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本稿では、頻度、文体、共起連語(collocation)という３つの分析ツールを用い、類義語記述においては、均衡コーパスを利用する方法が非常に効果的であるということを、「話す」と「喋る」を例に具体的に検討した。両単語の頻度･文体･意味的な違いはつぎのとおりである。(1)語彙素検索で「話す」22,436例(83.6%)、「喋る」4,385例(16.4%)が抽出されたことから、現代日本語の書き言葉においては、「話す」が「喋る」の5倍以上使われることが分かる。(2)「話す」と「喋る」は書籍とウェブテキストで多用されるという類似し* 국민대학교 교양대학 조교수, 어휘･의미론/코퍼스언어학4 日語日文學研究 제90집た文体的傾向がある。両単語共に法律での使用はなく、「喋る」は白書での使用も全くない。一方、広報紙と教科書で「話す」が多用されるのと対照的に「喋る」を使うことはめったにない。(3)意味的にみれば、「話す」は状況･経緯、事情･理由を説明したり、心理状態を言及する場合、または、体験を語るときに使う。これに対して、「喋る」は、(聞き手からして)余計な, くだらない, 途方もない, つまらない, 意味不明なこと、或は、多言されては困る秘密や私的なことを口外するときに使う。言語や方言を駆使するという意味は両単語に共通する。

Using words HANASU, SHABERU as an example, and using three analysisframework of frequency, style, and collocation, I asserted that balanced corpusis the effective tool in the description of synonym. There is a distinct differencebetween the two words in frequency, style, collocation is as in the following. (1) It is extracted that 22434 examples of HANASU(83.6%) and 4385examples of SHABERU(16.4%) by lexeme search. This evidence suggeststhat HANASU is used five times more than SHABERU in modern japanese. (2) HANASU, SHABERU have the similar stylistic tendency of being usedin books and web text. The two words share a common character that is neverused in law text, and SHABERU is nonexistent in a white paper. WhileHANASU is used much in public relations magazines and textbook, SHABERUis rare. (3) HANASU is used semantically to explain a situation?details, circumstances? reasons or to mention mentality or talk about experiences. On the other handSHABERU is used to talk about unnecessary, trivial, absurd details which haveunclear meanings from listener`s judge or to disclose secret which should notbe known to others or private details. The meaning of using a language ordialect is common to two words.

This study aims to show discrimination and description methods of Korean synonym, especially based on 『Yonsei Modern Korean Dictionary』. Synonymy is widely used to enrich learner's vocabularies in Language Teaching. For providing materials in language teaching, first of all this study shows Korean synonym are divided into three which are based on the etymology, and those classifications aren't explanatory of discrimination of synonyms and enriching vocabularies to language learners. Insead of this study classifies Korean synonym four types based on their language properties. These classifications are explanatory of discrimination of Korean synonym and moreover those are closely related to description of Korean synonym. Secondly, this study aims to discriminate between tests of discrimination synonym based on functional burden. According to my observation, those test are used differently according to category. Lastly this study shows the description of Korean synonym based on their property. For example, nouns are described by using signposts or modifier or predicates. Verbs are described by using case frame or the properties of their arguments. And adverbs are described by using modifier or conjunctional ending etc.

