으며, 중국적 소재를 바탕으로 한 스토리에 헐리우드 블록버스터 스타일을 더한 차이니즈 블록버스터에 대한 선호도가 높음을 알 수 있다. 일본 영화시장은 한국과 중국에 비해 정체된 경향이 나타났으며, 세 나라 중 유일하게 흥행순위 내 자국영화의 비율이 낮게 나타나고 있다. 일본영화는 자국만의 독특한 영화 스타일을 구축하지 못하고 있었으며, 이에 헐리우드 영화와의 경쟁에서 점차 밀려나는 결과가 나타나고 있다. 일본 관객은 일본의 애니메이션에 대해서는 꾸준히 충성도를 보이고 있었지만 이외 장르에서는 미국영화에 대한 선호도가 높음을 알 수 있다. 이처럼 본 연구에서는 한·중·일 관객의 영화 소비 성향을 분석하였으며, 국가별 차이를 확인하였다. 최근 한국은 포화상태인 국내 시장을 넘어 해외로 진출하기 위한 방안을 모색하고 있지만 드라마나 음악 등 여타 장르와 달리 해외 영화시장에서 한국영화의 입지를 굳히지 못하고 있다. 한국 영화산업 활성화를 위해서는 좋은 스토리 개발 및 완성도 높은 작품 제작뿐만 아니라 국가별 관객의 영화 관람 특성을 파악하고, 이를 바탕으로 한 작품 제작 및 마케팅 전략을 수립해야 할 것이다.
This study aims to accurately identify the trends of film industry by country by analyzing film consumption characteristics of the audiences in South Korea·China·Japan and comparing the analysis with the findings in 2016. To this end, a content analysis of the films included in the top 100 of all time by country was conducted to figure out the audiences’ film consumption patterns, and it was compared with the findings in 2016 to analyze changes in the film market of each country. The results are as follows. In the Korean film market, preference for Korean films has steadily increased, and there is a high preference for films that contain social messages as well as entertainingness rather than the ones that only pursue entertainingness. In terms of the Chinese film market, the market has recently shown rapid growth, and Chinese blockbusters, which are the combination of Chinese materials and Hollywood blockbuster styles, are highly preferred. Regarding the Japanese film market, it shows the tendency to be stagnant compared to Korea and China, and Japan is the only country to have a low percentage of its films in the box office rankings among the three countries. Japan has not been able to establish its own unique film styles, resulting in falling behind in the competition with Hollywood films. Audiences in Japan show steady loyalty to Japanese animation films but demonstrate a high preference for American films when it comes to other genres. This way, the study analyzed the film consumption propensity of the audiences in South Korea·China·Japan and identified the differences by country. Recently, South Korea is seeking ways to advance Korean films overseas beyond the saturated domestic market, but unlike other genres such as TV series and music, Korean films have not yet gained ground in overseas film markets. To boost the Korean film industry, it will be necessary to develop great stories, produce higher-quality films, identify the characteristics of watching movies by country, and establish a strategy for film production and marketing based on this.
1920년대 중국 영화와 대중문화의 변화 : 『전영월보(電影月報)』를 중심으로
[NRF 연계] 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 중국연구 Vol.87 2021.06 pp.139-157
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1920년대는 중국 영화산업의 태동기로서 명성영화사(明星影片公司), 천일영화사(天一影片公司) 등 많은 영화사들이 설립된 시기이다. 당시 형성된 영화산업 인프라 및 영화에 대한 대중의 수용문화는 1930년대 중국 영화산업 발전에 기틀이 되었다. 특히 1928년부터 1929년까지 발행된 『전영월보(電影月報)』는 전문성과 대중성을 겸비해 많은 독자층을 확보한 종합 영화잡지였다. 『전영월보』에 게재된 영화계 논평이나 영화소설(影戲小說)은 1920년대 중국 영화산업과 관객의 수용문화를 파악하고 상하이(上海) 인근지역 뿐만 아니라 장저우(漳州) 등 지역적 관객성향을 이해하는 데에 중요한 자료이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 『전영월보』를 통해 중국 초기 영화산업의 형성과정과 당시 대중문화의 변화를 검토하였다. 1920년대 중국 영화계는 동남아 시장 의존에서 국내 시장 확대로 선회하고 영화산업의 제도적 기반을 확충하는 시기였다. 당시는 외국 영화와의 질적 경쟁, 국내영화사 간의 저가경쟁이라는 열악한 상황에 놓여 있었다. 그러나 중국 영화계는 새로운 영화시장 개척, 자체적인 배급망 구축, 육합공사 및 영화단체 설립, 정부의 영화심사 제도 수용 등 다각적인 노력을 했다. 그 결과 당시에 마련된 제도적 보완과 국내 영화시장의 재편은 1930년대 영화산업 발전에 크게 기여했다. 또한 당시 유행한 영화소설은 ‘활자로 읽는 영화’를 통해 독자들에게 영화적 상상력과 새로운 독서경험을 제공함으로써 일반 독자들이 영화 관객으로 전환되는 중요한 계기가 되었다.
