Earticle

In this paper, the difference of “KAIZEN” and “KAIRYO” is analyzed by adopting the method of synonymous description based on the analysis of word usage. Especially, we compared the use of “KAIZEN” and “KAIRYO”, and difference of meaning on the basis of frequency, register and stylistic features, and the tendency of collocation. First, the remarkable frequency difference of the synonyms suggests the generality and standardity of high frequency words. In the case of “KAIZEN” and “KAIRYO”, “KAIZEN” which is used more than three times based on the total frequency is more standard word than “KAIRYO”. Second, “KAIZEN” and “KAIRYO” are mostly used in public scenes and formal written style, but they are not used well in everyday scenes and comfortable conversation. In public scenes and literary works, “KAIZEN” is used more often than “KAIRYO”. Third, we analyzed whether there are any semantic differences between the subjects of “KAIRYO”, “KAIZEN”. In the case of “KAIRYO”, ①the management, ②the daily life, the health, the environment, ③the structure and the system, and ④the meaning field such as the situation, condition and relationship. On the other hand, in the case of “KAIZEN”, meaning fields such as ①civil engineering work, architecture, ②enrichment industry, ③management tend to be targeted. In the Japanese language class, “KAIRYO” with high standard level should be taught and learned firstly, and compared with “KAIZEN” in accordance with the increase of the learning level in the future. At this time, concrete and effective guidance on vocabulary grammatical collocation should be made along with the specific use area centered on the official scene of “KAIZEN” and “KAIRYO” and the formalized writing.

본고는 중국인 학습자에게 적합한 교육 내용을 구축하기 위해 변별 정보에 초점을 맞추어 동사 유의어를 논의하였다. 우선 동사의 어휘 특징을 반영하는 변별 정보를 정리하고 이를 바탕으로 중국인 학습자가 이해하기 쉬운 1단계, 동사 특징이 잘 나타나는 2단계, 보충이 필요한 3단계로 나누어 동사 유의어 교육 내용을 설계하였다. 그 결과물 자체가 교육 자료 개발과 교수 방법 연구에 기여하리라고 확신한다.

In order to construct educational contents that suit for Chinese learners, this study focuses on discrimination of verbs. It sorts out the discrimination items reflecting the characteristics of verbs, and on this basis, designs “understanding easily, reflecting the characteristics of the verbs, the necessary supplement” three analysis steps of verb synonyms. The results of this study will contribute to the development of educational materials and teaching methods in the future.

This study aims to determine the different meanings of 'Sayonghada' and 'Iyonghada' according to their subjects by using the Sejong Korean language corpus. For this study the Sejong Corpus was used to extracted sentences of the previously mentioned verbs. The examples were obtained randomly and divided into two contrastive corpus representing each of the designated verbs respectively. Upon the completion of the previous step, the verbs were sorted according to their usage in respect to the object of each recorded sentence. Thereafter, the objects of each sentence was determined by the Core-Net program to make distinguishable categories. The categories were then divided into the language trends which the verbs are used according to the object of the sentence. The outcome of the research produced a clear format for the correct usage of the two verbs according to situational variation as well as a helpful aid for learners, teachers and researchers furthering studies in the Korean linguistic field.

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The goal of this paper is to explore the use of the English synonymous adjectives slim and skinny through COCA(The Corpus of Contemporary American English), and to examine Korean college students’ knowledge of slim/skinny+noun collocations. The questionnaire consists of 27 questions, which are divided into three groups according to the way the two adjectives combine with nouns. The main findings of the study are as follows. First, the two adjectives are used most often with human nouns. Second, slim is much stronger than skinny in combining with abstract nouns. Third, slim is used in a much more diverse meaning than skinny. Fourth, the overall average score was as low as 41.8%. All these results suggest that Korean learners need to learn English with a focus on collocations rather than individual words.

This study is to set up a main image for Chinese synonyms for meaning classification in order to help the Korean students who have difficulties in learning them and to suggest the use of image diagrams as a method to teach them. First, the main images were drawn for the pronouns ‘每(mei)’ and ‘各 (ge)’, verbs ‘经过(jingguo)’ and ‘通过(tongguo)’, prepositions ‘向(xiang)’ and ‘往(wang)’, ‘沿着(yanzhe)’ and ‘顺着(shunzhe)’, adverbs ‘常常 (changchang)’ and ‘往往(wangwang)’, ‘刚(gang)’ and ‘刚刚(ganggang)’, ‘终于(zhongyu)’ and ‘到底(daodi)’, ‘本来(benlai)’ and ‘原来(yuanlai)’ and the design of the diagram was carried out for classifying meaning and concept. Next, the design of the diagram was carried out to classify grammatical concepts such as adverbs for time, which shows ‘in progress’, conjunctions, representing ‘condition’, preposition, representing ‘location and direction’ and auxiliary verbs, representing 'wish'. In addition, the possibility of using diagrams in word order teaching for synonym adverbs was examined. In conclusion, this paper examined that the teaching method using diagrams can be used not only in vocabulary education but also in grammar education. In addition, it was found that the teaching method using diagrams was a great help in improving students' understanding.