本文从语义､ 句法､ 语用､ 形态的角度, 对副词近义词“常常, 经常”的异同作了探讨｡ 首先在第4章语义方面, 经考察发现“常常“具有[+普遍性][+習慣性][-规则型][-日常性][-连续性]的语义特征, “经常”具有[+规则型][+日常性][+连续性][-普遍性][-習慣性]的语义特征｡ 此外, 根据≪漢英詞典≫对“常常”和“經常”的汉译释义､ 对“经常”的反义词考察､ 与“经常”同现的动宾结构和“很, 最”等来看, 显示出如下特点｡ “常常”处于左边的低频区域, “经常”处于右边的高频区域, 而中间阴影部分是“常常”和“經常”的重叠部分即近义部分｡ 由此可见, “经常”的出现频度高于“常常”｡ L ―――+―――+―――+―――+―――+―――+――― H 时而 时时 时常 频繁地 频频 日常的, 连续 在第5章句法方面, 阐述了“常常, 經常”在句中的主要功能为副词｡ “經常”还能用作谓语和定语, “常常”没有此功能｡ “常常, 經常”能与“自主､ 非自主動詞”, “持續､ 非持續動詞”同现｡ “經常”能与“保持+VO[,VP, AP, PP]”同现后, 表示靜態事件, 与“不断地+VO”同现后, 表示动態事件｡ “常常”却不能｡ “經常”的否定形式为“不經常”, “常常”的否定形式为“不常”｡ “常常, 經常”不能与“了”, “着”, “过”同现｡ 不过, 在连动句里出现像“星期六”那样能重复的时间的话, “常常, 經常”能与“了”, “着”同现｡ “經常”与“很”, “最”同现后, 能用作谓语｡ 第6章语用方面, “經常”在书面语里广泛使用, 也能用在口语里｡ 而“常常”只能用在口语里｡ 第7章形态方面, “经常”能与词缀“性”, “化”结合成词｡ 并发现了“经常”的重叠形式“经经常常”的使用现象｡

지금까지의 논의에서는 항의 수에 따른 유의어 특성을 살피지 않았다. 이항과 다항이라는 유의어 항의 수는 유의어를 논의하는 데 중요한 구실을 한다. 유의어의 공시적 상황에서나 통시적 변화에 있어서도 그 역할의 구분은 필요하다. 이항과 다항에서 나타나는 분포상의 특징은 이들의 구분이 왜 필요한지를 생각하게 한다. 생태적 특성은 변화의 예측과 관련이 있다. 언어의 변화는 일정한 규칙을 가진다. 생멸과 관련한 논의는 이러한 규칙성을 동반한다. 군집을 형성하는 다항은 분화의 특성을 형성한다. 이원성의 논리를 형성하면서 점차 경쟁의 상대를 줄여가는 특성을 보인다. 다항은 동일한 시기에 발생하는 이항의 경쟁보다 유의어쌍으로서는 그 생명력이 길다. 유의어는 통시적 변화의 결과 통합과 분화, 관계의 지속이라는 변화성이 존재한다. 이러한 변화와 관련한 분포와 생태적 특성은 왜 이항과 다항이 분리되어 논의되어야 하는지 그 필요성을 설명한다. 이항이 변화의 결과 통합으로의 변화가 66.7%를 차지하지만 다항은 분화로의 변화가 61.1%로 나타난다.

This thesis considered binary and n-ary synonyms with ecological change and observed distributive property. The binary synonyms on integrative change are occupied 63.6% within polysemous use. The expressive meaning and syntactic distinction are appeared highly with 60.9% and 86.7%. As a result of this when only diachronic result appeared most highly with 66.7% of the whole. But the n-ary synonyms on divisional change are occupied 75% within polysemous use. The expressive meaning is appeared highly with 66.7%. As a result of this when only diachronic result appeared most highly with 61.1% of the whole. The binary synonyms one expressive meaning and syntactic distinction are freezed division with reinforcement of the role. But in compliance with a polysemy, coexisted synonym with polysemy of one word. And then polysemy is caused by meaning reduction or really with the detailed drawing and the course where the division becomes accomplished is visible. The n-ary synonyms accompanies a dualism from process of the change which freezes. Form as a matter of the dualism which is meaning and form are thick first of all. As a result of like this dualism secures general diachronic characteristic. But the dualism which appears with polysemy go after singleness meaning through a process from concept of high position. Body reducing is the method for securing the existence competitive power. Like this discussion will be able to presume the meaning high position conceptual word in compliance with a polysemy possibly does.

The purpose of this study is to select a synonym list and to discuss methods of describing synonyms for Korean learners. For selection of the synonym list, we will use lerner error corpus. Also we will select the list that abstracts errors of lexical replacement in same parts of speech from types of lexical errors, and compare the list with some lists of preceding studies and dictionaries. What is more, we will classify the list into two types according to cause of the creation of each error. The first type is semantical similarities. The second type is differences of registers.