아랍 영상문화의 정체성과 미학적 특성 -영화산업의 발전과정을 중심으로
[NRF 연계] 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 지중해지역연구 Vol.22 No.2 2020.05 pp.1-27
...culture identity and aesthetic codes which might be represented in major film history. This research is rely on qualitative approach that may enable us to conduct more objective and analysis on cultural phenomena of the major countries like Egypt and Levant region and Magreb countries. This paper concluded the strong relation between Arab cinema and the socio-political and cultural conditions in the modern history of Middle East region. And the close relation between social trend and cinema is an Arab peculiar phenomenon in the colonial atmosphere. within ideologies and ideas such as socialism, nationalism after independence of the countries. And also after 2000, literary adaptations, realist and historical films, are contained the Arab cultural identity with visual aesthetics examined.
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Arab films could not reveal the dominant cultural identity enough among the Arab public during the last several decades. However, the trend and popularity of Arab films have attracted a global attention in recent years. This paper aims at exploring the characteristics of Arab films to recognize the culture identity and aesthetic codes which might be represented in major film history. This research is rely on qualitative approach that may enable us to conduct more objective and analysis on cultural phenomena of the major countries like Egypt and Levant region and Magreb countries. This paper concluded the strong relation between Arab cinema and the socio-political and cultural conditions in the modern history of Middle East region. And the close relation between social trend and cinema is an Arab peculiar phenomenon in the colonial atmosphere. within ideologies and ideas such as socialism, nationalism after independence of the countries. And also after 2000, literary adaptations, realist and historical films, are contained the Arab cultural identity with visual aesthetics examined.
페르시아 영상문화의 미학적 정체성과 상징성 분석: 이란영화산업의 발전과정을 중심으로
[NRF 연계] 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 국제지역연구 Vol.24 No.3 2020.07 pp.55-78
...culture through the analysis of the development in Iran's film industry. In terms of the process of the film industry development, the characteristics of the image technique through the investigation of historical environments, the development and characteristics of the genre of modern film of the potential of the Iranian film industry as an assessment of Iran's visual aesthetics were analyzed. The Iran's film was introduced in the Qajar dynasty by 1900, and developed with interacting with Europe. In 1930, the first silent movie ‘Abi and Rabi’ was produced. As Iran film industry has been under the censorship, which was a barrier to Western movies, but also was a supporter for the domestic film industry according to the era of economic growth within the oil boom. Another feature of the Iranian film is the values of the Iranian tradition as the film producing in Iran is a public art. While focusing on the social functions of the realism and commercial perspectives of the West, the Iranian film has evolved into a new imaging technique of the "neorealism" and "minimalism" based on traditional Iranian literature.
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이란 영화산업의 발전과정에 대한 분석을 통하여 이란 영화의 상품적 가치와 더불어 페르시아의 영상 미학을 조명한다. ①영화산업의 발전 과정 측면에서 영화제작 환경에 관련한 영상처리 기법을 시기별로 나누어 시대사적 조사를 실시하고, ②현대 이란영화를 장르별 발전과정과 정체성에 대하여 분석한다. ③한편, 페르시아의 영상 미학에 대한 평가와 상징성 분석그리고 장기적인 관점에서 이란영화계의 잠재성과 과제를 제시한다. 이란 영화는 1900년 카자르(Qajar) 왕조의 기록영화를 시작으로, 지속적인 유럽과 교류를통하여 촉진되었다. 1930년에는 최초의 극영화 ‘아비와 라비’(Abi and Rabi)가 무성영화로 제작됐다. 한편, 초기부터 실시된 검열이 서구영화의 진입장벽으로 작용하는 동시에, 독자적인영상문화를 발전시키는 기회가 되었다. 1960-70년 대 석유경제 호황기에 영화산업도 동반 성장하였고, 기록 영화의 형식의 특성은 이슬람혁명시대에도 지속되었다. 이란영화의 정체성은 전통 미학의 상징화와 가치관에 체화된 대중미학의 극대화 측면에서발현된다. 구미의 리얼리즘이 상업적 관점이나 영화의 사회적 기능에 초점을 맞춰있는 반면, 이란영화는 신사실주의와 미니멀리즘 요소가 대화체 영상기법으로 발전하면서 전통 문화와대중의 삶을 예술적 상징성으로 영상에 표출하고 있다.