현재 한국어 교재에 유의어에 대한 정보가 충분히 제공되어 있지 않고 교실에서 교사의 판단에 의해서 유의어를 가르치고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 실제 언어 자료 분석함으로써 유의어의 쓰임을 밝히고 이러한 결과물을 외국인 학습자를 위한 한국어 유의어 교육에 활용할 수 있는 것이 필요하다. 본고에서는 말뭉치를 통해서 ‘공부하다-배우다’의 사용빈도와 공기관계의 경향성을 밝히고 이를 바탕으로 하여 외국인 학습자를 위한 보다 효과적인 교수 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

이 논문은 중한일 3국의 중국어유의어사전의 실상과 문제점을 짚어보고 한국인을 위한 중국어유의어사전에 대해 논의를 진행해왔다. 본고가 제시한 이 사전의 유의어 수록 원칙은, 첫째, HSK갑을급어휘에서 가장 무표적 의미를 가진 유의어를 수록한다. 둘째, 한국인이 자주 틀린 비HSK 어휘 등을 최대한 수록한다. 셋째, "高等学校外国留学生汉语教学大纲"어휘표의 유의어를 수록한다. 이 사전의 뜻풀이 원칙은 첫째, 중국어유의어의 유사점과 호환시의 차이점 정보를 제공한다. 둘째, 유의어의 변별적 특징에 관한 정확한 정보를 제공한다. 셋째, 유의어의 호환 정보를 제공한다. 유의어의 변별은 두 가지 원칙에 의해 이뤄진다. 첫째, 유의어군에서 변별적 특징이 뚜렷한 어휘 두 개에 대한 비교를 통해 그 유사점과 차이점을 밝힌다. 나머지 어휘를 팁형식으로 비교한다. 둘째, 유의어군의 어휘들의 변별 자질은 의미와 용법의 다양한 자질을 추출하되, 최대한 추출한다. 허사유의어에서 구분할 의미자질은 실사유의어의 의미자질에 비하면 훨씬 미약하다. 용법에는 통사, 형태, 화용 등 변별 자질을 다룬다. 실사유의어에서 동사유의어의 변별 자질이 형용사, 명사유의어보다 많기 때문에 모두 추출한다. 허사유의어는 실사유의어만큼 변별 자질이 많지 않지만 최대한 추출한다. 본고는 용례의 선정에서 수월성, 정확성, 실용성 3원칙을 제시하였다.

This study is aimed to seek Korean vocabulary teaching methods with the object of learning purpose by considering the foreign university students’ aspects of awareness about basal academic vocabulary among synonyms in elementary Korean vocabulary, and the gap between the understanding degree of the basal academic vocabulary and the elementary vocabulary. To achieve such a purpose, the basal academic vocabulary from the list of synonyms among basic Korean vocabulary was sorted out, and the meaning of each word and its orientation of combination relation were examined. The basal academic vocabulary is rather unfamiliar to the students than the basic Korean words, and the combining vocabulary or the formations were not frequently exposed to the foreign students. Thus, the foreign university students were not able to associate the synonymous relations of the basal academic vocabulary, and they were also not able to recognize the basal academic vocabulary accurately. Furthermore, the students did not know the combination formula featuring the basal academic vocabulary frequently. Based on such consequences, one can anticipate that the basal academic vocabulary would be come into play, hindering the students’ comprehension on the academic texts they encounter in class. Therefore, in case of studying Korean vocabulary for the academic purpose prior to the college admission, a list of vocabulary must be provided to the students as well as the instruction regarding the semantic differentials, emphasizing the elementary Korean vocabulary.