Yang Myung-hee. 2007. On the synonym in the Korean Language Dictionary. Korean Semantics, 22. This study is to establish criteria of the synonym list in the Korean Language Dictionary. For this aim we investigate criteria of the synonym list of the three kinds of the Korean Diationary. We know that the synonym of the same word is different in the three Korean Dictionary. The criteria of the synonym list in the Synonym Dictionary are different from those of the Korean Dictionary. We differentiate the contextual synonym and the lexical synonym. Korean Language Dictionary have to list the contextual synonym. For this the lexicographer had better make a Synoym Dictionary it shows elaborate meanings and abundant examples so the users can understand the synonym in the contexts.

Objective : This study aims to propose a prescription support system using synonyms of indications in prescription data in Korean medicine ontology. Methods : We designed a database schema to store and manage synonyms for indications in prescriptions. In order to searching prescriptions using the synonyms, it is defined a searching process for our prescription support system. When searching for prescriptions, users can specify one of three conditions for each symptom: AND, OR, or NOT. And, user interface to enter symptoms and show search results are implemented. Results : There are about 6,800 indication terms in prescriptions in Korea medicine ontology, of which about 4,800 terms are used to build synonym sets, and about 2,500 synonym set with a single ID. Searching for prescriptions using synonyms for fever yields 149 results, while searching for fever alone without synonyms yields only 77 prescriptions. Conclusion : In this study, we examined the feasibility of searching for prescriptions using synonyms in an existing prescription support system. In the future, we plan to expand the synonyms for prescription indications from a variety of books, including ancient texts, and analyze the associations between symptom terms. Moreover, we will discuss the methods and results of building synonyms that are not covered in this study.

This study offers a comparative analysis of the semantic and syntactic features of four Modern Chinese synonyms—‘必須(bìxū)’, ‘應該(yīnggāi)’, ‘必需(bìxū)’, ‘必要(bìyào)’—centered on data from the BCC corpus. Although these words all express the notion of “necessity,” they exhibit distinct differences in actual usage. Particularly for Korean learners, the similarity in Sino-Korean vocabulary often leads to confusion between these terms. From a semantic perspective, ‘必須’ conveys strong obligation and inevitability, often used to reinforce imperative tone in formal or policy- related contexts. ‘應該’ carries dual meanings: normative obligation and probabilistic inference. ‘必需’ refers to tangible, essential elements, while ‘必要’ emphasizes situational or conditional necessity. Syntactically, ‘必須’ and ‘應該’ typically appear after the subject and function as adverbials modifying verb phrases. ‘必須’ implies enforced action, whereas ‘應該’ suggests recommendation or judgment. In contrast, ‘必需’ and ‘必要’ are used as modifiers within noun phrases or as adjectives, and can also serve as predicates or subjects—especially when ‘必要’ is nominalized as ‘必要的’. Corpus analysis revealed frequent collocations for each synonym. ‘必須’ commonly pairs with verbs such as ‘堅持’, ‘加強’, and ‘進行’, which reflect a tendency toward action-oriented or execution-driven expressions. In contrast, ‘應該’ tends to co-occur with more conversational or possibility- related verbs, such as ‘知道’ and ‘可以’. ‘必需’ and ‘必要’ often combine with structural particles like ‘的’, ‘有’, and ‘所’. Notably, ‘必須’ and ‘應該’ can appear together in constructions like ‘應該而且必須’, forming a gradational expression that emphasizes both normative and imperative necessity. Despite their semantic overlap, these synonyms differ in function depending on context, grammatical role, and syntactic structure. Learners relying solely on dictionary definitions are prone to misusage. Therefore, effective synonym instruction should incorporate corpus-based examples to clarify contextual distinctions and usage rules.