This study evaluated the aesthetics of Persian culture through the analysis of the development in Iran's film industry. In terms of the process of the film industry development, the characteristics of the image technique through the investigation of historical environments, the development and characteristics of the genre of modern film of the potential of the Iranian film industry as an assessment of Iran's visual aesthetics were analyzed. The Iran's film was introduced in the Qajar dynasty by 1900, and developed with interacting with Europe. In 1930, the first silent movie ‘Abi and Rabi’ was produced. As Iran film industry has been under the censorship, which was a barrier to Western movies, but also was a supporter for the domestic film industry according to the era of economic growth within the oil boom. Another feature of the Iranian film is the values of the Iranian tradition as the film producing in Iran is a public art. While focusing on the social functions of the realism and commercial perspectives of the West, the Iranian film has evolved into a new imaging technique of the "neorealism" and "minimalism" based on traditional Iranian literature.
호텔의 기업가정신이 조직문화, 조직시민행동 및 고객지향성에 미치는 영향
[NRF 연계] 한국호텔외식관광경영학회 호텔경영학연구 Vol.26 No.7 2017.10 pp.315-334
...culture, organizational citizenship behavior, and customer orientation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze hotels' entrepreneurship, identify the effect of hotels' entrepreneurship on hotel employees' perception of organizational culture, and examine the impact of hotels' entrepreneurship and organizational culture on hotel employees' perception of organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, this study seeks to emphasize hotels' entrepreneurship and organizational culture and to examine organizational citizenship behavior as an antecedent of customer orientation by identifying the causal relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and customer orientation. To achieve this purpose, a survey was distributed to five star hotel employees in South Korea. Also, regression analysis was employed to examine the hypotheses. As a result of hypotheses examination, entrepreneurship had a statistically significant impact on organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior. Also, organizational culture significantly impacted organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior significantly influenced customer orientation. The results can inform hotel operators that the organizational operation method and culture have a positive impact on employees' organizational citizenship behavior and customer orientation that are related to their productivity. Futhermore, the results can suggest practical implications on aspects that hotels should consider in order to enhance employees' productivity.
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호텔 기업의 지속적인 발전을 위해서 호텔의 기업가정신, 조직문화, 조직시민행동 및 고객지향성에 대한 관계를 분석하는 통합적인 연구가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 호텔 조직의 기업가정신을 분석하여, 기업가정신이 영향을 미치는 조직문화를 직원들이 어떻게 인식하는지에 대해 파악하고, 직원들의 조직시민행동에 기업가정신과 조직문화가 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 검증하고자 한다. 또한 조직 시민행동과 호텔 기업에서 직원의 서비스 제공 수준에 영향을 미치는 고객지향성과의 인과관계를 파악함으로써 호텔 기업에서의 기업가정신과 조직문화에 대해 강조하고, 고객지향성의 선행요인으로서 조직시민행동을 규명하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위해 전국 특1급 호텔 직원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 가설 검증을 위해 회귀 분석을 이용하였다. 가설 검증 결과로서 기업가정신은 조직문화와 조직시민행동에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고, 조직문화는 조직시민행동에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 조직시민행동은 고객지향성에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 호텔 운영자에게 조직의 운영 방식 및 문화가 직원의 서비스 제공 수준 및 생산성과 관련이 있는 조직시민행동과 고객지향성에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있으며, 직원의 고객지향성을 높이기 위해 조직 차원에서 고려해야 할 사항들에 대한 실무적 시사점을 제안할 수 있을 것이다.