This study aims to trace the aspects of using verbs, ‘not-’ and ‘du-’, in history through corpus analysis in each period from the 15th to 20th century and figure out how the use of the words in synonymy has changed. With regard to the aspects of their semantic use in history, the two verbs went through polysemic division in their own area; however, in the process of polysemization, it has been found that their synonymic meaning did influence each other’s polysemy, too. While ‘not-’ was mainly used in the concrete area in the past, ‘du-’ was more often used in the area that was more abstract. Later, as ‘not-’ was being differentiated into a more abstract and diverse semantic area, it was grammaticalized into the area of an auxiliary verb or functional verb. And as the border between its previous meanings became clearer, more of the cases got fixed as a particular register. Unlike this, ‘du-’ maintained its lexical use in the abstract area; however, as the area of its use was relatively more flexible than that of ‘not-’, many of the cases could not establish any clear border of meaning. The changes in the meaning of ‘not-’ and ‘duda’ show dynamic aspects as associated with individual semantic difference and the changes of use in history. It is expected that in the future, this kind of research will concretely as well as practically verify that language changes dynamically within the dynamic structure of organically correlated various components.

「取り消し」「キャンセル」「解約」を例に類義語記述において均衡コーパスを用いることが効果的であるということを母語話者の使用意識と辞書的意味との比較を通して検討した。BCCWJに現れた使用頻度、コロケーションとテクストの種類に注目した用例調査の結果、次のような類義語間の違いが分かった。(1)母語話者の使用意向においては、「キャンセル」が「取り消し」「解約」 に比べて使いたいという意識が最も高く、「取り消し」と「解約」の間には明確な差がなかった。しかし、頻度においては「取り消し」>「キャンセル」> 「解約」の結果になり、使用実態は使用意向と一致しなかった。これに対して理解用意性においては、「取り消し」>「キャンセル」>「解約」の順番で意識(使用意向)と頻度(使用実態)が一致した。(2)使用テクストにおいては、「取り消し」の場合、法律(>ウェブ>書籍) で「キャンセル」「解約」はウェブ(>書籍>雑誌>広報誌)で最も良く使われる。意味においては、「取り消し」の場合、典型的には「指定」「登録」などの法律行為を対象にしており、周辺的には「入札」「出品」などの競売行為を対象にする。辞書的意味の「過去に言及したこと」は用例が非常に少ない。「キャンセル」は「取引」「入札」等の商行為を対象にするのが目立っており、「予定や約束」を対象にすることもある。「解約」は辞書的意味の契約(「契約」「保険」「預金」)と賃貸借(「賃貸借」)が対象のほとんどを占めている。

This study aims to analyse lexical co-occurrence and colligation of Korean verbs of endurance and to reveal how description of lexical tendencies contribute to discrimination of synonyms. The data used for this study is 2,928 sentences of verbs of endurance which are collected in the 21st Sejong Balanced Corpus. In Chapter 2, the theoretical background of a quantitative approach to grammatical tendency is introduced as a methodology of data-oriented linguistics, focused on systemic functional grammar, lexical priming theory and so on. Chapter 3 consists of two parts, one is colligation of negation and the other is semantic preference of arguments, comparing the outputs of the analysis with other Korean sentences extracted in the 21st Sejong Balanced Corpus. This study proposes the analysis of lexical tendencies and grammatical preference play an important role in explaining the existence of synonyms.

为了适应教学的需求，本文以二元对立的方式来考察了表示‘数’范畴的汉语同义词。首先从‘个体’和‘个别’这两个词汇的意义范畴来考察了它们之间的二元对立，接着把‘个体’和‘个别’的意义范畴应用于复数之中。第二章对‘个体’和‘个别’这两个概念范畴进行了脸谱化(公式化), 以此来考察这两个概念范畴的剪影(轮廓)。第三章通过单数单音节词汇‘各’和‘每’来考察并归纳出‘个体’和‘个别’的关系，紧接着又通过单音节词汇‘全’和‘都’来考察了‘个体’和‘个别’的联系。第四章考察了双音节词汇‘个体’和‘个别’的相互联系，并通过句子功能所表现出来的主观因素和语用因素来补充说明各个同义词的外在意义。

This paper investigates a way of distinguishing synonyms with particular reference to the three Korean words ‘chaek’, ‘seojeok’ and ‘doseo’, all meaning (aspects of) “book”. The data are based on the TRENDS 21 corpus, a collection of daily newspapers. We get related words of a key word by co-occurrence (collocation) analysis. With networks of related words of synonyms, we can find features in common and differences among synonyms. After constructing the networks of related words of ‘chaek’, ‘seojeok’ and ‘doseo’, and comparing those three networks with each other, we found the following. ‘Chaek’ has high relevance with stories or unprofessional writings. ‘Seojeok’ is characteristically related to professional research. Finally, ‘doseo’ has two properties, one being the property as an object (entity, substance) for transaction and exchanging, the other being the property of having an educational function. The method in this research demonstrates validity of corpus linguistics in disclosing the differences of synonyms about which we do not have clear intuitions.