본 연구는 한국어 고급 학습자를 위한 교육용 부사의 유의어군을 선정하고 그 변별적 특성을 분석해 봄으로써 교수・학습 자료를 구축하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 세 단계에 걸쳐 어휘 목록을 추출하였으며, 연구 결과 81개의 3차 유의어군 목록을 얻을 수 있었다. 고급 부사를 대상으로 하였으나 이와 유의 관계를 이루는 어휘, 즉 유의어군 내의 단어들은 전 등급에 걸친 교육용 어휘들이 모두 포함되었다. 또한 이는 다의 분석 작업 이전의 목록이므로 직관적으로 유의어가 아닌 단어들이 하나의 유의어군 안에 포함되는 경우도 있으나, 어느 단어들을 대상으로 유의 관계를 분석할 것인가에 대한 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 선정된 유의어군 가운데 고급 학습자가 사용 오류를 보인 ‘불과’와 ‘겨우’를 중심으로 의미 평정 작업을 거친 후, 용례 분석을 통해 의미 간 변별적 특성을 찾아 기술하였다. 유사한 의미를 지닌 어휘의 변별적 특성을 분석하는 작업은 한국어 학습자뿐만 아니라 모어 화자들을 위해서도 언어학 및 교육학적 측면에서 유의미한 연구이다. 학습자 오류에 나타난 부사 외에도 국어사전의 기술만으로는 쉽게 변별되지 않거나, 모어 화자의 직관으로 명시적 설명이 어려운 어휘를 중심으로 좀 더 폭넓은 후속 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to construct instructional materials for advanced learners of Korean by selecting synonym groups of adverbs and analyzing their distinctive semantic features. To this end, a three-step process was employed to extract a list of relevant vocabulary items, resulting in a compilation of 81 tertiary synonym groups. Although the focus was on advanced-level adverbs, the synonym groups include vocabulary items spanning all proficiency levels, as long as they exhibit synonymic relations with the target adverbs. Since the resulting list precedes a detailed polysemy analysis, it may include words that are not true synonyms based on linguistic intuition. Nevertheless, it serves as a foundational resource for identifying which lexical items warrant further synonymy analysis. Among the selected synonym groups, the study concentrated on bulgwa (‘only, no more than’) and gyewu (‘barely, just’), which are confused by advanced learners. Through semantic rating tasks and corpus-based example analysis, the study identified and described the distinctive semantic features that differentiate these adverbs. Analyzing subtle distinctions among near-synonyms is a linguistically and pedagogically meaningful endeavor not only for Korean language learners but also for native speakers. Future research should extend to other adverbs that either frequently appear in learner errors or cannot be easily distinguished through dictionary definitions or native speaker intuition alone.

본 연구의 목적은 말뭉치에 기반하여 한국어 유의어를 추출하고 선정하는 방법과 변별 정보를 기술하는 방법을 고찰하고 한국어 감정형용사 중 ‘싫다’ 유의어군을 중심으로 실제 유의어 선정 및 변별 사례를 제시하는 것이다. 유의어 선정을 위해서는 각종 국어사전과 어휘 데이터의 현 실태를 실제 자료 중심으로 검토하고 Word2Vec 모델을 활용하여 유의어 선정을 보완하는 방법을 제안하였다. 유의어 변별을 위해서는 말뭉치 빈도, 어휘 등급, 텍스트 장르별 분포, 공기 관계를 분석하였고 이를 토대로 의미 운율 및 연접 등의 변별 정보 기술도 제안하였다. 본 연구는 기초적 언어 자료 및 유의어 변별 정보 분석 방법론을 제공함으로써 어휘론 분야뿐 아니라 말뭉치언어학, 언어 교육, 사전 편찬 등 제반 분야에 기여하고자 한다.

This study aims to explore methods for extracting and selecting Korean synonyms from corpora, as well as methods for describing discriminative information. It presents a case study on the selection and differentiation of synonyms, focusing on the synonym group of the Korean emotional adjective silta (“dislike”). For synonym selection, the study reviews various Korean dictionaries and lexical data, and proposes a method to supplement this process using a Word2Vec model. To differentiate synonyms, it analyzes corpus frequency, vocabulary levels, distribution across text genres, and collocations, and describes discriminative information such as semantic prosody and conjugations. By providing an example of synonym selection and discriminative information analysis, this study will contribute not only to the field of lexicology but also to corpus linguistics, language education, and lexicography.