For hotels' sustainable development, an integral study is required for hotels’ entrepreneurship, organizational culture, organizational citizenship behavior, and customer orientation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze hotels' entrepreneurship, identify the effect of hotels' entrepreneurship on hotel employees' perception of organizational culture, and examine the impact of hotels' entrepreneurship and organizational culture on hotel employees' perception of organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, this study seeks to emphasize hotels' entrepreneurship and organizational culture and to examine organizational citizenship behavior as an antecedent of customer orientation by identifying the causal relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and customer orientation. To achieve this purpose, a survey was distributed to five star hotel employees in South Korea. Also, regression analysis was employed to examine the hypotheses. As a result of hypotheses examination, entrepreneurship had a statistically significant impact on organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior. Also, organizational culture significantly impacted organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior significantly influenced customer orientation. The results can inform hotel operators that the organizational operation method and culture have a positive impact on employees' organizational citizenship behavior and customer orientation that are related to their productivity. Futhermore, the results can suggest practical implications on aspects that hotels should consider in order to enhance employees' productivity.
유통산업의 ESG경영을 위한 임파워링리더십, 안전문화, 안전행동, 조직신뢰관계 연구
[NRF 연계] 사단법인 안전문화포럼 안전문화연구 Vol.29 2024.04 pp.31-47
...industry is exploring digital transformation(DX) initiatives like AI and robotics. However, to ensure environmental, social, and governance(ESG) safety, industry-specific precautions must be taken. This study focused on the ESG safety management in the distribution industry. It aimed to identify the mechanisms of empowering leadership, safety culture, safety behavior, and organizational trust. The study also empirically confirmed that safety culture acts as a mediator between empowering leadership and safety behavior. Additionally, it found that organizational trust plays a moderating role between safety culture and safety behavior. In order to achieve this objective, a survey was performed online with a sample size of 400 workers in the distribution industry. Out of the 400 replies, 384 were considered reliable for analysis after eliminating 16 dishonest responses. The data was then analyzed using SPSS 25.0 Process Macro and AMOS 22.0 to check the link between the main variables and test the hypotheses. The study revealed that empowering leadership had a large and beneficial impact on safety behavior and safety culture. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that the implementation of empowered leadership has a positive impact on safety culture, hence strengthening and initiating safety-related actions among individuals. Furthermore, it was discovered that organizational trust acts as a moderating mediator between empowering leadership and safety behavior, specifically through safety culture. The study confirmed that as the level of organizational trust increases, the positive impact of empowering leadership on safety behavior is enhanced through the mediating role of safety culture. The given findings provide theoretical and practical recommendations for implementing ESG safety compliance response systems and safety processes in the distribution industry.
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최근 기업경영의 핵심 패러다임이자 화두는 기업의 지속가능성과 비재무적 요소를 고려한 ESG경영이다. 급변하는 경영환경속에서 유통산업은 AI, 로보틱스 등 디지털전환(DX)을 통해 지속성장의 발판을 마련하려는 다양한 시도를 하고 있으나, ESG안전에 있어서는 산업적 특성을 고려한 대응방안이 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구는 유통산업의 ESG안전경영을 위해, 임파워링리더십, 안전문화, 안전행동, 조직신뢰의 매커니즘을 규명하고, 임파워링리더십과 안전행동간 안전문화의 매개효과와 안전문화와 안전행동간 조직신뢰의 조절매개효과를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 이를 위해 유통업게 400명의 종사자를 대상으로 온라인설문조사를 실시하여 불성실응답 16명을 제외한 384명의 응답을 분석에 활용하였으며, 주요변인 간 관계확인 및 가설검증을 위해 SPSS 25.0 Process Macro, AMOS 22.0로 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 임파워링리더십은 안전행동, 안전문화, 조직신뢰에 모두 정적(+)으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 임파워링리더십은 안전문화를 향상시키고 안전문화를 통해 구성원의 안전행동을 강화 · 촉발시키는 것으로 나타나 안전문화의 매개효과가 입증되었다. 셋째, 안전문화를 통한 임파워링리더십과 안전행동간에 조직신뢰의 조절매개효과를 규명하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 유통산업의 ESG안전스텐다드를 마련하고, 안전컴플라이언스 대응전략과 프로세스 구축을 위한 이론적, 실무적 제언을 제시하였다.