This study aims at categorizing and describing pragmatic information in synonyms dictionary for Korean language learners. Most of learners of second language have difficulty in using synonyms. Thus they consult a dictionary to distinguish synonyms. But at present, synonym dictionary doesn't deal with pragmatic information even though it is as important as syntactic and semantic information. So this thesis is focused on pragmatic information in synonym dictionary. This study regards pragmatic information as a kind of event from perspective of vocabulary use and classifies pragmatic information depending on 5W1H. And this study gives examples of each synonyms and dictionary models. According to this model, description of pragmatic information is not limited to specific microstructure. That is, pragmatic information can be represented in overall descriptions in synonym dictionary, for example, mark(#), definition,exemplification, usage, and usage box, etc.

本文通過考察現代漢語中的“走”和“去”這兩個近義詞是如何與主語和賓語結合的, 以此來找出這兩個詞的差異。 學習初級漢語的韓國人, 常常因爲要表達“가다”這個語義時, 對使用“走”和“去”産生混淆。 關於這一問題, 我們可以通過分析與這兩個動詞相結合的主語和賓語的特徵, 得出以下結論: 第一, “走”大都與人物名詞主語結合, 竝主要集中在第一和第三人稱; 第二, “去”也大都和人物名詞相結合, 但比“走”更自由一些, 與第二人稱結合的情況也比較多; 第三, “走”大都不能跟賓語, 但有時可以跟抽象名詞賓語; 第四, “去”跟賓語的情況占60%左右, 所跟賓語的性質包括:具體名詞、抽象名詞、人物名詞、疑問代詞等多種名詞, 而且, 結合頻率最高的具體名詞中, 表示場所的名詞所占比重最大; 第五, 從整體上來看, “去”比“走”在與主語和賓語結合時更自由。

본 논문에서는 많은 정보로부터 의미 있는 정보를 추출하기 위해 사용되는 정보 검색 시스템에서 이용이 가능한 동의어/유의어 사전을 구축하고 구축된 정보의 평가를 수행하였다. 사용한 자원으로는 미리 구축된 한-영 사전과 영-한사전을 이용하였다. 이들의 사용으로 다른 동의어사전과 달리 보다 많은 유의어 정보를 포함하는 이익을 얻었다. 본 논문의 시스템은 사전을 구축하기 위해 기본 자원을 이용하여 동의어/유의어 후보 목록들을 획득하고, 획득된 정보를 바탕으로 후보 목록의 빈도수와 사전의 위치 정보, 마지막으로 입력 명사 정보를 이용하여 동의어/유의어를 확정한다. 작성된 동의어/유의어사전은 한-영사전에 수록된 한국어 명사 64,630개를 대상으로 하였다. 작성된 사전을 문서 필터링 시스템에 추가하여 적용 전보다 성능이 향상됨을 확인하였다. 또한 질의 색인어 확장에 이용하여 보다 정답을 추출하는데 추가적으로 확장된 유의어 정보가 정답을 추출하는데 유용하게 사용됨을 확인하였다.

In this study, I propose a new method of analysis based on Google Trends to distinguish synonyms in Japanese. In particular, I focus on the ‘related themes’ and ‘related search words’ of the Google Trends data and analyze three pairs of synonyms, ?kanarazu? and ?kitto? ‘for sure’, ?kaizen? and ?kairyou? ‘improvement’, and ?daiji? and ?taisetsu? ‘important’. Through the analysis, I reveal subtle meaning differences more clearly than the previous corpus analyses and the dictionary definitions. The results of this study are condensed into three points. First, kanarazu is related to themes such as effort, quotes, traffic signs, and prohibition, whereas kitto tends to co-occur with search words describing emotions such as hope and sorrow. Second, kaizen is strongly associated with the themes of health and beauty, such as hair, wrinkles, fat, liver, constipation, waist, and long-term care. By contrast, kairyou is related to the themes of agriculture and ground such as soil, soil improvement, breeding, and cultivated varieties. Finally, daiji is mainly searched for in connection with body-related themes, whereas taisetsu is searched for in connection with themes such as persons, personality, friendship, mind, and quotes.