이 연구는 ｢한국어 기초 사전｣의 유의어 제시 현황을 살펴 ｢한국어 기초 사전｣에서 유의어를 제시하는 방침에 대해 미루어 알아보고자 하였다. 이때 2006년에 서상규 외 7인이 출간한 ｢(외국인을 위한) 한국어 학습 사전｣과의 비교를 통해, ｢한국어 기초 사전｣에서 제시된 유의어가 이전보다 오히려 줄어들었음을 보였다. 특히 두 사전의 비교를 통해 유의 관계를 맺지 못한 단어들을 살펴 ｢한국어 기초 사전｣이 ‘유의어’를 제시하기보다 거의 모든 맥락에서 치환될 수 있는 ‘동의어’를 제시하는 데 목적이 있음을 짐작하였다. 이에 대해 한국어 학습자의 관점에서 동사의 유의어 학습에 효율적인 방안이 무엇이었는지를 고려하여, 공구서로서 ｢한국어 기초 사전｣이 유의어를 제시하는 데에 보다 적극적인 태도로 나아가야 함을 논하였다.

This study aims to examine the presentation of synonyms in the ?Basic Korean Dictionary? and to infer the guidelines for synonym presentation in this dictionary. By comparing it with the ?Korean Learners’ Dictionary? published in 2006 by Seosanggyu and seven others, it was shown that the number of synonyms presented in the ?Basic Korean Dictionary? has actually decreased compared to the past. Specifically, by comparing the presentation of synonyms in the two dictionaries, it was inferred that the ?Basic Korean Dictionary? focuses on presenting ‘synonyms’ that can be substituted in almost all contexts, rather than ‘near-synonyms’. This paper reviewed previous studies to explore the difficulties Korean learners face when learning pairs of verbs in a synonymous relationship and examined which methods are more effective in promoting synonym learning. It also assessed whether this approach to synonym presentation is fulfilling its role as a learning material. As a result, it was argued that the ?Basic Korean Dictionary? should adopt a more proactive approach in presenting synonyms to fully serve its role as a learning material.

본 연구는 혐오 감정에 해당하는 동사들이 사용된 문장의 공기어 분석을 통해 혐오 감정 동사 유의어들의 의미를 비교하고 이들의 특성을 살피는 것을 연구 목적으로 한다. 혐오 감정 동사 유의어의 의미 분석을 위해 국립국어원의 '모두의 말뭉치'를 사용하여, 문어 말뭉치 데이터를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 특히 양적 연구 방법론의 적용에 있어 연구의 객관성을 높이기 위해 최대한 많은 자료에서 혐오 감정 타동사와 함께 등장하는 목적어 명사를 정확히 추출하여 분석하였다. 이러한 방법론을 적용하여 추출된 목적어 공기 명사들의 공기 관계를 분석함으로써 각 혐오 감정 동사가 어떤 명사와 어떠한 관계를 맺으며 사용되는지, 그 특징을 파악하고, 이를 통해 혐오와 관련된 의미 영역을 확인하였다. 이 과정에서 혐오 감정 동사의 유의어들의 공기 빈도 및 공기 관계를 수치‧시각 자료를 통해 분석함으로써 혐오 감정 동사 유의어 내 개별 어휘들의 의미적 특성을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 혐오 감정 동사와 그 유의어들이 공기하는 명사를 통해 어떻게 의미가 형성되고 확장되는지를 보여줌으로써, 혐오 감정 동사의 통사‧의미적 네트워크를 이해하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 결과적으로, 이 연구는 혐오 감정 동사와 관련된 언어적 현상을 보다 깊이 있게 이해하고, 해당 어휘들의 사용 양상과 의미 구조를 명확하게 해석하는 데에 있어, 연구 방법론과 분석의 영역을 확장하는 데 기여할 수 있다.

This study aims to compare and examine the characteristics of hate emotion verb synonyms through the analysis of collocates in sentences where hate emotion verbs are used. To analyze the meanings of hate emotion verb synonyms, data from the 'Corpus of Everything' provided by the National Institute of Korean Language was utilized, specifically analyzing written corpus data. To enhance the objectivity of this study, quantitative research methodologies were applied, and object nouns that appear with transitive hate emotion verbs were precisely extracted and analyzed from a large volume of data. By analyzing the collocation relationships of these extracted object nouns, the study identifies the relationships and characteristics of how each hate emotion verb is used with various nouns, thereby defining the semantic domains associated with hate emotions. During this process, the study analyzed the collocation frequencies and relationships of hate emotion verb synonyms through numerical and visual data, thus investigating the semantic characteristics of individual lexemes within hate emotion verb synonyms. This research demonstrates how meanings are formed and expanded through nouns that collocate with hate emotion verbs, thereby aiding in understanding the syntactic and semantic networks of hate emotion verbs. Consequently, this study deepens the understanding of linguistic phenomena related to hate emotion verbs and clarifies the usage patterns and semantic structures of these lexemes, contributing to the expansion of research methodologies and analytical domains.