ESG management, which considers non-financial elements of companies, is the current emphasis of corporate management. To sustain development in the shifting business landscape, the distribution industry is exploring digital transformation(DX) initiatives like AI and robotics. However, to ensure environmental, social, and governance(ESG) safety, industry-specific precautions must be taken. This study focused on the ESG safety management in the distribution industry. It aimed to identify the mechanisms of empowering leadership, safety culture, safety behavior, and organizational trust. The study also empirically confirmed that safety culture acts as a mediator between empowering leadership and safety behavior. Additionally, it found that organizational trust plays a moderating role between safety culture and safety behavior. In order to achieve this objective, a survey was performed online with a sample size of 400 workers in the distribution industry. Out of the 400 replies, 384 were considered reliable for analysis after eliminating 16 dishonest responses. The data was then analyzed using SPSS 25.0 Process Macro and AMOS 22.0 to check the link between the main variables and test the hypotheses. The study revealed that empowering leadership had a large and beneficial impact on safety behavior and safety culture. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that the implementation of empowered leadership has a positive impact on safety culture, hence strengthening and initiating safety-related actions among individuals. Furthermore, it was discovered that organizational trust acts as a moderating mediator between empowering leadership and safety behavior, specifically through safety culture. The study confirmed that as the level of organizational trust increases, the positive impact of empowering leadership on safety behavior is enhanced through the mediating role of safety culture. The given findings provide theoretical and practical recommendations for implementing ESG safety compliance response systems and safety processes in the distribution industry.
게임의 문화적 가치에 근거한 게임산업 규제 합리화 모색 : 헌법상 문화국가원리 및 문화권 논의의 게임에 대한 적용을 토대로
[NRF 연계] 서울대학교 법학연구소 경제규제와 법 Vol.16 No.2 2023.11 pp.171-190
...industry has maintained a steady high growth over the past decade, and the size of the domestic game market has reached over 20 trillion won in 2021. Apart from economic performance, there is a negative evaluation of the game industry, and voices calling for the game industry to take responsibility for various social problems that may arise from game use has been raised. Accordingly, the government has implemented various and strong regulatory policies in the game industry. However, industrial regulations must be prepared to realize the public values of fair competition and consumer welfare, and at the same time, they must conform to the rule of law and be constitutional. Moreover, since the game industry is a cultural industry, the production of cultural products such as game contents can be regarded as a practice of freedom of art and expression under the constitution beyond simply pursuing economic private interests, so in the process of reviewing the constitutional conformity of cultural industry regulations, it is necessary to examine whether these regulations violate the essential content of producers' freedom of cultural creation and creativity. Furthermore, it is also necessary to examine whether game regulations excessively restrict game users' freedom to consume and enjoy culture. In this regard, the Korean Constitution declares the principle of culture-state. According to this principle, in order to guarantee autonomy, creativity, and diversity, which are the basic attributes of culture, the state cannot intervene in culture, but intervention in culture is allowed if these attributes are threatened or discrimination needs to be corrected, but it is emphasized that fairness and neutrality should be secured even in such intervention. In addition, constitutional basic rights can be used as a means of implementing the principle, and they can be collectively called cultural rights. Especially, the right to enjoy culture, which is derived from constitutional clauses which guarantee human dignity, pursuit of happiness, and the right to live a decent human life, is recognized as an important basic right that enables active enjoyment of culture by the general public. If games have cultural values as well as industrial values, the constitutional principle of culture-state and cultural rights should be applied to game-related regulations, and thus game industry regulations should be complex and delicate. Accordingly, in order for game industry regulation to become constitutional and reasonable industrial regulation, it is necessary to comply with the principle of proportionality and subsidiarity and to accommodate various regulatory models for rationalization of regulations. Furthermore, in order to realize cultural rights related to cultural creation and consumption, the game industry regulation should not excessively limit the right to play games and should not take a way to fundamentally prohibit game use. In addition, it is necessary to minimize paternalistic intervention of government and explore the possibility of self-regulation in order for game creation and consumption to be autonomous and independent.
※ 협약을 통해 무료로 제공되는 자료로, 원문이용 방식은 연계기관의 정책을 따르고 있습니다.