한국어로 비슷한 의미로 번역될 수 있는 영어 단어들이 있다. 그런데 이러한 특정 단어들의 의미를 구별하는 것은 한국의 초등학생들에게는 어려울 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국 초등학생들을 대상으로 영어 동사의 사용과 영어 동사 동의어에 대한 인식을 살펴보는 것이다. 구체적으로, 한국 초등학생들로 구성된 표본을 이용하여 비슷한 의미를 지닌 sail과 voyage의 동의어에 대한 인식 정도와 Corpus(말뭉치)를 사용한 후의 적절한 언어사용의 성과 여부를 살펴보고자 한다. 연구 대상자는 바다 인근과 해군사관학교 근처에 거주하는 초등학교 6학년 학생 27명이었다. 대상자들은 sail과 voyage의 동의어에 대해 한 달 동안 학습했으며 먼저, 학생들은 단어의 정확한 의미를 문장에서 학습하기 전에 sail과 voyage에 대한 동의어 사전 테스트를 진행했다. 저자는 한 달 동안 단어를 학습한 후 후기 테스트를 진행했다. 일부 학생들은 Corpus 프로그램 사용을 어려워했지만, 대부분의 학생들은 후기 설문 조사에서 단어를 찾기 위해 프로그램을 사용하는 것에 관심이 있었다. 결과적으로, Corpus를 사용한 후기 조사에서 학생들은 선택한 동의어들 사이의 미묘한 의미 차이를 더 잘 이해하였다.

Some English words can be translated with similar meanings in Korean. It is difficult for Korean elementary school students to distinguish the meaning of some specific English words. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of synonymous words using Corpus, such as sail and voyage. Also, it examines the level of interest in English vocabulary after using Corpus. The goal of this paper is to investigate the usage of English verbs and knowledge of English verb synonyms for Korean elementary school students. A pair of synonymous verbs were tested. The subjects (sixth grade) were twenty-seven elementary school students who lived near the ocean and the Military Naval College. The subjects studied synonymous words that have similar meanings in Korean, such as sail and voyage for a month. At first, students took a pre-test of synonyms for sail and voyage before learning the exact meaning of the words in the sentences. After a month of studying the words, they took a post-test. A few students found it difficult to use the Corpus program, but most were interested in using the program to find words in the post-survey. As a result, in the post-survey using Corpus, the students better understood the nuanced differences in meaning between the selected synonyms.

이 연구는 유의 관계에 있는 ‘사다’, ‘구매하다’, ‘구입하다’, ‘마련하다’, ‘장만하다’의 의미를 변별하고 실제 사용 양상을 밝히는 데에 목적이 있다. 이들의 변별기제를 알아보기 위해 먼저 사전에서 뜻풀이, 대응어, 계열 관계, 격틀과 활용형을 분석하였다. 이어 말뭉치에서 빈도와 사용역, 통합 관계를 분석하고, 용례를바탕으로 교체 검증을 실시하였다. 나아가 공기어를 통계적으로 검증하기 위해문서유사도를 도출하고 공기 구조 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 ‘구매하다’는 사는 행위 자체에 초점이 놓여 [+소유]의 의미 자질이있는 ‘사다’, ‘구입하다’와 의미적으로 변별되었다. 그리고 ‘사다’는 구어에서, ‘구입하다’는 문어에서 주로 출현하여 사용역에서 차이를 보였다. 또한 공기어 분석 결과 ‘장만하다’에 그 과정이 힘들다는 의미가 내포되어 있어 ‘마련하다’와 구분된다고 보았다. 또한 통합 관계를 통계적으로 검증한 결과 ‘사다’와 유의미하게공기하는 명사는 ‘집’, ‘옷’, ‘선물’과 같은 구체물과 ‘술’이 있었다. ‘구입하다’와는‘일괄’, ‘뒤’가, ‘구매하다’와는 ‘이상’, ‘공동’, ‘상품’, ‘물품’, ‘고객’, ‘알뜰’, ‘할부’가공기하였다. ‘마련하다’의 공기 명사는 추상 명사가 대부분이었는데 고빈도인 ‘대책’, ‘방안’, ‘계기’ 등이 공기 강도도 높았다. ‘장만하다’는 ‘집’, ‘음식’, ‘아파트’,‘혼수’, ‘살림’ 등 주로 구체 명사와 공기하였는데 이 중 ‘집’과 ‘음식’의 공기 강도가 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 유의 관계에 있는 어휘들에 대해서는 이러한 특성을 반영하여 사전이 기술되어야 하며, 교수ㆍ학습이 이루어져야 한다.

This study aims to differentiate the meanings of the synonymousverbs sada, guipada, gumaehada, maryeonhada, and jangmanhada. Data were drawn from dictionaries and corpora. The findings revealedthat gumaehada focuses on the act of buying itself and is semanticallydifferentiated from sada and guipada, which have the semantic featureof [+possession]. Sada mainly appears in spoken language, whileguipada appears with high frequency in written language. In terms ofcollocations, maryeonhada is mainly used with abstract nouns, whilejangmanhada is used with concrete nouns. In addition, it wasconsidered that jangmanhada is differentiated from maryeonhada bythe connotation of a difficult process.