This study targets the adjectives '嚴格-嚴緊-嚴峻-嚴苛-嚴酷-嚴厲-嚴肅', which have the common meaning of 'strict' among compound words with the morpheme '嚴' as a component, we studied morphological, pragmatic, syntactic, and semantic features by analyzing various frequency indicators output from the BCC corpus. In terms of morphology, the characteristics of the '嚴X' synonym group were analyzed by examining the morpheme composition method and whether overlap is possible. In terms of pragmatics, based on the frequency of appearance in the corpus by BCC category, we investigated which words are used more frequently in modern Chinese and in which writing style, and found that '嚴X' is a word with a literary tendency. In terms of syntax, the four highly frequent synonyms '嚴格-嚴峻-嚴厲-嚴肅' were analyzed to determine which syntactic form is more frequently used. In terms of semantics, the meaning differences and commonalities of '嚴X' were analyzed by investigating the collocation of '嚴X' by syntactic type and examining collocate use.

In this paper, Chinese Synonym errors of Korean learners were analyzed in the field of Chinese teaching. In Chapter 2, two words related to Chinese synonyms were analyzed according to their morpheme and semantic relationship, and they were divided into three types. In Chapter 3, the error expression of ‘monosyllabic-disyllabic’ verb synonyms was analyzed, and in Chapter 4, the error expressions that existed between two adjective synonyms with similar morphemes were analyzed. Through this analysis, it is expected that the error expression, which is a regular error arising from the difference between the mother tongue and the foreign language to be learned, can be reduced. An error is a regular mistake that arises from the difference between the native language and the foreign language to be studied. For foreign learners who already have one native language, the intervention of the native language can cause a lot of confusion and mistakes in learning a new foreign language. For this fundamental and repetitive mistake, we need to analyze more and make efforts and countermeasures to overcome it.

As recognizing that Korean language learners often have difficulties in using the three words, '아깝다', '아쉽다', and '안타깝다' that have a synonymous relationship, this study aims to present methods of teaching and learning to Korean language learners so that they can choose the right vocabulary according to each situation they face by comparing, analyzing the three words, ‘아깝다’, ‘아쉽다’, and ‘안타깝다’ and by clarifying their meanings. To this end, we first figured out the exact lexical meanings of the three words, and analyzed the appearance patterns of ‘아깝다’, ‘아쉽다’, and ‘안타깝다’ in Korean textbooks. Next, through the data analysis on the corpus and the survey conducted for intermediate and advanced Korean language learners, we closely examined the usage and error patterns of ‘아깝다’, ‘아쉽다’, and ‘안타깝다’. We arrived at the conclusion that Korean language learners tend to use ‘아깝다’ with ‘아쉽다’ and ‘안타깝다’ after closely analyzing the results from the corpus and the survey and this appears to be due to the inability to accurately understand the subtle difference in meaning of the three words in a synonymous relationship. We should, therefore, by giving them a situation in which each word is used, guide Korean language learners to refer to each situation and finally discriminate the exact meaning of them. In addition, it is necessary to teach them to correctly discriminate the meaning of three words by letting them to make the most use of similar example sentences which are full of lots of errors many Korean language learners have struggled with.

This work to investigate the difference between these synonyms by analyzing the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic characteristics of the modern Chinese verb synonym group '增加-增高-增多-增长-增添', which represents the 'meaning of increase'. Synonyms role in enhancing language expressiveness and diversifying sentences, but it is also the most difficult learning target for second-foreign language learners. Interpretation of meanings in a Chinese-Korean dictionary or thesaurus has a limitation in not providing sufficient information to learners. Accordingly, this study Using the index function of the a representative Chinese corpus BCC, 'collocation' that have meaningfully related with the synonym group '增X' are extracted and the validity of the examples. By examining the actual usage and characteristics of the extracted collocation, we want to reveal the commonalities and differences of each synonym.