국내 게임산업은 최근 10년간 높은 성장세를 유지해왔으며 2021년에는 국내 게임시장 규모가 20조 원을 돌파하기에 이르렀다. 경제적 측면의 성과와는 별개로 게임산업에 대한 부정적 평가가 존재하는데, 게임이용으로 인해 발생할 수 있다고 여겨지는 여러 사회적 문제들에 대한 게임산업계의 책임을 촉구하는 목소리가 높게 형성되어 왔다. 이에 따라 정부는 게임산업에 그간 다양하고 강력한 규제정책을 펼쳐왔다. 그런데 산업규제는 공정한 경쟁, 소비자 후생이라는 공적 가치를 실현하기 위해 마련되어야 함과 동시에 법치주의에 부합되어야 하고 헌법합치적이어야 한다. 게다가 게임산업은 문화산업이므로 게임콘텐츠와 같은 문화상품의 생산은 단순히 경제적 사익의 추구를 넘어 헌법상 예술 및 표현의 자유의 실천으로 간주될 수 있어서 문화산업 규제에 대한 헌법합치성 검토 과정에서는 이러한 규제가 생산자의 문화창작의 자유와 창의의 본질적 내용을 침해하는지 살펴보아야 한다. 나아가 게임규제가 게임이용자의 문화소비⋅향유에 대한 자유를 과도하게 제한하는지 여부 역시 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 관련하여 우리 헌법에서는 문화국가원리를 천명하고 있는데, 문화의 기본적 속성인 자율성⋅창조성⋅다양성 보장을 위하여 국가는 문화에 원칙적으로 개입할 수 없지만 이러한 속성들이 위협받거나 차별시정이 필요한 경우 문화에 대한 개입이 허용되고, 다만 그러한 개입의 경우에도 공정성과 중립성을 확보해야 한다고 강조한다. 또한 이러한 원리를 실천하는 수단으로 정신적 자유권을 비롯한 헌법상 기본권들이 활용될 수 있고 이들을 종합하여 문화권이라 부를 수 있는데, 특히 인간의 존엄성 및 행복추구권, 인간다운 생활을 할 권리에서 도출된다는 문화향유권은 일반 국민의 능동적이고 적극적인 문화향유를 가능하게 해주는 중요한 기본권으로 인정된다. 게임이 산업적 가치뿐만 아니라 문화적 가치를 가진다면 헌법상 문화국가원리 및 문화권 논의는 게임관련 규제에서도 당연히 적용되어야 한다. 그에 따라 게임산업 규제가 헌법합치적이며 합리적인 산업규제가 되기 위해서는 일단 비례성과 보충성의 원칙을 준수해야 하고 규제 합리화를 위한 다양한 규제모델들을 수용할 필요가 있다. 나아가 문화창작 및 소비에 관련된 문화권을 구현하기 위해 게임산업 규제는 이용자의 게임할 자유를 과도하게 제한해서는 안되고 특히 이용자의 주체적인 게임이용 자체를 원천적으로 금지하는 방식을 취해서는 안된다. 또한 게임창작 및 소비가 자율적이고 주체적으로 이루어지기 위해 후견주의적 개입을 최소화하고 자율규제의 가능성을 모색할 필요가 있다.
The domestic game industry has maintained a steady high growth over the past decade, and the size of the domestic game market has reached over 20 trillion won in 2021. Apart from economic performance, there is a negative evaluation of the game industry, and voices calling for the game industry to take responsibility for various social problems that may arise from game use has been raised. Accordingly, the government has implemented various and strong regulatory policies in the game industry. However, industrial regulations must be prepared to realize the public values of fair competition and consumer welfare, and at the same time, they must conform to the rule of law and be constitutional. Moreover, since the game industry is a cultural industry, the production of cultural products such as game contents can be regarded as a practice of freedom of art and expression under the constitution beyond simply pursuing economic private interests, so in the process of reviewing the constitutional conformity of cultural industry regulations, it is necessary to examine whether these regulations violate the essential content of producers' freedom of cultural creation and creativity. Furthermore, it is also necessary to examine whether game regulations excessively restrict game users' freedom to consume and enjoy culture. In this regard, the Korean Constitution declares the principle of culture-state. According to this principle, in order to guarantee autonomy, creativity, and diversity, which are the basic attributes of culture, the state cannot intervene in culture, but intervention in culture is allowed if these attributes are threatened or discrimination needs to be corrected, but it is emphasized that fairness and neutrality should be secured even in such intervention. In addition, constitutional basic rights can be used as a means of implementing the principle, and they can be collectively called cultural rights. Especially, the right to enjoy culture, which is derived from constitutional clauses which guarantee human dignity, pursuit of happiness, and the right to live a decent human life, is recognized as an important basic right that enables active enjoyment of culture by the general public. If games have cultural values as well as industrial values, the constitutional principle of culture-state and cultural rights should be applied to game-related regulations, and thus game industry regulations should be complex and delicate. Accordingly, in order for game industry regulation to become constitutional and reasonable industrial regulation, it is necessary to comply with the principle of proportionality and subsidiarity and to accommodate various regulatory models for rationalization of regulations. Furthermore, in order to realize cultural rights related to cultural creation and consumption, the game industry regulation should not excessively limit the right to play games and should not take a way to fundamentally prohibit game use. In addition, it is necessary to minimize paternalistic intervention of government and explore the possibility of self-regulation in order for game creation and consumption to be autonomous and independent.
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