This paper aims to find the distinctive factors of synonyms using various models of deep learning, what are the distinctive factors found in various models in common, and what it means to the research on synonyms. In the meantime, when we look at the flow of Korean lexical meaning research, from using the target word to create grammatically appropriate and non-grammatical sentences to distinguish their meaning, to using the corpus to find out what words the target word collocates with. In recent years, it has continued to identify the usage environment of target words from a large amount of data by applying a deep learning methodology. However, when introducing a methodology different from the previous one in this research flow, there are few discussions about why a new methodology should be introduced, and what the new methodology suggests and what its significance is. This paper examines what the semantic distinctive factors were identified in previous studies for '금방' and '방금', which have a synonyms relationship, and how the results of previous studies and the results of applying the deep learning methodology are the same and different. And by comparing the results, we will show the advantages of the deep learning method in the study of synonym distinction.

본 논문에서는 현대중국어 유의어(synonyms) ‘和, 跟, 同, 與’를 대상으로 그 의미특징을 살펴보고, 의미지도모형(Semantic Map Model)을 활용하여 중국어의 유형학적 특징을 살펴보았다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 연구되었던 ‘和, 跟, 同, 與’의 의미지도를 활용하여 표준중국어 ‘和, 跟, 同, 與’의 의미지도를 수정하고, 대응하는 한국어 조사 ‘와(과)’를 중심으로 그 의미특징을 함께 살펴보았다. 다음 분석 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 본고에서는 먼저 의미지도 관련 선행연구를 살펴보고 의미지도와 관련한 주요 개념들을 간단히 살펴보았다. 둘째, 다음으로 본고는 사전과 말뭉치 검색을 통해 ‘和, 跟, 同, 與’에 대한 개사, 접속사의 의미항목을 정리하였다. 셋째, 본고에서는 앞서 분석한 ‘和, 跟, 同, 與’의 의미분류와 의미특징을 참고하여 선행연구 翟贇의 의미지도를 수정하였다. 먼저 본고는 翟贇의 의미지도에서 ‘관련’, ‘비교’, ‘비유’의 절점을 이동하였다. 즉, 통사적 대등관계, 통시적 발전, 인지적 분석을 통해 이들 절점 이동에 대한 이유를 설명하였다. 아울러 ‘관련’, ‘비교’, ‘비유’의 의미를 ‘협동’의 절점에서 확장시켰다. 또한, ‘同’의 의미를 ‘비유’의미까지 확장시켰으며, ‘和’, ‘與’가 ‘서로 다른 층차의 명사 병렬’ 의미도 나타내어 본고에서는 이를 의미지도에 추가하여 수정하였다. 넷째, 마지막으로 본고에서는 현대중국어 ‘和, 跟, 同, 與’와 대응되는 한국어 ‘와(과)’류(와(과), (이)랑, 하고)의 의미특징을 간단히 살펴보았다. 한국어는 고립어인 중국어와 달리 교착어로 조사가 발달한 언어이다. 분석을 통해 일반적으로 개사 ‘和, 跟, 同, 與’는 한국어 부사격조사 ‘-와(과)’에 대응되었고, 접속사는 한국어 접속조사 ‘와(과)’에 대응되고 있었다. 또한 입말에서 주로 사용되는 ‘(이)랑’, ‘하고’의 의미특징 및 ‘와(과)’와의 차이점을 살펴보고, 중국어와의 차이점을 간단히 살펴보았다. 이 외에도 ‘와(과)’,‘(이)랑’, ‘하고’ 의미항목을 참고하여 의미지도에 나타내었다.

There are asymmetric usages of apologetic expressions in Korea, and those have in common in vocabulary meaning, but also don’t have in common specially in fields of discourse and ritual functions. This study aims at articulating the function's differences about discourse marker and ritual by exploring the data from 15th century to 21th corpus. Given the asymmetric usage of the apologetic expressions, it is necessary to grasp their functions by locating them within larger syntactic structure, such as the conjunctive ending forms, and adjacency pairs. However the functions of these designating apology gradually changed in different discourse contexts, and were replaced by a new conjunctive ending by time.